Agriculture has a good foundation and occupies an important position in the national economy. It not only provides abundant food for the domestic market, but also earns a lot of foreign exchange for the country. The main agricultural products are wheat, corn, sugar beet and potato. Tourism is relatively developed. With China's accession to the European Union, Hungarian organic agriculture has developed very rapidly. Through a series of measures, such as the government's active guidance, support and management, attaching importance to technical research, technical training and consulting services, and encouraging the development of non-governmental organic associations, organic agriculture has become a major feature of the country's agricultural development since the 1989 political upheaval and economic transition, and it is also one of the main sources of foreign exchange earned by agricultural products export.
Organic agricultural products produced in Hungary involve all fields of agricultural products, mainly including grains, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, bee products, dairy products, livestock products and other processed products, of which 80% are exported. Organic agricultural production has become a major feature of Hungarian agricultural development and an important source of agricultural exports. Hungary has also become a major producer and exporter of organic agricultural products in Central and Eastern Europe. Automobile industry is an expenditure industry in Hungary, accounting for 20% of Hungary's total exports. There are more than 700 automobile and parts manufacturing enterprises in Hungary, with110.5 million employees, with a total output value of about16.65 billion euros, accounting for 10% of Hungary's gross national product, 19.4% of its total industrial output value and 20% of its total exports. Foreign capital plays an important role in Hungarian automobile industry. Passenger car and engine manufacturers are basically foreign-funded, and local enterprises are mainly engaged in the production of auto parts for commercial vehicles.
The pharmaceutical industry has a long history and is one of the most competitive industries in Hungary. Hungary is also the largest producer and exporter of drugs in Central and Eastern Europe, accounting for about 30% of the region's exports.
Hungary is the largest producer of I products in Central and Eastern Europe and the main production base of the world electronics industry, with an annual output value of around 654.38+000 billion euros, accounting for 30% and 4.5% of the total output value of the electronics industry in the Middle East and the European Union respectively. In 20 13 years, the output value of electronic industry reached 9.337 billion euros, accounting for 13.29% of Hungary's manufacturing output value, and the export value accounted for about 10.8% of Hungary's total exports, creating 1 12000 jobs. Hungary's labor force is of high quality, with a population of about 4,654,380+million. Most of them have received higher education and have specific skills and expertise. The proportion of educated population in Hungary exceeds 98% of the total population, about two-thirds of the labor force has completed a professional or various forms of technical training and vocational education, and many young people in Hungary have mastered foreign languages such as English, German and French.
In 200 1 year, the unemployment rate in Hungary was 5.4%, far below the EU average. The employment situation in different regions of Hungary varies greatly. Northwest China lacks skilled workers, especially financial and marketing talents, while the unemployment rate in eastern Danube is higher than the national average.
The wage level in Hungary is much lower than that in Western Europe and almost the same as the average level in Central and Eastern Europe. The labor cost in eastern Hungary is lower than that in the west, but the technical level of workers is equivalent to that in the west. In the 1990s, along with the privatization process, Hungary began to implement the policy of actively introducing foreign investment, and once became the country with the largest foreign investment absorption in Central and Eastern Europe. Affected by the international financial crisis, the spread of the European debt crisis and the saturation of foreign capital entering the space, Hungary's momentum of absorbing foreign capital has weakened. In 20 13, Hungary absorbed 2.3 billion euros of foreign capital; By the end of 20 13, Hungary had absorbed 80.6 billion euros of foreign capital.
From the investment field, retail, finance, communication, automobile, electronics and other industries are the main areas of foreign investment, accounting for about two-thirds of the total foreign investment. Hungary's mobile communication industry, insurance industry and power distribution enterprises are almost all controlled by foreign capital, more than 80% of the assets of the banking industry are controlled by foreign capital, nearly half of the market share of the wholesale and retail industry is controlled by foreign capital, and more than 95% of cars are produced by foreign-funded enterprises.
From the perspective of investment countries, European countries are the main sources of foreign investment, accounting for most of the total foreign investment. Among them, Germany is the largest source of foreign investment in Hungary, followed by Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria and France. The United States is Hungary's largest source of foreign investment outside Europe. The main sources of foreign investment in Asia are South Korea, Japan, China (including Hongkong and Taiwan Province) and Singapore.
There are 30,000 foreign-invested enterprises in Hungary. The main areas of foreign investment are the capital Budapest and western Hungary. The added value of foreign-funded enterprises accounts for about one-third of Hungary's GDP, and exports account for 74% of Hungary's total exports. Hungary is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and will become a member of the European Union in 2004. It is also a member of the European Free Trade Agreement and the Central European Free Trade Area (CEFTA). In addition, Hungary has signed bilateral free trade agreements with Israel, Turkey, Croatia and Estonia. In order to comply with the provisions of the World Trade Organization, Hungary cancelled the product quotas from WTO member countries from 200 1 1. At the same time, the tariffs on industrial products imported from the EU and CEFTA countries were abolished.
Hungarian foreign trade classification
Hungary's export growth mainly depends on multinational companies investing in Hungary, and 70% of its exports come from these enterprises.
In the mid-1990s, with the influx of foreign capital, Hungary's exports grew rapidly, with the growth rates of 1997 and 1998 both reaching 20%. In 2002, the growth rate of trade was 12.6%, and the total foreign trade reached $34.3 billion, of which imports increased by 1 1.7%.
Compared with the past, great changes have taken place in Hungary's main trading partners: foreign trade with the European Union accounts for two-thirds of its total foreign trade, while before 1989, trade with countries with former mutual economic relations accounted for two-thirds of its foreign trade. In 2002, 82% of Hungarian products were exported to developed countries, of which 75. 1% were sold to EU countries, 14% to EU countries and 14% to CEFTA countries. In terms of imports, Hungary's imports from developed countries accounted for 66.8% of the total imports, of which 56.3% came from the European Union and 16- 17% came from other regions.
In 2002, Hungary's main trading partners were Germany, Austria, Italy, France and the United States, and the countries that exported more to Hungary were Germany, Italy, Austria, Russia, China, France, Japan and the United States.
Great changes have taken place in the industrial structure of Hungary's foreign trade: the proportion of mechanical products in export products rose from 199 1 to 2 1% in 2002, and the finished products ranked second, accounting for 30.8%. Fuel and electricity are maintained at the original level (2-3%). The proportion of agricultural products, food and raw materials in exports has been declining in the past few years, accounting for about 9%. In 2002, the proportion of agricultural products and food was close to 7%. In terms of imports, machinery and equipment accounted for the highest proportion, accounting for 52%, followed by manufactured goods, accounting for 35.5%.
The main products imported by Hungary are: oil, natural gas, auto parts, computer equipment, steam turbines and measuring instruments; Export products include: electronic products, machinery and equipment, vehicles (non-railway) and chemical products. Speaking at the annual meeting of Hungarian diplomatic envoys abroad, Hungarian Prime Minister Orban said that Hungary and other Central European countries were much more successful in coping with the euro crisis and finding a way out than the Western European countries that caused the crisis.
Since the Orban government came to power in 20 10, in order to reduce the fiscal deficit, it announced that it would levy a three-year bank tax on the banking system and a three-year crisis tax on the telecommunications sector, energy sector and commercial chain stores. Orban said that the burden sharing policy will be an integral part of the Hungarian economic system in the next 20 years.