Mongolia before the establishment of Yuan Dynasty
Many Mongolian tribes on the Mongolian Plateau were originally vassal minorities of the Jin Dynasty. With the gradual decline of the Jin dynasty, Mongolia's power began to grow and gradually broke away from the rule of the Jin dynasty. In the fourth year of Jintaihe (1204), Temujin, the leader of Mongolia, unified the Mongolian tribes on the Mongolian Plateau through a brutal war. In the sixth year of Taihe (A.D. 1206), Temujin was elected as "Genghis Khan" by various tribes, and established political power in Mobei, with the title of "Yeke Mongolian Rulus", that is, the Great Mongolian Empire. After the establishment of Great Mongolia, it launched a war of conquest and expanded its territory. 12 17 years, destroyed the western Liao, 12 19, attacked the Volga river basin. /kloc-0 returned to the east in 225, and/kloc-0 destroyed Xixia in 227. Genghis Khan also died in the expedition to Xixia. The foreign war of Mongolian army has the nature of conquest. In order to reduce the casualties of the Mongolian army and speed up the process of the war, the Mongolian army adopted a cruel and barbaric policy towards the enemy during the war. The areas that surrendered to the Mongolian army suffered relatively small losses, while a large number of areas that dared to resist bravely were slaughtered and enslaved after the city was broken, and countless properties were looted and destroyed. As a result of the war, a huge empire with unprecedented territory and the largest population and economic aggregate in the world was established, and its influence was extremely prosperous. Basically realized the pattern of world unification and world harmony, which had a great influence on future generations. It should be noted, however, that this series of wars of conquest brought great damage to many ancient civilizations in Eurasia, including China. Many ethnic groups have been brutally and unjustly oppressed, and countless people and property have been lost in the war and subsequent plagues, famines and natural disasters. This is also a rare dark period in war-torn areas. The duration of the entire Mongolian empire ranged from 1206 to 1635.
The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty
1259 After Meng Ge, the king of Khan, died in Sichuan, his brothers Kublai Khan and Ali Buge began to compete for the position of Khan. 1260 In March, Alibaba Bug was adopted at the "Huriletai" meeting held in Hara and Linger, the capital of Mongolian Empire, with the support of most Mongolian Orthodox sects such as King Azutai. At the same time, Kublai Khan returned to Kaiping (now Duolun, Inner Mongolia) after making peace with the Southern Song Dynasty, and claimed to be Khan with the support of Confucian officials in the Central Plains and some Mongolian kings. 1260 April, Kublai Khan established Zhongshu Province, in charge of state affairs. 1260 in may, Kublai Khan promulgated the "imperial decree" to establish the unification of the yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan's self-assembly in the Central Plains and the promotion of the Chinese law obviously violated the Mongolian tradition, which aroused strong dissatisfaction from Ali Buge and Mongolian orthodoxy. Kublai Khan and Ali Buge immediately launched the Khan War for four years. It was not until 1264 that Alibaba was defeated and surrendered, and Kublai Khan was made a statue. However, his idea of "practicing Chinese law" aroused the dissatisfaction of many Mongolian nobles and refused to join Kublai Khan. As a result, several other Mongolian khanates were hostile, and Kublai Khan's regime only included "China" (not exactly China in today's sense) and the Mongolian Plateau, and the Mongolian empire ceased to exist.
In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 127 1 year), Kublai Khan promulgated the "Founding of the People's Republic of China", which took the meaning of "Dagan Yuan" in the Book of Changes and officially named the founding of the country "Yuan". This is the watershed of the Mongolian regime's transformation from the world empire to the Central Plains dynasty. Prior to this, the Mongolian regime plundered the Central Plains, which was only a part of its territory. It was only during Kublai Khan's period that it was transformed into a dynasty with China as the main body. Before that, the name "Yuan" did not appear, so the establishment of the "Yuan Dynasty" should be counted from here.
In the ninth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1272), it was built in the capital of Central Plains (now Beijing) under the planning of Liu. In the 13th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 1276), the Yuan army captured Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and captured the five-year-old Empress Hexie. In the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1279), the Yuan army wiped out the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty in the sea battle of Yashan, and Lu Xiufu plunged into the sea with his 8-year-old emperor Zhao Min on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished.
After that, the Yuan army attacked some surrounding areas, such as Vietnam and Japan, among which the war to conquer Japan was the most famous. It is generally believed that the typhoon (called "Kamikaze Team" by the Japanese) was the biggest reason for the failure of the Yuan Army.
Mid-yuan dynasty
In the eleventh year of Dade (1307), Yuan Chengzong awarded Confucius the title of "King of Dacheng to Wensheng Xuanxuan", and awarded various titles to his family and disciples.
In the 11th year of Dade (1307), Emperor Chengzong died, and Sun Haishan, the former real gold prince, was located in Yuanshangdu for Yuan Wuzong. He also made his younger brother Ai Yu Ba Li Libada the Crown Prince and agreed that brothers and sisters should be together. At the same time, he agreed to return the throne to Shila, the son of Wu Zong, after the death of Ai Yu Ba Li Libada.
In the fourth year of his senior year (13 1 1), Renzong ascended the throne, but in violation of the previous agreement, he was made king of Zhou and sent out of Yunnan, and his son Shuo Desbarax was made the crown prince.
In the second year of Yanyou (13 15), Yuan Renzong ordered the restoration of the imperial examination system, taking Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism as the main content of the examination. Since then, Neo-Confucianism has become the official thought of the Yuan Dynasty (and later dynasties).
In the seventh year of Yanyou (1320), Injong died, and Desbarax acceded to the throne as Yuan Yingzong.
In the third year of Zhi Zhi (1323), Yuan Yingzong ordered the compilation and promulgation of the Official Code of the Yuan Dynasty-Dayuantong System, with a total of 2,539 articles.
In the third year of Zhi Zhi, Yingzong stopped at Nanpo on his way back from the south and was killed by the powerful minister and others. At that time, the king in charge of Mobei supported Sun Tiemu, the grandson of former Prince Zhenjin, who was in charge of Mobei at that time, and changed his position to Taiding as Taiding Emperor.
In the fifth year of Taiding (1328), Taiding Emperor died. Daulat Shāh, the prime minister, named Araghi, the son of Taiding Emperor, emperor. At the same time, Senior Minister Yan Timur and Yuzhou Prime Minister Bo Yan secretly sent envoys to Mobei and Jiangnan, respectively, to meet the Shila brothers at the same time. As a result, Tu timur first arrived in the Yuan Dynasty and became emperor in the first year of Yuan Wenzong (1328). And the thorn arrived in Helin, and also announced his accession to the throne, in preparation. On the surface, Wenzong expressed his willingness to abdicate and made his brother emperor, so they met in the south of Shangdu, and Wenzong became emperor after poisoning Mingzong.
In the third year of Shunzhi (1332), Wenzong died. On his deathbed, he declared Ming Zongzi emperor. In order to control the state affairs and Yuan Ningzong, the powerful minister Yan Timur deliberately abandoned his parents and made Iraq emperor. However, Ning Zong died less than a month after he ascended the throne, and his younger brother was able to stand up immediately because of Shun Emperor.
In the third year of Zheng Zheng (1343), Hui Yuan ordered people to compile Liao History, Jin History and Song History, which were completed in 1345.
The demise of the yuan dynasty
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers constantly levied various taxes on the people, and the people were oppressed and plundered more seriously. As early as the second year of Taiding (1325), an uprising led by Zhao Chou-si and Guo Bodhisattva took place in Henan. The Red Scarf Army Uprising led by Liu Futong took place in the eleventh year from Shun Di to Zheng Zhi (135 1), while the ruling class of the Yuan Dynasty was still fighting for power and profit, which accelerated the process of the Yuan Dynasty's demise. From the 16th year of Zheng Zheng (1356) to the 19th year of Zheng Zheng (1359), Zhu Yuanzhang, the leader of the rebel army, constantly expanded his influence and unified half of the south of the Yangtze River. In the twenty-seventh year of Zheng Zheng (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang began the Northern Expedition. With the assistance of generals Xu Da and Chang Yuchun,1August 368, the Yuan Dynasty was captured, and Yuan Shundi fled to the north, ending the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. In the same year, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing) and established the Ming Dynasty. Since then, Chen of Mobei still uses the name of Dayuan, which is called Beiyuan in history. 1388, Tianguang Emperor was attacked and killed by the descendants of Ali Buge (1402, after Gui Lichi ascended the throne), and went to the national title.
The rule of the yuan dynasty
Central organization:
Zhongshu Province leads six departments and presides over the national government affairs.
Privy Council, in charge of the military.
Yu Shitai, supervisor.
Local administrative bodies:
Provinces, provinces are institutions appointed by the imperial court to serve in various places and exercise the functions and powers of Zhongshu Province, which is the abbreviation of "Zhongshu Province"
Military institutions:
The garrison troops were directly controlled by the emperor or trusted ministers. The army defending the capital (mostly and Shangdu) is the bodyguard pro-army.
More than 30 guards and bodyguards are in charge or command and belong to the Privy Council.
Guard the army and be responsible for guarding all parts of the country. The army includes Mongolian army, Tanmachi army, Han army, newly attached army, etc.
By Kublai Khan's time, the Mongolian ruling group realized more and more clearly: "The husband who fights for the country is just the people who take their land." Therefore, the destruction of war is decreasing. The policy of "retaining the new attached city wall, making people live in peace and helping agriculture" has been partially implemented. In the Han area of the Central Plains, the Yuan government also took some corresponding measures to reverse the broken situation caused by the long-term war, and the social economy of the Yuan dynasty gradually recovered from the decline in wartime, and even developed to some extent. This kind of recovery and even development shows obvious imbalance in various regions of the country. Mongolian rulers followed the practice that Nuzhen in Jin Dynasty put the people first, followed by Bohai Sea, Khitan and Han people second, and divided the national residents into four categories: Mongolia, Semu, Han and Nanren. As far as we know, the Yuan government did not issue a special decree to divide them into four classes, but it was reflected in many unequal provisions on their political, legal status and other rights and obligations. During the Song and Jin Dynasties, Confucian scholars lost their dominant position in participating in state governance. In addition, the Yuan government's preferential treatment for Confucian scholars was often not implemented, and their social status and practical interests had to be greatly damaged, so that the banter of "one official, two officials, nine beggars and ten beggars" appeared on the stage that day. The ruling order of the Yuan Dynasty was still based on feudal social relations and partial slavery. National attribute has become an important basis for class division, and the policy of national oppression has intensified the contradiction between nationality and class. Mongolia and Semu nobles became feudal landlords, and they occupied large fields by means of land grant, war plunder and seizure and merger. The bureaucratic warlords in southern Hannan had to rely on the political power of conquerors to expand their feudal rights and interests.
In Genghis Khan's era, Mongolia's punishment for Han Chinese was cruel. To kill a Han Chinese, you only need to punish a donkey. The criminal law of the Yuan Dynasty clearly stipulated that even if the Mongols killed the third-class "Han Chinese" and the fourth-class "Nanren", they only had to "issue a certificate" and pay a fine and funeral expenses; However, even if the Han people/southerners are beaten, they can't resist and can only report to the government. If their resistance leads to the death of Mongols, it is the death penalty. This paragraph is also controversial and needs more argumentation. )
As a political power established by Mongols, the Yuan Dynasty, after conquering the vast areas of Europe and Asia, also actively or passively absorbed and gathered the strengths of various civilizations in the field of culture and thought. Therefore, the whole Yuan Dynasty was full of disputes about the dominant position of "Chinese law" and "color law".
As an important dynasty in the history of China, the Yuan Dynasty not only played a connecting role in the cultural history of China, but also made a new leap in many fields, which promoted the development of pluralistic and integrated culture in China, created a new situation of cultural exchange and integration among all ethnic groups in China, and made important contributions to the prosperity and development of Chinese culture.
The unprecedented prosperity of economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West in Yuan Dynasty accelerated the two-way economic and cultural exchanges between different regions, countries and regions. China's gunpowder, compass and printing technology were introduced into Arabia and Europe, which promoted the process of civilization in these areas. Arab medicine, astronomy, agricultural technology, European mathematics, metal technology and South Asian sculpture art were introduced into China, which promoted the enrichment and development of ancient China culture. The amount of information, the scope of communication and the influence on the future history of Chinese and Western cultures in the Yuan Dynasty are unprecedented in human history. It can be said that for the first time, I enjoyed the fruits of Chinese and Western civilizations in all directions.
China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times, and all ethnic groups have contributed to the progress and development of Chinese civilization in different historical periods. In the dynastic sequence of China, although this regime existed for a short time, its influence on the historical development of China is still very important.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, after more than half a century's conquest, Mongolian rulers successively wiped out the regimes of Xixia, Jin, Dali, Tubo and Southern Song Dynasty, completed the unprecedented unification of multi-ethnic countries, formed a good environment for cultural exchange and development of all ethnic groups, and further affirmed the coexistence of multi-ethnic cultures in China. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the theory of "Xiayi" formed in the Central Plains has emphasized the idea of "respecting Xiayi" and "changing Xiayi", which has formed an obstacle to equal exchanges among all ethnic groups. For example, the "positive leap" theory, which is very influential in the field of history, advocates that "the four foreigners can't be orthodox", and puts the northern nationalities into the Central Plains regime, juxtaposed with "thieves" and "usurpers" and put them into the unorthodox sequence, which actually excludes the political culture of other nationalities. Since the Yuan Dynasty also belonged to the minority regime in the Central Plains, the rulers need to try to reverse this traditional concept in order to establish the legitimacy of its status. When compiling the history of Liao, Song and Jin Dynasties, the chief executives of the three historical capitals and the prime minister of Zhongshu Right spared no effort to arrange people's opinions. "It is arbitrarily said that' the three countries are orthodox and each is related to their titles'." Then the discussant rests. This move ended the "orthodoxy" dispute that lasted for more than 200 years after the demise of the Liao Dynasty, and at the same time affirmed the legal status of various ethnic regimes in the name of the central government for the first time in the history of Chinese historiography. Its significance is just as summarized by Mr. Han Rulin: "This decision determines the basic principle of treating the three histories equally, which is in line with the objective reality that China is a multi-ethnic country and the historical situation that Liao, Jin and Song San Dynasties are irrelevant, so it is correct, so Tuotuo's contribution to the three histories cannot be ignored. "
The national cultural policies implemented by the rulers of Yuan Dynasty brought many new phenomena to the integration and development of ancient national cultures in China. Mongolian characters came into being in this period and have been used ever since. The Secret History of Mongolia, the first historical work in the history of nomadic people in the north, was born. In the history of China's feudal dynasty, the ethnic composition of government officials in Yuan Dynasty was the most complicated. The Yuan Dynasty was also the first dynasty in the history of China's unified dynasty to use multi-ethnic languages. Liao History, Song History and Jin History are the only historical books in the twenty-four histories compiled by multi-ethnic historians, and the first historical book officially revised for three dynasties in the history of Chinese historiography, which has preserved precious historical and cultural heritage for future generations. The Central Plains culture has been widely spread in frontier ethnic areas, Confucian classics have been translated into Mongolian and published, and schools teaching Confucian culture have appeared for the first time in remote areas such as Mobei and Yunnan. For the first time, the educational institutions of minority languages and characters approved by the central government appeared in China-Mongolian Sub-Ministry and Returned Sub-Ministry, and a large number of China writers emerged among Mongolia, Khitan, Jurchen and Semu. The cultures of all ethnic groups in the western regions spread further to the Central Plains society, and Tibetan Buddhism spread in the Central Plains. Kapok planting and textile technology of Li nationality in Hainan promoted the development of cotton textile industry in China. In the relaxed political and cultural atmosphere, the integration of all ethnic groups has also entered another climax. Khitan, Nuzhen, Tangut and other ethnic groups have quietly merged into Mongolia, Han and other neighboring ethnic groups, and a brand-new ethnic group-Hui was born on the land of China. For the harmonious coexistence of various cultures in the Yuan Dynasty, Doric, one of the "four great travelers" in medieval Europe, once called it "the greatest miracle in the world" with emotion.
It can be seen that the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty broke the artificial cultural shielding phenomenon that appeared in the past history, and the reality of China's cultural diversity was generally recognized. The concept of "four seas as home" and "one country under the sun" is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and the pattern of pluralism and integration has become a reality in the unified environment.
Compared with most feudal dynasties in China, the ideological and cultural concepts of the Yuan Dynasty have two remarkable characteristics: one is compatibility, and the other is "no emphasis on empty words". Under the guidance of this thought, the cultural environment of the Yuan Dynasty showed the characteristics of inclusiveness and pragmatism.
The cultural compatibility of Yuan Dynasty is mainly reflected in the following aspects: it is the only dynasty in the ancient history of China that did not put forward the "taboo" system from the official point of view; It is one of the dynasties with less ideological and cultural imprisonment system in the feudal history of China. According to statistics, the cultural ban in Yuan Dynasty was only a few tenths of that in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is also the only dynasty in China's feudal history that explicitly put forward freedom of religious belief. At that time, all the major religions in the world had venues and followers in China, which was probably a unique cultural phenomenon in Eurasia at that time.
The compatible cultural atmosphere provides a good environment for the development of China culture. China's "major event in the history of drama and literature"-Yuanqu (Sanqu and Zaju) was formed in this environment. Nowadays, Yuan Qu is regarded as a treasure of China culture, alongside Tang Poetry and Song Poetry. Some scholars believe that the birth and prosperity of Yuanqu in the Yuan Dynasty mainly benefited from the influence of the ethics of the northern ethnic minorities in the Yuan Dynasty and the relaxation of cultural policies, which "freed social thoughts from the shackles of traditional norms" and created them freely.
The social status of Confucian culture has been further improved. In the Yuan Dynasty, Confucius was named "Dacheng Shenggong Wang", which made his reputation unbounded. Mencius and other famous Confucian scholars have also won lofty titles; For the first time in the history of China, the Yuan Dynasty established a "Confucian" class to protect intellectuals, and "those who wish to be disciples are free from all kinds of chores". The popular education in the Yuan Dynasty surpassed that of the previous generation, with more than 400 academies and more than 24,400 state and county schools at most.
Pragmatic spirit promotes the interaction between culture and social practice. The Mongols who founded the Yuan Dynasty were in the rising stage of feudal society and had more urgent development requirements. Therefore, compared with the Song Dynasty, the pragmatic cultural spirit of the Yuan Dynasty is very remarkable. Kublai Khan, the founding father of the Yuan Dynasty, advocated that "those who should respond to heaven should be sincere and those who save the people should be realistic" and emphasized that "things should be realistic and not empty words". On this basis, he put forward that "the imperial examination is empty, I won't take it", abolished the imperial examination system and emphasized the selection of talents instead of simply "winning by writing"; With the support of the government, some science and culture related to the national economy and people's livelihood have also developed rapidly: a series of large-scale astronomical observation activities organized by the government have made China at the advanced level in the world in many astronomical fields (such as ecliptic angle, star number, calendar and other scientific data). ); Geographically, Dayuan Unification Annals is the first official annals in China and the largest official annals in ancient China history. There are 160 kinds of local chronicles compiled in Yuan Dynasty, more than in Song Dynasty. The Yuan government also organized the first field trip to the source of the Yellow River in the history of China. In terms of agricultural technology and agronomy popularization, crops in the north and the south are widely exchanged, and agricultural technologies (such as production tools) in various places learn from each other. Cotton planting was fully popularized in the Yuan Dynasty, and many crops were popularized. The government has strengthened the summary and popularization of agricultural science and technology. The Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry edited by the Ministry of Agriculture is the earliest comprehensive agricultural book compiled by the ancient Chinese government to guide the national agricultural production. Lu Mingshan's Agricultural Summary and Mulberry's Food and Clothing are the oldest agricultural books in China, and Wang Zhen's Agricultural Book is the first agricultural book that systematically studies ethnic agriculture in China. On the basis of the invention of movable type printing in Song Dynasty, metal movable type, wheel typesetting and color printing were invented in Yuan Dynasty. In addition, the Yuan regime also attached great importance to medicine, shipbuilding, pottery making and water conservancy.
The emergence of the Yuan Dynasty and the Four Great Khan Countries brought about great changes in the Eurasian political structure after13rd century. Many former regimes in East Asia, Central Asia and West Asia disappeared in an instant, and parts of Europe were also brought under the rule of the Mongolian khanate. There is no doubt that brutal wars and violent social unrest have brought great suffering to people in Europe and Asia. However, the positive impact of the conquest war and the subsequent establishment of the Mongolian regime can not be ignored objectively, which broke the barriers of economic and cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia. The Mongolian rulers' open policy of encouraging trade and convenient and safe post transportation have narrowed the distance between Europe and Asia, made the direct dialogue between various cultures a reality, and shortened the gap between Europe and Asia due to unbalanced development, geographical space and artificial closure in the process of civilization. The exchange made China know the world, and the world also knew China. The mystery between the East and the West has been uncovered, and the history of world civilization has entered a new era. From the perspective of China's cultural history, the influence of the Yuan Dynasty is mainly reflected in two aspects:
Preferential trade policies, smooth trade routes, rich countries and beautiful legends all made the Yuan Dynasty attractive to all walks of life in the West and the Arab world. Shangdu, Dadu, Hangzhou, Quanzhou and Guangzhou have become international cities, and Quanzhou Port has become the largest foreign trade port in the world. Travelers, businessmen, missionaries, government envoys and craftsmen came to China by land and sea. Some of them have lived in China for a long time, and some of them are government officials. According to statistics, these people come from Persia, Iraq, Azov, Li Kang, Syria, Morocco, North Korea, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Poland, Hungary, Russia, Britain, France, Italy, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan and other countries. After returning home, some people recorded their experiences in China. It is these travel notes that make westerners fully grasp the information of China and the East for the first time, and a civilized and wealthy China is truly presented to the world. This information has changed Europeans' understanding and knowledge of the world. It is generally believed in academic circles that the works of Kyle Poirot and others have had a crucial impact on the arrival of the era of great navigation.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the number of countries and regions that conducted economic and trade exchanges through the Maritime Silk Road increased from more than 50 in the Song Dynasty to more than 140. Arriving from the coast of Africa by sea and going directly to Western Europe by land, the unified environment has created unprecedented convenience for international and regional exchanges. Historically, it has been said that "the fittest is thousands of miles away, at home; Wan Li is like a neighbor ". While a large number of Arabs and Europeans flocked to the East, China people broadened their horizons, gained a clearer understanding of neighboring countries, Central Asia, South Asia and the Indian Ocean, and even extended their footprints to West Asia and Western Europe. People's understanding and introduction to the outside world is no longer limited to hearsay, but mostly personal experience. For example, in Wang Dayuan's book "A Brief Introduction to the Island", the historical facts about the countries along the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea are "all visited in person and heard by the eyes, but the legendary things are not contained". The book records hundreds of place names, as well as mountains and rivers, climate products, folk customs, economic and cultural exchanges with China, etc. Most of these are unknown to our predecessors. Similar documents are The Journey to the West and The Journey to the West's Notes on the Northern Envoys, Notes on the Western Envoys, Notes on the Local Customs of Zhenla, and Records of Foreign Countries. It reflects China people's new understanding of the outside world and broad cultural vision in Yuan Dynasty.
The territory of the yuan dynasty
After the Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country, the territory in the prosperous period was: Mongolia and Siberia in the north, the South China Sea in the south, Tibet and Yunnan in the southwest, Dongjiang in the northwest, Xing 'an Mountains and the Sea of Okhotsk in the northeast. The total area of the Yuan Dynasty exceeded 6,543,802 square kilometers; If it reaches the Arctic Ocean, it will exceed 22 million square kilometers.
The whole country is divided into Zhongshu Province and 1 1 Zhongshu Province, as well as the Tubo area under the jurisdiction of the General Political Department (1renamed Zheng Xuan Institute in 288).
Chronology of emperors in yuan dynasty
First, the Mongolian period
Tan Poulnot. Posthumous title cano. Name, ruling time, year number
Genghis Khan, the emperor of Wu Sheng, is lucky in Fatien. He weighs only one catty. Temujin is 1206 ~ 1227.
Zong Rui (Yuan Shizu Zun) supervised the country, and Emperor Jing Xiang may also be the regent of Bolzigit Tuo Lei 1227 ~ 1229.
Emperor Taizong Yingwokuotai Khan Borzijit Jinwowuotai 1229 ~ 124 1 year not available.
According to legend, Empress Zhaoci was a regent 124 1 year ~ 1246.
Dingzong Jianping Emperor Gui You Khan Bolzigit Jin Guiyou 1246 ~ 1248 None.
It is said that Queen Qin Shu disappeared in the Bohai Sea 1248 ~ 125 1 year.
Xianzong Huansu Mongolia Khan Bolzigijin Mongolia 125 1 year ~ 1259 years None.
Two. Yuan dynasty 127 1 year ~ 1368.
Tan Poulnot. Posthumous title cano. Name, ruling time, year number
Xue Chanhan, Emperor of Saizu Shengde, and Kublai Khan 1260 ~ 1294 (Zhongtong 1260 ~ 1264, Zhiyuan 1264).
Wan Ze Duhan Emperor, Emperor Xiaoguang of Qin Ming, Borzijit Muer 1295 ~ 1307 (Yuan Zhen 1295 ~ 1297, Dade1297 ~/kloc-).
Wu Zongren, Hui Xiaoxuan, Qu Luhan, Boziji, Jinhaishan1308 ~1311year old.
Emperor Puyanduhan of Renzong Shengwen loved Li Bada1312 ~1320 (1312 ~13 Yan You 65438+.
Emperor Gejian Khan, Emperor Xiao Wen, Bolzigit Kinshuodebra 132 1 ~ 1323 Zhi Zhi.
Wu (Taiding Emperor) is also Borzigit's family of Auricularia auricula and Timur of Sun. Taiding is 1324 ~ 1328.
Wu () Jijin Jiba, babor, Arriga 1328 Tianshun
Ming Sheng Yuan Xiao Borjijin, Emperor Wenzong, and Zayaduhan, Emperor of Timour 1328 ~ 1329.
1329 ~ 1332 calendar
1328 ~ 1330 to smooth
1330 ~ 1332 years
Emperor Ming Zongyi presented Xiao Jing and Sila Tu Tu Borjijin and Shi Cong 1329.
Yi Lin, the emperor of Ning Zongchong's filial piety, was the emperor of Qing Dynasty, and he was in charge of Bolzigit's Jin Yi quality class 1332 Shunzhi.
Shun Di 1333 ~ 1368 (1333, Tong Yuan 1333 ~ 1335, Yuan Zhi1335 ~/.
Iii. Northern Yuan Dynasty (after the demise of Yuan Dynasty 1368) (ending at 1368 ~ 14 or starting at 15).
Tan Poulnot. Posthumous title cano. Name, ruling time, year number
Timur 1368 ~ 1370 to Zheng Zheng 134 1 year ~ 1370.
Ming Taizu and Ming Taizu Xiao Shouli is Khan, and won the first season in Xuanguang 1370 ~ 1378.
The Emperor Sahan Borzygitkin and Emperor Zong Ping Xiao Ning took off the skylight of Gus Teemo 1378 ~ 1388.