The famous mathematician Descartes studied the curves of petals and leaves and found the famous "Descartes curve" in modern mathematics. Radially symmetrical flowers and spirally arranged fruits conform to the golden section law mathematically. The tillers of wheat are arranged around the cylindrical stems according to the golden section. The leaf shapes of common clover and ivy can also be expressed by trigonometric function equation.

Taking leaves as an example, the arrangement of leaves is based on getting enough photosynthesis area and collecting more sunlight. For example, plantain has leaves arranged in whorls, and the included angle between leaves is137 30', which is the golden ratio of a circle.

The same is true of pear trees, where leaves are arranged in logarithmic spiral, which also ensures that the leaves will not overlap, and the lower leaves are just in the gap where the upper leaves leak light, which is the arrangement mode with the largest lighting area. It can be seen that hovering along the logarithmic spiral according to the golden section of the circle is the best choice for blade arrangement.

The stems of higher plants also have the best morphology. The thickness of mechanical tissue of stems of many herbs is close to one seventh of the diameter of stems. This cylindrical structure is very suitable for engineering to obtain maximum robustness with the least material consumption. The mechanical tissues of some four-sided stems are mostly distributed in the four corners, which also improves the supporting ability of the stems and supports a larger leaf area.