Sui Dynasty and the Unity of the Grand Canal

1 and 58 1 years, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty (Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty) established the Sui Dynasty, and the title was Emperor Kaidi.

In 2.589, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty unified China. During the Sui Dynasty, Huizhou became the seat of the county government.

3. Measures of Emperor Wen's rule:

Emperor Wendi of Sui took a series of measures to reform the system of the former dynasty, strengthen centralization, and the social economy developed rapidly.

The Sui Grand Canal, which runs through the north and south, was dug on the basis of existing natural waterways and artificial canals.

The Sui Grand Canal, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers, is the longest canal in the ancient world.

(1), master a center, two ends and four sections of the Sui Grand Canal, connecting five major water systems.

One center: two ends of Luoyang: Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south.

From north to south, it is divided into Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan.

It connects Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.

(2) The fundamental purpose of Yang Di's opening of the Grand Canal is to consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty throughout the country.

(3) The historical function of digging the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty was to promote economic exchanges between North and South.

⑷. The Sui Grand Canal has become a hub for communicating the "Silk Road" in the inland of Asia and the "Silk Road" at sea.

6. What impact will the Grand Canal have on the ecological environment?

When the Sui Dynasty dug the Grand Canal, it made full use of natural rivers and lakes. After the canal was opened to traffic, large-scale afforestation was carried out on both sides of the strait. These measures have effectively protected the ecological environment.

Lesson 2 Emperor Taizong and the Rule of Zhenguan

In A.D. 1 year and 6 18, Li Yuan (Tang Gaozu) established the Tang Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital.

In 2.626, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, succeeded to the throne.

3. A mirror compared by Emperor Taizong to "knowing gains and losses" is Wei Zhi.

4. Emperor Taizong believes that the key to governing a country well is to choose talents and appoint people according to their abilities.

5. Main contents of Zhenguan New Deal:

(1) In terms of labor system, the Tang Dynasty reduced the number of days of labor for the people, and stipulated that physical payment could be used instead of labor, gradually relaxing the personal bondage.

(2) The Tang Dynasty followed and perfected the "three provinces and six departments system" of the Sui Dynasty.

(3) In the Tang Dynasty, on the basis of the Sui Law, the law was revised many times, and the complexity was simplified, and the heavy was turned into light.

6. The three provinces in the "three provinces and six departments system" refer to Zhongshu Province, Shangshu Province and Menxia Province. There are six in Shangshu Province. Six departments are responsible for specific government affairs.

7. On the Laws of the Tang Dynasty is the earliest complete code in China.

8. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy was restored and developed, and the national strength was enhanced, which was called "the rule of Zhenguan" in history.

Lesson 3 Brilliant Prosperity

1. The only Empress Wu Zetian and Emperor Xuanzong in China history made the Tang Dynasty reach its peak.

2. Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in the history of China. The name of the country is Zhou.

3. Wu Zetian changed Zhenguan Genealogy to Surname Genealogy.

History says that Wu Zetian has a "legacy of Zhenguan". It was Wu Zetian who "opened the century to control the macro festival".

5. In the early days of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the year number was "Kaiyuan", the political situation was stable and the economy was prosperous. In the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty entered its heyday.

6. In the Tang Dynasty, Qu Yuan's plough and gondola car were invented in agricultural production. A gondola car is an irrigation tool, which can liberate manpower. )

7. In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, the territory reached Anton in the east, Anxi in the west, the Mongolian Plateau in the north and the South China Sea in the south.

8. Painted pottery products with yellow, green and blue as the basic colors are called Tang Sancai.

9. The Anshi Rebellion was the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline.

Lesson 4 High-spirited and enterprising social outlook

1、? Sui and Tang Dynasties established and gradually improved the imperial examination system.

2、? The imperial examination system is a system of selecting and appointing officials through examinations of different subjects, which emphasizes the principle of taking talents as the standard for selecting officials.

3、? The main permanent subjects of the imperial examination are Ming Jing and Jinshi. People generally attach importance to Jinshi.

4、? When Emperor Taizong saw the new Jinshi filed out at the end gate, he said happily, "Heroes all over the world have fallen into my trap."

5、? Tea became a necessity of life, and the custom of drinking tea swept the country in the Tang Dynasty. China is the hometown of tea.

6、? By the Tang Dynasty, horse riding became common and interesting.

7、? In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, a series of institutional innovations such as selecting officials in imperial examinations injected vitality into social development.

8、? In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, customs and habits, ideology and culture all reflected the characteristics of the blending of Hu and Han and the integration of Chinese and Western cultures, and showed the broad, open, inclusive and innovative spirit of the times.

Lesson 5 Being a Family

1、? Among the northern minorities in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the East Turkistan in Monan area was the most powerful. After the Taijun army in the Tang Dynasty wiped out the East Turkistan, the local governor's office was established.

2、? Encouraged by the enlightened policy of the Tang Dynasty, the northwest minorities respectfully called Emperor Taizong "Tiankhan".

3、? Tubo is the ancestor of Tibetans today. Songtsan Gambu unified the Mongolian Plateau, and Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songtsan Gambu.

4、? Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet laid the foundation for close exchanges between China and Tibet.

5、? In Tang Zhongzong, Princess Jincheng married the Tubo Zap Kridê Zukzain. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Kridê Zukzain wrote to the Tang Dynasty, saying that he and the Tang Dynasty were "a family".

6、? Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named Piluge the king of Yunnan, and the Chihiro Pagoda of Chongsheng Temple in Dali, Yunnan is similar to the Little Wild Goose Pagoda in Tang Dynasty in Xi 'an today.

Lesson 6 Openness and Communication

1. The mission sent by the Japanese government to the Tang Dynasty for exchange is called the envoy to the Tang Dynasty. Japan sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty 13 times.

2. The Japanese student who is closely related to the great poets Li Bai and Wang Wei is Nakama Abe.

3. During the Xuanzong period of Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen was a monk who made outstanding contributions to the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Japan. Up to now, there is still a sitting statue of him in the Tangzhao Temple in Japan.

4. Xuanzang, also known as Master Sanzang. In the early years of Zhenguan (the reign of Emperor Taizong), he set out from Chang 'an, passed through Xinjiang and Central Asian countries, and went to Tianzhu to learn from the scriptures. Later, it was compiled into "Datang Western Regions"

Xuanzang was the first person who systematically introduced Buddhism, history, geography and customs of Tianzhu to China.

Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was not only a domestic political, economic and cultural center, but also an international metropolis at that time. It was the largest city in the world at that time. Dongcheng and Xicheng are two major business districts in Chang 'an.

Lesson 7 Major Inventions and Technological Innovations

1、? In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, people invented block printing. Chengdu and Luoyang are famous printing centers.

2、? The earliest existing block printing with clear time record in the world is the Diamond Sutra.

3、? In the early Tang Dynasty, people invented gunpowder when they were making an alchemy. The famous Sun Simiao in the early Tang Dynasty recorded the formula of gunpowder for the first time in his book Single Crystal. At the end of the Tang dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder was widely used in the military. Weapons originally made of gunpowder are called "rockets"

4、? Zhao Zhouqiao, also known as Anji Bridge, designed by Li Chun, a craftsman of Sui Dynasty, is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world and is known as "the miracle in the history of bridge construction in the world". Zhao Zhouqiao's design pioneered the flat arch bridge in the world.

Lesson 8 Brilliant Literature and Art

1、? Li Bai and Du Fu are the most influential and accomplished poets in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai is called "Poet Fairy". Du Fu is called "Poetic Sage" and Du Fu's poems are called "Poetic History".

2、? Bai Juyi praised Li Bai and Du Fu for "chanting for generations, and their names touched the four foreigners."

3、? Tang Taizong's "The Music of the King of Qin Breaking the Array" and Tang Xuanzong's "Dancing in Dress and Feather" are both famous.

4、? Dunhuang is an important town on the ancient Silk Road. The artistic treasures (statues and murals) of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are the treasures of language exchange between China and foreign countries.

5、? The flying flower pattern in Dunhuang murals is known as "flying in the sky, the wall is full of wind" and has become the symbol of Dunhuang murals.

Unit 2 The collision and blending of multiculturalism and the high development of social economy

Liao, Xixia and Northern Song Dynasty coexist.

In A.D. 1 year and 960, Zhao Kuangyin (Song Taizu) established the Song Dynasty, with Bianjing as its capital, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty in history.

In 2.9 16, Bao Ji (Liao Taizu), the leader of the Khitan nationality, established the Khitan regime (later renamed Liao) with Beijing as its capital.

3. 1005, Liao and Song reached a peace agreement: the Northern Song Dynasty gave Liao "old coins" every year. Historically, it was called "the alliance of the Yuan Dynasty".

4. 1038, Yuan Hao, the leader of the Tangut, established the Kingdom of Daxia, with a prosperous capital, which was called Xixia in history.

5. 1044, Song and Xia entered into a peace treaty: Xia was the minister of Song, and the Northern Song Dynasty gave Xixia the "Year Coin".

6. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the name of Huizhou officially appeared.

North-South Confrontation in Song and Jin Dynasties

Akuta (Yan Hong) established the Jin regime in 65438 AD, with its capital in Huining.

2. 1 127, the Jin army captured Song Huizong and Song Qinzong, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. History is called "the change of Jingkang".

3. 1 127 years, (Song Gaozong) proclaimed himself emperor in Nanking, and later made Lin 'an his capital, which was called the Southern Song Dynasty in history.

Yue Fei, a famous anti-Jin hero, led "Yue Jiajun" to defeat Jin Bing in Yancheng, and won a great victory.

5、? 1 14 1 year, Song and Jin signed a peace agreement: the Southern Song Dynasty became a vassal of Jin, and the Southern Song Dynasty gave Jin "ancient coins".

Economic development and the shift of center of gravity to the south

1、? Since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the national economic center of gravity has moved south. During the Song Dynasty, the national economic center of gravity shifted from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin.

2、? The proverb "Suzhou Lake is ripe and the world is full" shows that Taihu Lake Basin has become the most important granary in China.

3、? In Song Dynasty, people introduced an excellent rice variety-Zhancheng Rice from Vietnam.

4、? In the Song Dynasty, coal (then called Carboniferous) was the largest in the world.

5、? The iron output in Song Dynasty was roughly equivalent to the total output of European countries in18th century.

6、? The ceramic manufacturing industry in Song Dynasty developed to a new stage, so China was called "the country of porcelain".

7、? During the Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi in Sichuan was the earliest paper money in the world. In the Southern Song Dynasty, banknotes such as "Huizi" and "Guanzi" were very popular.

8、? In the Song Dynasty, "Fanfang" was set up at some important ports for foreigners to live in, and "Fan Shi" and "Xue Fan" were also set up.

9、? During the Song Dynasty, overseas trade organizations were established in Guangzhou and Hangzhou.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, Quanzhou, Fujian Province became the largest port in China.

A colorful social life.

1、? It was in the Song Dynasty that businessmen were allowed to take the imperial examinations and become officials. In Song Dynasty, businessmen lived behind intellectuals, farmers and workers.

2、? The social life in Song Dynasty is rich and colorful.

3、? The three most important festivals in Song Dynasty are New Year's Day, Cold Food Festival and Winter Solstice.

4、? In Song Dynasty, the fixed entertainment place in the city was called Washe.

5、? The population of big cities such as Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, exceeded one million.

6、? Cuju (similar to today's football) was popular in cities in Song Dynasty. Today's football originated in China.

Unique to animals or people.

The origin and development of mankind: Now the ancestors of apes and human beings are forest apes. 120000 years ago, forest apes were widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Europe, especially in the tropical jungles of Africa.

Schematic diagram of human origin and development: P5 and 7

3 million years ago, human fossils: Lucy 1.75 million years ago, ancient humans: East Africans.

1929: The first Peking man skull fossil was discovered in Pei Wenzhong.

Reproductive system: Life goes through the process of combining male and female germ cells and forming new individuals through embryonic development. This process is completed by the reproductive system. Men and women have different reproductive systems, so do adults and children.

Anatomical diagram of male and female reproductive system: P9 under 7

Reproductive process: 7 times P 10

Delivery: At the 40th week of pregnancy, the fetus will be mature. The mature fetus and placenta are discharged from the mother's vagina. This process is called delivery.

The characteristics of adolescence: sudden height increase, obvious enhancement of nervous system and cardiopulmonary function. Boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.

Adolescent sexual consciousness: initially alienated from the opposite sex, to gradually willing to approach the opposite sex, or hazy attachment to the opposite sex.

The basic requirements of family planning in China are: late marriage, late childbearing, fewer births and good births (P 19).

Nutrients in food: Food contains six kinds of nutrients such as sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

Sugar, fat and protein in food: provide energy for P22.

Water and inorganic salts: water can transport energy, and inorganic salts include calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine and zinc. 7 Xiap24

Vitamin: 7 P26

Changes of food in digestive system: The oral cavity is the beginning of the digestive system, including teeth, tongue and salivary glands. The salivary gland has a catheter, and the saliva it secretes enters the mouth through the catheter.

Composition and function of digestive system: 7 P32.

Digestive system: digestive tract: a long tube. Digestive glands are divided into two categories: some are large digestive glands located in the digestive tract, such as the liver; Some are small glands distributed on the inner wall of digestive tract, such as intestinal glands.

Absorption of nutrients: food is digested in the digestive tract and eventually decomposed into nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body, such as glucose and amino acids.

Rational nutrition and food safety: 7 P37

Respiratory system: The respiratory system of human body consists of respiratory tract and lungs. The respiratory system has the structure and function suitable for gas exchange with the outside world.

Respiratory tract: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus, which are channels for gas to enter and leave the lungs.

The function of respiratory tract: the passage of gas, which processes the inhaled gas and makes the gas in the lungs warm, moist and clean.

Gas exchange between the lung and the outside world: the lung is the main organ of the respiratory system, located in the chest cavity, one on the left and one on the right. The left lung has two pages and the right lung has three leaves. Unconsciously, your lungs are already exhaling and inhaling rhythmically.

Mode of lung movement: 7. P49。

Gas exchange between alveoli and blood: 7 P50.

A person breathes more than 20,000 times a day and exchanges at least 1 10,000 liters of gas with the environment every day.

Composition of blood: Blood consists of plasma and blood cells. There is a thin layer of white material at the junction of the two layers, which is white blood cells and platelets.

Plasma: substances needed to transport blood cells and maintain human life activities and wastes produced in the body.

Blood cells: Blood cells include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. After blood stratification, red blood cells are red in the lower layer, and white blood cells and platelets are fine white at the junction of the two layers.

Red blood cells: The most red blood cells are round cakes with concave sides. They have no nucleus and hemoglobin that can carry oxygen.

Leukocyte: It has a nucleus, which is larger than red blood cells. It can penetrate the capillary wall, surround and devour bacteria.

Platelet: the smallest blood cell, with no nucleus and irregular shape, which can release substances related to coagulation.

Arteries, capillaries and veins: 7 under P67.

Cardiac anatomical map: 7P68.

Schematic diagram of heart work: 7 times of P69.

Blood circulation pattern diagram: 7 P70

Systemic circulation: blood enters the aorta from the left ventricle, then flows through arteries, capillary networks and veins at all levels of the body, and finally collects in the superior and inferior vena cava and returns to the right atrium. This circulatory pathway is called systemic circulation.

Pulmonary circulation: the blood flowing back to the right atrium is pressed into the pulmonary artery through the right ventricle, flows through the capillary network of the lung, and then flows back to the left atrium from the pulmonary vein. This circulation path is called pulmonary circulation.

Systemic circulation means that blood starts from the left side of the heart and returns to the right side. Pulmonary circulation means that blood starts from the right side of the heart and returns to the left side, thus forming a complete blood circulation path.

1900, the Austrian scientist Landstein discovered the blood type.

Blood transfusion relation table: 7 times that of P76.

Kidney: the organ that forms urine. Each kidney includes about 654.38+0 million structural and functional units, which are called nephrons. Each unit consists of glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule.

Schematic diagram of internal structure of kidney: P8 1 7.

Urine formation chart: 7 P82.

Bladder: temporary storage of raw urine.

Basic structure and function of eyeball: 7 times P89

The process of vision formation: the light reflected by external objects passes through cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body in turn, is refracted by lens, and finally falls on retina, forming an object image. There are photoreceptor cells in the retina. These cells transmit image information to a certain area of the brain through the optic nerve, and people have vision.

Basic structure and function of the ear: 7 P93.

The process of hearing formation: P94 under 7

Composition of nervous system: The nervous system consists of brain, bone marrow and its nerves.

Composition and function of nervous system: 7 P98.

Neurons: Neurons, also called nerve cells, are the basic units that constitute the structure and function of the nervous system. There are hundreds of millions of neurons in the human body.

The basic regulation of nerves is reflex.

Reflex: The regular response of the human body to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.

Schematic diagram of steamed bread flying: 7 times P 102.

The human body regulates its own life activities through various simple or complex reflexes, so as to quickly respond appropriately to internal and external stimuli.

The main endocrine glands that constitute the endocrine system: 7 P 106.

The life activities of human body are mainly regulated by nervous system, but also influenced by hormone regulation.