Deductive reasoning is a compulsory question type in the civil service examination, among which intellectual reasoning is a common question type, with 1-2 subjects per year. Intellectual reasoning mainly includes five types of questions: true and false, ranking, matching, mathematics and other types. Chinese public education experts have summed up the formulas for skillfully solving such problems, and introduced the skills for solving these five problems.

The formula of solving problems by intellectual reasoning of public education experts in China;

Determine the promotion conditions and make breakthroughs in relevant conditions;

Assuming that substitution is the most commonly used, the option can be completely excluded;

Pay attention to the order of several types of element column diagrams.

First, the true and false type

Characteristics of the stem: the stem gives several dialogues (guesses) and their true and false situations, but it does not mean which sentences are true and which are false. It requires reasoning according to the given conditions.

Example 1 The car for four people is white, silver, blue and red. When asked about the color of their car, A said, "B's car is not white." B said, "C's car is red." C said, "Ding's car is not blue." Ding said: "One of the three people A, B and C has a red car, and only this person is telling the truth."

If Ding is telling the truth, then the following statement is correct ().

A.a's car is white and B's car is silver.

B.b's car is blue, and C's car is red.

C.C.' s car is white and D's car is blue.

D.D.' s car is silver, and A's car is red.

Chinese public analysis: the stem of the question requires judging the corresponding relationship with the car color according to what four people say. Only Ding's words are a certain condition, which means that "the car of the person who tells the truth is red, and only one of the three people, A, B and C, tells the truth".

Observing the characters of A, B and C, it is found that B mentioned red, which is related to this condition and can be used as a breakthrough.

Obviously, B can't tell the truth, otherwise both B and C's cars are red, which doesn't meet the question. If B's words are false, we can know that C's car is not red, then C's words are not true, then D's car is blue. So to be honest, it's A, and A's car is red. From A's statement that "B's car is not white" is true, we can see that B's car is silver and C's car is white. So the answer is C.

Note: When the stem information has only one definite condition, the problem can be solved by the truth value of the words related to this condition.

The key to solving the problem of truth and falsehood is to find the breakthrough point of the problem. Usually we can start with certain conditions, consistent conditions and unique conditions, which requires us to do more problems and accumulate more experience. In addition, hypothesis method and substitution method are common solutions to true and false problems. If we have no ideas in the examination room for a while, we can make assumptions or change people directly.

Second, the sort type

The characteristics of the stem: the stem gives a number of certain conditions, which only involve one type of elements, but these elements have time sequence, position sequence relationship or quantity and degree comparison relationship.

Example 2 Four experts from Korea, France, Britain and Germany live in four rooms on the same side. The room numbers are 1, 2, 3 and 4. A reporter came to interview them,

Koreans say, "My room number is bigger than that of Germans, and I can't speak foreign languages or communicate with my neighbors".

The French said, "I can speak German, but I can't communicate with my neighbors";

The British said, "I can speak Korean, but I can only communicate with one neighbor";

The German said, "I can speak the languages of our four countries".

Then according to the room number from small to large, the nationality of the people living in the room is ().

A. Britain, Germany, South Korea, France, France, Britain, Germany and South Korea

C. Germany, Britain, France, South Korea, Germany, Britain, South Korea and France

Chinese public analysis: there are multiple conditions for determining the stem, and the options involve all objects. You can directly use the exclusion method according to the stem conditions.

According to ①, Korean neighbors can't speak Korean, and then according to ③ and ④, neither British nor German are Korean neighbors, excluding A, B, D .. So the answer is C.

The key to solve the sorting problem is to prioritize the positions of other elements related to the element starting from the element whose position can be determined. Usually, charts are needed to determine the order of position or time. For larger topics, simple mathematical operations are needed, and attention should be paid to ">" and "

Third, the matching type.

The characteristics of stem: the stem gives some certain conditions, involving the corresponding relationship between two or more types of elements. The only difference between the matching type and the sorting type is that the matching type converts the "location" and "time" in the sorting type into other types of elements. So the problem-solving method is similar to the sorting formula.

Example 3 A, B and C, one is from Shandong, one is from Henan and the other is from Hubei. Now I only know that C is bigger than Hubei, A is different from Henan, and Henan is smaller than B.

It can be inferred from this ().

A.a is not from Hubei. B. Henan people are younger than a.

C. Henan people are older than Shandong people. D. Hubei people are the youngest

China's public opinion analysis: The title describes the relationship between several types of elements, and the age relationship runs through all conditions. According to "A and Henan people are different in age" and "Henan people are younger than B", A and B are not from Henan, so C is from Henan.

Combined with "C is older than Hubei People's Congress", the age relationship of the stem can be expressed as: B > C (from Henan) > Hubei, so B is from Shandong and A is from Hubei. The age relationship between them is: B (Shandong) > C (Henan) > A (Hubei).

Compared with the option, only item D is correct. So the answer is d.

The key to solve the matching problem is to display the elements that can determine the corresponding relationship through charts and other forms, and then determine the corresponding relationship of other elements through exclusion according to other conditions of the stem.

Fourthly, mathematical types.

Characteristics of stem: stem often contains numbers, multiples or other conditions related to mathematical knowledge, similar to reasoning problems in mathematical operations.

Example 4 A city implements the strategy of strengthening the province with talents. In 20 10, excellent talents at home and abroad were introduced 1000, including 36 managerial talents1person, 250 non-managerial talents without doctoral degrees, 206 foreign non-managerial talents and 252 domestic doctoral talents.

According to the above statement, it can be concluded that ().

Less than 70 management talents with doctoral degrees were introduced from China.

B More than 70 managerial talents with doctorates were introduced from China.

C there are less than 70 management talents who have introduced doctoral degrees from abroad.

D. More than 70 management talents with doctoral degrees were introduced from abroad.

Analysis of the Chinese public: Professional title cadres divide 1000 outstanding talents into the following three categories: ① management type and non-management type; (2) whether there is a doctoral degree; ③ Foreign introduction and domestic introduction.

According to the stem, there are 1000-36 1 = 639 non-management talents, of which the number of non-management talents imported from abroad or without doctoral degrees is ≤ 250+206 = 456, and the number of non-management talents with doctoral degrees imported from China is ≥ 639-456 = 65438+.

The key to solving mathematical problems is to combine mathematical methods with logical thinking. Usually this kind of problem does not need much calculation in deductive reasoning. The key is to grasp the logical relationship between known conditions and required conditions.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Other types

Characteristics of the stem: the stem gives several certain conditions, which do not belong to the above questions.

Among the seven candidates, there are three women: Zhang Li, Sun Mei and Zhu Ping, and four men: Zhao Hai, Wang Bo, Li Tian and Hu Qing. Now, three of the seven candidates should be selected to form the committee, and the following rules must be met: Sun Mei and Wang Bo cannot be selected at the same time, and Hu Qing cannot be selected at the same time with female candidates.

Q: If Zhao Hai and Li Tian are not selected, what are the possibilities for the composition of the committee?

A. one b, two c, three d and four.

Analysis of Zhonggong: According to the fact that Zhao Hai and Li Tian were not selected, only three women and two men were left, Wang Bo and Hu Qing, then there must be women selected. According to "Hu Qing cannot be selected at the same time as female candidates", Hu Qing was not selected. There are three women and Wang Bo.

From "you can't choose Sun Mei and Wang Bo at the same time", suppose you choose Wang Bo, not Sun Mei, but Zhang Li and Zhu Ping; Suppose Wang Bo was not chosen and three women were chosen at the same time.

So there are two compositions: ① three women; ② Zhang Li, Zhu Ping and Wang Bo. So the answer is B.

The key to solving other types of problems is to determine the conditions and then deduce the answers in turn. In the process of solving problems, you can also use list method, hypothesis method and other problem-solving methods.

If in doubt, please consult the public education enterprises in China.