I. Multiple choice questions

The objective existence form of 1. language is first manifested as spoken language. Linguistics refers to the science of studying languages.

2. In some cases, when the spoken language has undergone great changes, and the written language has remained the same as the old saying for a long time, it may lead to the phenomenon that the language is out of touch with the writing.

3. In our country, vernacular Chinese replaced classical Chinese after the May 4th Movement.

All countries in the world regard the appearance of written language as the beginning of the history of civilization.

5.*** The same historical and cultural traditions and national identity are the most fundamental criteria for determining a "nation".

6. Language is the most intuitive and easily recognized national symbol.

7. Spoken language is an objective form of spoken language.

Although written language is produced on the basis of spoken language, it also affects the development of spoken language.

9. Both spoken and written language have two aspects: on the one hand, it is a sound or figure that expresses a certain meaning, which is a physical phenomenon; On the other hand, it is a psychological phenomenon that the meaning is expressed by sound or graphics.

10. The process of oral communication between people is very complicated, which can be understood as the process of encoding and decoding from the perspective of communication.

1 1. Saussure, the father of modern languages, is the representative figure and scholar who advocates the separation of language and speech, and his masterpiece is A Course in General Linguistics.

12. Language symbols are arbitrary, mandatory, variable, discrete and linear.

13. The linguistics founded by Saussure makes linguistics a science in the modern sense.

14. Speech activities can be divided into language and speech, that is, Saussure proposed that human speech activities can be divided into language and speech.

15. Language and speech: "Language" is a part of speech activities that the same social group can follow the rules and become a system. Speech is the specific behavior and result of an individual's "speaking", which is reflected in the individual characteristics of each person's pronunciation, vocabulary and sentence structure.

16. The relationship between written language and spoken language is that the former is secondary and the latter is primary.

17. The consistency of spoken and written language refers to the basic language components.

18. There is no necessary motivation relationship between material entity (pronunciation) and meaning (semantics) of language symbols, which shows that language symbols.

This number is arbitrary.

19. Language symbols are discrete and arranged linearly on the time axis. The linear characteristics of language symbols make it possible to discrete language symbols.

Combine into language units of different sizes to form a continuous stream.

20. Among the subsystems of language system, phonetic system is the most systematic.

The smallest language unit in 2 1. language system is morpheme; The smallest communicative unit is a sentence; The largest communicative unit discourse.

22. In the same position, language units that can be substituted for each other are in a relationship that can be interrelated. This relationship is called

This is an aggregation relationship.

23. The social field in which linguistic theories and achievements were first widely used was the field of language teaching.

24. The Greek philosopher Plato believed that "name" was determined by "reality".

25. China philosopher Xunzi believes that "name" and "reality" are not necessarily related.

26. China ancient traditional linguistics is called "primary school".

27. Historical comparative linguistics was established from the end of 18 to the beginning of 19.

28. "Ordinary" in "general linguistics" means "general", which refers to the study of the language of human society, a social phenomenon.

Theory.

29. Traditional linguistics generally refers to linguistics before the 20th century.

Second, multiple choice questions

1. Regarding "language", it is correct to say that language exists only in human society. Language is a very complicated social phenomenon, and the objective forms of language are spoken and written.

2. The related problems involved in the process of "speaking" are: social problems, philosophical problems, psychological problems, physiological problems, physical problems and so on.

3. Spoken and written language are consistent in most cases, which refers to basic vocabulary and basic grammatical structure.

4. The terms created by Saussure for two aspects of linguistic signs are signifier and signified.

5. The following groups of language units have an aggregation relationship: very, very; Car, department.

6. There are linguistic symbol combination relations and aggregation relations; Words, grammar, pronunciation, phrases.

7. The language units contained in the language system are morphemes, words and phrases, sentences and chapters.

As a social phenomenon, "language" has distinct regional, national and historical features.

9. Around A.D., Indians and Greeks made a thorough and systematic study of grammar.

10. The main contents of China ancient language research are phonology, writing, exegesis, function words, etc.

11.The new linguistic schools that emerged in 1950s include sociolinguistics, functional linguistics and cognitive linguistics.

12. For practical purposes, the research of western traditional linguistics mainly focuses on grammar, phonetics, lexicology, poetic rhythm, rhetoric and so on.

13. Chomsky's generative grammar combined with linguistics includes mathematics, mathematical logic and computer science.

Third, the noun explanation [can be converted into multiple-choice questions]

1. Spoken language: refers to spoken language with sound.

2. Written language: It is the written form of written record language.

3. Aggregation: Language units that can be substituted for each other in the same position are in an associative relationship, thus being aggregated into a class. This relationship is called aggregation relationship.

4. Combinatorial relationship: the relationship between a language unit and the previous language unit or the next language unit, or the two language units before and after, or the whole composed of language units and interrelated language units is called combinatorial relationship.

5. Internal speech: To explain the term "internal speech", we need to grasp two points: first. It is a form of speech; Second, its communication object is the speaker himself, and he doesn't make any noise. So the explanation for it is. From the heart.

6. signifier: signifier is a material entity of language symbols, that is, a component that can refer to a certain meaning.

7. Reference: Reference refers to the meaning content indicated by language symbols.

8. Symbol: Symbol refers to the combination of specific entities and meanings formed by expressing specific meanings with specific material entities according to social customs.

9. General Linguistics: Linguists refer to the general theory of studying linguistic and social phenomena in human society as general linguistics. It takes the general language as the research object and explores the characteristics, laws, structural features and general principles of all languages.

10. applied linguistics: the theory and concrete achievements of applied linguistics serve a certain field in real social life in a broad sense.

Linguistics; Applied linguistics in a narrow sense refers to the theory and method of studying language teaching.

1 1. Traditional linguistics: generally refers to linguistics before the 20th century, especially linguistics before the structuralist linguistics initiated by Saussure.

12. The linguistics founded by Saussure, which studies the inherent laws of the language system itself, is called structuralist linguistics.

Fourth, analysis questions

1. Which underlined word belongs to "language" and "speech" in linguistics?

(1) The language of this work is beautiful.

(2) Words are tasteless and disgusting.

(3) Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

(4) Institute of Asian Languages.

(5) Learn the language from the people.

(6) Words must be close to the people.

(1) Speech (2) Speech (3) Language (4) Language (5) Speech (6) Speech

2. The underlined words in the following sentences are "language", "speech" and others?

(1) The language of Yang Shuo's prose is beautiful.

(2) You really can't talk.

He can speak several languages.

(4) When you get to know each other, there will be no * * * with the same language.

Please let me know when you need me.

(6) When writing about workers, we must use the workers' language.

(1) is a language in linguistics. Specifically, it is the result of the use of words and languages.

(2) It belongs to speech. Because it is the action or behavior of using language.

③ refers to language. Almost every country has a recognized and established communication tool-language.

(4) It is neither a language nor a speech, but a synonym for opinions and topics.

(5) Speech is "telling".

(6) Speech, that is, words that conform to the status and cultural level of workers.

The first chapter of Tips should focus on understanding: (1) the relationship between spoken and written language; (2) The difference and function between "language" and "speech". (3) Symbolism of language. (4) Aggregation relationship and combination relationship. (5) Saussure's contribution.