The word "poem" is the abbreviation of the Book of Songs among the four books and five classics (poem, book, ceremony, book of changes, spring and autumn). The Book of Songs was originally called The Book of Songs, and was later regarded as a classic by Confucianism, so it was called The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems. Poetry, originally sung with music, is also called "poetry", and later evolved into a literary genre without music.
1, the definition of poetry:
"1" is the earliest literary genre. It expresses social life and people's spiritual world with concise language, rich feelings and rich imagination according to certain syllables, tones and rhythms.
< 2 > Modern Chinese Dictionary: A literary genre that reflects life and expresses feelings through rhythmic and rhythmic language.
2. Definition and interpretation of poetry (according to Modern Chinese Dictionary)
(1) A rhythmic language.
Old-style poetry has strict requirements in rhythm and prosody. Especially in Tang poetry and Song poetry, there are strict rules on the number of words, the level of words, antithesis, allusion and rhyme.
① Rhythm (or beat): refers to the priority and cadence of sound, which is mainly manifested in the intermittent pause of tone.
△ Wang Wei's Acacia:
Red beans/born in the south, spring comes/a few branches are sent. I wish you/get together more and more, this thing/is the most lovesick.
△ Du Mu's Qingming: Qingming/season/rain, road/pedestrian/desire to break the soul.
Excuse me, where is the/restaurant/shepherd boy/Yaozhi/Xinghua Village?
Poetry can have no strict rhythm, but it must have a distinct rhythm. Guo Moruo said: "Poetry is not without rhythm."
(2) Rhythm: refers to the flat pattern and prosodic rules in poetry. Ci Hai refers to the rhyme and rhythm in poetry.
△ Pingping: There are four tones in ancient Chinese: Pingping, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone (now entering tone has disappeared in Putonghua). According to the four tones of modern Chinese (except suicide), it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. There is also an entering tone in the singing of Beijing Opera: Street.
The characteristics of flat tone: flat tone: gentle and long; Silence: short and urgent.
The use of flat and even words can make poetry have a strong sense of rhythm. When singing, the drawl can only be dragged until it is flat. For example, the "bright" in the lyrics "The Moon on the 15th" falls on Liang Yin.
△ rhyme: refers to the same or similar vowels at the end of some sentences in poetry, which makes the tone harmonious and beautiful. Generally, the first sentence can be bet or not. There are some lines in this new poem that rhyme or not. Examples of Wang Zhihuan's poems:
△ In the Lusu: the mountains cover the daytime, and the ocean drains the golden river. By going up one flight of stairs, look further.
△ "Liangzhou Ci":
The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain. Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing!
(2) Reflect life
① Reflect the working life: △ Ancient proverb: Broken bamboo, continued bamboo. Fly the soil and eat meat.
△ "The Book of Songs, Cutting Tan"
Kan Kan cut sandalwood, and the river dried up. The river is clear and blue. No crops, no crops, no crops, no crops, no crops. No hunting, no hunting. Is there a county in Hu Zhaner's court? He is a gentleman, he is not a vegetarian!
(2) Reflect the wedding of social stone collectors.
△ Du Fu's Three History Tongguan Li's Three Farewells
Xin 'an officials are homeless.
△ Du Fu's famous sentence "From Beijing to Fengxian 500 words": "Zhumen wine stinks, and the road has frozen bones."
△ Du Fu's "Soldiers to the East": "Cars, each of you has a bow and quiver on your belt. My parents, my parents, my wife and children all ran to see them. When they marched, the dust covered the sky and they couldn't see xian yangqiao. They followed you, crying, pulling your sleeve, and their sad voices floated to the sky ... "
△ "The Book of Songs"
③ Reflect frontier life.
△ Wang Changling "Joining the Army":
(1) Qinghai has a dark snow-capped mountain with long clouds and an isolated city overlooking Yumen Pass. Yellow sand wears golden armor for nothing, but broken loulan will not be returned.
(2) The desert is dusty and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Taohe River overnight and reported that Gu Hun had been captured alive.
△ Wang Changling's "Out of the Plug":
It is still the moon and border pass in Qin and Han dynasties, and the enemy has fought a protracted war. If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan.
△ William Wang Liangzhou Ci:
Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa, hurry up immediately. Don't cry when you are drunk on the battlefield. The ancients fought several times.
④ Reflect the love life: △ "Guan Ju" △ "Peacock flies southeast" △ Li Ji's "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang"
(5) Reflect the pastoral landscape:
△ Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden:
I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas. In the morning, it was ridiculous to go home with Dai Yue's hoe.
The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.
△ Tao Yuanming's middle sentence in "Building a House by Drinking in a Humanistic Environment":
"Mining bureau chrysanthemum east fence, carefree see nanshan. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. "
△ Wang Wei's "Weishui Farmhouse":
In the countryside where the sun is setting, cattle and sheep go home along the path. A rugged old man stood at the door of the thatched cottage, waiting for Fei Jing with a cane. There are whistling pheasants? Full ears of wheat,
Sleeping silkworms, peeled mulberry leaves. The farmers who came back with hoes greeted each other cordially. No wonder I long for a simple life and sigh the old song, oh, back to the past! .
△ He Jingzhi's "Guilin Landscape Song"
(3) Express feelings:
Belinsky: "Emotion is the most important dynamic factor of poetry; Without feelings, there would be no poets and no poems. " Poetry expresses feelings in many ways: joy, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear and thinking. Example:
① Hi: Du Fu's "The banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army";
The Great Wall suddenly spread to the north. At first, I couldn't stop crying from my coat. Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.
On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine. Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .
② Anger: Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong":
Angry hair rushing to the crown, leaning on the fence and drizzling. Looking up, screaming in the sky, strong and fierce. Thirty fame, dust and earth, eight thousand miles of clouds and the moon. Don't wait to see young people's heads turn white, empty and sad. Jingkang shame, still not snow; When will the courtiers regret it? Driving a long car, Helan Mountain is neglected. Eat pork when you are hungry, and drink Hun blood when you are thirsty. Stay from the beginning, clean up the old mountains and rivers, and go to the sky.
3 mourning: △ Li Qingzhao's slow voice;
Looking around, lonely and sad. It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. How can you beat him when you talk about wine with three cups and two lamps? It's too late to worry! Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance.
△ Li Ying lost in January:
Dear Premier Zhou, I can't go to the hospital to see you, so I have to stand quietly in the twilight of Chang 'an Avenue with a cold newspaper. The January wind lifted my hair, and the dim street lamp flashed cold tears. ...
(4) Boudoir dissatisfied housewife thinks:
△ Li Qingzhao's "Red Lips, Boudoir Thinking":
"Lonely boudoir, heart full of sorrow. Cherish the spring, when to rush the rain ... "
△ Li Qingzhao's "Don't worry about cutting plums":
Lotus root is fragrant, and jade is lingering in autumn. Gently untie Luo Shang and go to Lan alone. Who sent the brocade book? The word goose returns, and the moon is full of the west building. Flowers bloom and fall, and flowing water gurgles. One kind of lovesickness, two places of leisure. There is no way to eliminate this situation, only frown and mind.
△ Li Bai's "Spring Thoughts":
The grass is as green as Beth, and the mulberry leaves in Qin area are green. Nostalgia, heartache. Spring breeze, you and I don't know each other. Why do I feel sad when it blows to Luo Zhang?
△ Li Bai's midnight Wu Ge:
There is moonlight in Chang 'an, and all the families in Yi Dao are there. The spring breeze will never stop, and it will always go to Yumen Pass. When will the border war be settled and when will my husband end his expedition?
△ Jin Changxu's "Spring Complaints" (Tang):
Get rid of the oriole, get rid of all the music on the tree. They woke her up when she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp.
Second, the history of poetry development
↓ 1, ancient songs
↓2. The Book of Songs: 305 articles, 5 of which have no words, also known as "Three Hundred Poems". China's "Six Arts" in The Book of Songs, the first collection of poems, are Feng (15 national style 160), Ya (105 works by emperors and generals), Ode (40 temple sacrificial songs), Fu (straight things), Bi (figurative) and Xing (first).
↓3. Songs of Chu: Represented by Qu Yuan, he inherited the tradition of The Book of Songs and created a new romantic poetic style.
↓4. Han Yuefu: "Yuefu" is the name of the music institution responsible for collecting folk songs. "Yuefu Shuangbi": Mulan Poetry and Peacock Flying Southeast.
↓5, Tang poetry: the golden age of China's poetry, the three great poets.
↓6. Song Ci: bold school (Su Xin school) and graceful school (Jiang Kui, Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao)
↓7. Yuanqu: Including Sanqu and Zaju.
↓8. Free Poetry (New Poetry): Poetry after the May 4th Movement.
Classification of ancient poems
Ancient poetry includes poems and songs.
1. From the form of poetry can be divided into:
(1) Ancient poems, including ancient poems (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Pay attention to the styles of ancient poetry such as Song, Song Xing, Quotations, Qu and Ling, which also belong to ancient poetry. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains.
③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. According to different words, it can be divided into long tone (9 1 word or more), middle tone (59-90 words) and short tone (58 words or less). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.
④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
2. From the theme of poetry can be divided into:
Lyrics about scenery, lyrics about scenic spots and natural scenery. Because of their dissatisfaction with reality, some ancient poets often attached their feelings to mountains and rivers, and expressed their thoughts and feelings by describing the scenery of rivers and lakes and natural scenery. This kind of poetry often contains the feelings expressed by the scenery described later, which is what people often say. Its style is fresh and natural.
(2) Poetry is expressed by chanting things, in which the poet describes the shape, characteristics, charm and personality of chanting things, so as to entrust the poet's own feelings and express the poet's spirit, quality or ideal.
(3) I feel nostalgic about poetry, because one thing causes the poet's feelings, such as homesickness, homesickness and friends.
(4) Memorizing the past and chanting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or expressing their opinions, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing vicissitudes of life.
⑤ Poems describing frontier battles, describing frontier scenery and the military life of frontier soldiers, or expressing optimism and heroism or homesickness, with tragic style and bold brushwork.
Lvshi
A modern poem of China. The meter is very strict Shen Yue's new poems originated in the period of Qi Yongming in the Southern Dynasties, and paid attention to meter and duality. They were shaped in Shen Quanqi and Song Wenzhi in the early Tang Dynasty and matured in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Rhyme requires the unity of the number of words in the poem, and each poem is five-character, six-character and seven-character sentences, which are referred to as five laws, six laws and seven laws, among which six laws are relatively rare. The usual metrical poems stipulate 8 sentences each. If there are only six sentences, it is called a small law or a three-rhyme poem; More than 8 sentences, that is, 10 sentences, are called exclusive laws or long laws. Usually eight paragraphs are completed, and every two sentences form a couplet, which counts as four paragraphs. It is customary to call the first couplet a title, the second couplet a parallel, the third couplet a neck couplet and the fourth couplet a sentence. The upper and lower sentences of two or three couplets (namely, parallel couplets and neck couplets) of each song must be antithetical sentences. In addition to the first and last couplet, the middle couplet must be duplicated. The dual requirements of secondary laws are more extensive. Rhyme requires the whole poem to rhyme, and the rhyme is limited; The second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences rhyme, the first sentence can be put on or off, and the words of each rhyming sentence are flat. There are "flat rise" and "flat rise" in the upper and lower sentences. In addition, the metrical requirements of metrical poems also apply to quatrains.
There are variations in metrical poems in Tang Dynasty before and after they are finalized. Some metrical poems are not completely written according to the format, such as the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao, which means that the first half is archaic and the second half is homophonic. This change in metrical poetry is called "difficult style".
Quatrain
China's poetic style. Also known as broken sentences, broken sentences and broken poems. Each song has four sentences, usually five or seven words. Known as the five wonders, seven wonders, and occasionally six wonders. It originated from the ballads of the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The name "Jueju" originated in the Southern Dynasties. Liang, generally, uses quatrains to refer to four short poems, and their rhymes are relatively free, or they are ancient quatrains. After the Tang Dynasty, quatrains in the near aspect prevailed, and the meter was the same as the first, last or middle four sentences in eight metrical poems. Therefore, some people in the Tang Dynasty attributed quatrains to metrical poems in their poetry collections. Later, some scholars thought that quatrains were formed by cutting off half of orthographic poems. Quatrains are flexible and light, suitable for expressing fleeting thoughts and feelings, and are widely used by poets, and their creation is more prosperous than other poems. In Song Dynasty, Hong Mai compiled 10,000 quatrains in Tang Dynasty, accounting for 1/5 of the total number of existing Tang poems. Besides Li Bai, Wang Changling, Du Mu and Li Shangyin are good at quatrains, there are many famous works throughout the ages, which are not necessarily written by famous writers. In addition, most quatrains in the Tang Dynasty were sung with music, such as Cheng Wei Qu by Wang Wei, Qing Ping Diao by Li Bai, Zhi Zhu Ci by Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi, and Yang Liuzhi. Therefore, quatrains can also be regarded as Tang Yuefu.