) people. In the second year of Lu You's birth, "the difficulty of Jingkang" happened. His family follows the people.
Began to wander and escape. The experience of "hiding in Hu Bing as a child" is in his memory.
, left a deep impression. Lu You's father, Lu Zai, is a scholar-bureaucrat with a strong sense of patriotism. In his family, he often talks about the situation of the country, which has an important influence on the formation of Lu You's patriotic thought. When I was a teenager, I set the ambition of "getting on the horse and attacking the crazy Hu, getting off the horse and writing the army" ("Seeing the Big Three Pass").
There are not many literary names of Lu You. At the age of 29, he took the Jinshi exam and ranked first. Because he usually "likes to talk about recovery", he is also called the grandson of treacherous court official Qin Gui, so he was removed from the list by Qin Gui during the second interview.
. It was not until Qin Gui's death that Lu You began to be used and entered the official career.
Lu You's life experience can be divided into three periods:
1.45 years old before working in Fuzhou and Lin 'an. After the failure of Zhang Jun's Northern Expedition, Lu You was first demoted to Zhenjiang, and then dismissed on the charge of "remonstrating with Taiwan, making a noise, and urging Zhang Jun to go to war" (The Original Biography of Song History), and stayed at home for three years.
2.45-65 years old, dismissed from office in Shu. After the age of 45, Lu You worked in Kuizhou, Nanzheng and Chengdu. He worked under the door of Wang Yan, Fu Xuan's envoy to Nanzheng, Sichuan. Although the time is only more than eight months, it is the most precious and cherished time in Lu You's life. In order to commemorate this period of life, he named his poetry collection "Jian Nan Poetry Draft". He often wore military uniforms and rode horses on the frontier of the northwest frontier at that time. Such a life has broadened his horizons and his poetry creation has entered a new realm. However, Lu You's attitude of resisting gold and his honest and outspoken personality will always attract the envy and ridicule of the powerful and mediocre people in today's times. Therefore, in the past twenty years, Lu You has been relegated repeatedly, returned to his hometown to live in seclusion, and then put into use and relegated. This is like what Zhu said: "I'm afraid I won't be a good official if I don't cooperate with this good poem." ("Answer Uncle Xu Zaishu")
After 3.65 years old, he lived in Yin Shan. After the first year of Song Guangzong's teenage birth (1 190), Lu You spent most of his time in his hometown of Yin Shan. In the past 20 years, he worked with them, treated their children and wrote many poems about rural life. Of course, Lu You will never forget the fact that the Central Plains has not been recovered and Jin Ou is still incomplete. Therefore, the 85-year-old poet wrote a poem "Shizi" on his deathbed:
I didn't know everything was empty until I died, but I was sad to see Kyushu. Julian Waghann set the Central Plains Day in the north, and the family sacrifice never forgot to tell Nai Weng.
. This poem was thought by predecessors to mean "crossing the river for three times".
Lu You's life experience determines the change of his poetic style. Lu You is the first great poet of Jiangxi Poetry School, but his middle-aged life in Shu changed his writing style. He began to be dissatisfied with the early poetic style of "only painting algae" and pursued a bold and unrestrained style. He feels that only this style can best express his passionate feelings and grand ambitions, and it is also most suitable for his unrestrained personality. In his later years, the environment of "full of Sang Ma" and the quiet pastoral life made his poems present a simple and natural style. Therefore, Zhao Yi summed up the three stages of the development of Lu You's poetry: "less painting, great work in the middle period, and dull in the later period" (Oubei poetry talk).
Du fu (7 12 ~ 770)
China was a poet in Tang Dynasty. Beautiful words. Originally from Xiangyang (now Hubei), he was born in Gongxian (now gongyi city). As he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang 'an, he was recommended by Yanwu in Chengdu as an economic adviser and Yuan Wailang, proofreader of the Ministry of Industry. Later generations called him Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu.
Du was the grandson of the poet Du all his life and lived in a family with Confucian tradition and literary tradition. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. After the age of 20, there are four periods.
During the roaming period, from the 19th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (73 1) to the 4th year of Tianbao (745), Du Fu lived a romantic life. He has roamed wuyue, Qi and Zhao successively. In the meantime, I failed to go to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam. Tianbao and Li Bai have been friends in Luoyang for three years. We broke up the next autumn and never met again. There are more than 20 poems of Du Fu in this period, most of which are five laws and five ancient poems, represented by Wang Yue.
During the five to fourteen years in Tianbao, Chang 'an, Du Fu was trapped in Chang 'an and was down and out. He keeps buttering up powerful people to get promoted. Took the exam for six years; Ten years, given three articles, Xuanzong appreciated, and ordered the Prime Minister to try the article; But nothing came of it. It was not until October of the fourteenth year, one month before the Anshi Rebellion, that You Weicai led Cao to join the army. Frustration in official career and personal hunger and cold made him objectively realize the corruption of the rulers and the sufferings of the people, and gradually became a poet who cared about the country and the people. The creation has undergone profound and great changes. There are famous articles such as "Military Vehicle Shop, Two Roads", "Before Traffic Jam", "Love 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian after Traffic Jam", and there are also cautionary sentences such as "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road freezes to death". There are about 100 poems handed down in this period, most of which are five-character or seven-character ancient poems.
From Su Zong's exile to the first year of Germany (756) to the second year of Gan Yuan (759), the Anshi Rebellion was the most prosperous. Du Fu also experienced hardships, but his creative achievements were enormous. After the fall of Chang 'an, he went to Suzong from Lingwu in northern Zhangzhou, but he was caught halfway and trapped among thieves for nearly half a year. Later, he fled Chang 'an and returned to Fengxiang Suzong, where he was picked up by Zuo. Soon after, he almost died because of Fang Yi's case. After the recovery of Chang 'an, he returned to Beijing as his original post. In May 758, Foreign Minister Zhou Hua Sigong joined the army and bid farewell to Chang 'an. During this period, Du Fu had a clearer understanding of reality, and successively wrote Sad Chen Tao, Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Three Officials (Xin 'an official, Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan) and Three Farewells (Wedding Farewells, Farewells to the Old). In 759, Guan Fu went hungry and Du Fu was disappointed with politics. After beginning of autumn resigned, he passed through Qin Zhou and Tonggu and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year. There are more than 200 poems handed down during this period, most of which are masterpieces of Du Fu's poems.
Wandering southwest period
From the first year of Shangyuan (760) to the fifth year of Daizong Dali (770) 1 1, Du Fu spent eight years in Shu and three years in Jingxiang. In the spring of 760, at the age of 48, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhua River in Chengdu, and lived there intermittently for five years. In the meantime, he exiled Zizhou and Langchang. In 765, after the death of Yanwu, Du Fu lost his support and left Chengdu with his family. He stayed in Yun 'an due to illness and moved to Kuizhou the following spring. In 768, he left the gorge, moved to Jiangling and Gongan, and arrived in Yueyang at the end of the year. In the last two years of his life, he had no fixed abode. Wandering between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengyang and Leiyang, I spent most of my time on the boat. In the winter of 770, Du Fu died on a ship from Changsha to Yueyang at the age of 59. Before his death, he wrote a 36-rhyme long poem "Sleeping on the Shocking Boat". There is a sentence that "the blood of the war is still there, and the sound of the military is still moving", and he still thinks about the national disaster. During the period of 1 1, he wrote more than 1000 poems (including more than 430 Kuizhou poems), accounting for 5/7 of all Du Fu's poems. Most of them are quatrains and metrical poems, and there are also long sentences. His representative works include Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River, Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity, Ascending the Mountain, and Revealing Wu Lang again.
Du Fu wrote more than 1400 poems. It profoundly reflects the social panorama of more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty, and vividly records Du Fu's life experience. Closely combine social reality with personal life to realize the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form; Represents the highest achievement of Tang poetry. Known as the history of poetry by later generations. However, Du Fu did not objectively describe and write history with poetry, but expressed his subjective feelings through unique artistic means while profoundly and widely reflecting reality. As Pu Qilong said: "Poems of Shaoling are a person's temperament, and things of the Three Dynasties must be sent to others." (Reading) In the late Tianbao period, Du Fu wrote many poems about current politics. Short stories such as Washing Horse, Love, Being a Taoist, Three Jueju, Sick Orange, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Appearing as a Wulang, etc., while novels such as Shu Huai in Kuizhou, Cottage and Farewell are the combination of personal feelings and facts. There are a lot of war themes in Du Fu's poems. Du Fu has different attitudes towards different kinds of wars. Those who oppose the imperial court's belligerence and consume national strength are "Garage Shop" and "Going to the Foot of the Backyard". Two poems, Watching An Xi Soldiers Go to Guanzhong and Stand by, Watching Soldiers and The Year of National subjugation, supported the suppression of rebellion and resistance to foreign aggression. Two groups of poems, Before the Frontier and After the Frontier, not only praised the bravery of the soldiers, but also condemned the insatiable frontier expansion of the king and the arrogance and extravagance of the lords. The confession of a soldier sums up the unfortunate fate of countless brave soldiers. In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", the poet sympathizes with the people's sufferings and hates barbaric Latin; However, due to the current situation of the enemy and the shortage of soldiers, he can only comfort the conscripts with tears, which shows the sharp and complicated contradictions and conflicts in the author's heart. Du Fu has many poems praising nature. The object of singing is often related to oneself and current events, and it is a blend of feelings, scenes and events, not just scenes. The most representative ones are Spring Hope and Sword Gate. Du Fu also has some poems praising painting, music, architecture, dance, utensils and agricultural production, which also focus on the author's feelings and have the characteristics of the times. In Du Fu's poetry collection, there are also some poems with weak flavor of the times and indifferent personal feelings, especially some poems written in Chengdu Caotang. This is the expression of his mood after he got a temporary rest after a long wandering. In his poems, such as Screen Trace, For Agriculture, Tian She, Xu Bu, Heart of Water Threshold, Afterward Tour and Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, the poet has a delicate observation on the dynamics of flowers, trees, birds, animals, fish and insects, and has infinite love and profound experience. It embodies the other side of Du Fu's poetry and life. Du Fu's poems about missing relatives and friends are mostly sentimental and spoony. For example, I miss his wife on a moonlit night, and my brother misses his younger brother on a moonlit night. Among many poems and songs about cherishing friends, the most outstanding one is to commemorate Li Bai. From breaking up with Li Bai to his later years, there were 15 poems that remembered or talked about Li Bai. Showed his admiration and friendship for Li Bai. Du Fu also commented on poems with poems, and expressed his artistic thoughts of "learning from others" and "being unique" in Six Jueju, Occasionally Asked and Twelve Poems for Relieving boredom (the fourth to the eighth). During his stay in Chang 'an and wandering southwest, Du Fu also wrote some poems with boring content and low style, which were dedicated to dignitaries, officials and social parties. There are many five-character poems in it. Du Fu's poetry system is diverse, with many advantages and diverse styles, which can bring forth the old and innovate. His five-character ancient poems are extensive and profound, and they combine feelings, records and feelings in one furnace, which opens the realm of the Five Ancient Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty. Representative works include Five Hundred Words from Beijing to Fengxian, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Gift to Chu Shi, Three Officials and Three Farewells. Seven-character ancient poems are good at stating opinions, with bold and gloomy feelings and strange style. Such as Drunk Songs for Zheng Guangwen, Washing Horses, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sui Yanxing, etc. Fifth, the five-seven-word rhyme is extremely skilled. The five laws are the longing for spring, reaching Li Bai at the end of the day, traveling later, "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night", water sill, going abroad overnight, climbing Yueyang Tower, and the seven laws are Shuxiang and Elymus. The two sides of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army, and Su Fu, Bai Di and five generals. Du Fu also has many five-character poems and several seven-character poems, which have greatly developed the poems. His "Autumn Li Ke Bai Yun" has 1000 words. But Du Fu also heaped up allusions and presented entertainment works. His quatrains are lyrical, reflecting current events, opening up the discussion body of quatrains, opening up a new road and making great contributions. Du Fu's poems are profound and sincere. The artistic collection and innovative development of classical poetry; It greatly expanded the field of poetry in content and form, and had a wide influence on later generations. Du Fu was also honored as a poet by later generations. Du Fu was down and out all his life, and wrote a poem, "A hundred years' song is bitter, and there is no confidant" (Du Fu's "Southern Expedition"). However, after his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems have a profound influence on the literary thought of the New Yuefu Movement and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art since ancient times. ..
Textual research data for nearly a thousand years, the wind of governing Du Fu has been endless. There are many works about the chronology, classification and annotation of Du Fu's poems in Song Dynasty, such as Du Gongbu's Collection, Du Fu's Nine Poems, Lu? Cai Mengbi edited Du Gongbu Caotang Poetry and Xu edited Du Gongbu Poetry. There are more than 100 kinds of comments on Du Ji by later generations, among which Du Gongbu's Notes on Du Ji, Qiu's Detailed Notes on Du Shi, Yang Lun's Jing Quan of Du Shi and Pu Qilong's Interpretation are widely circulated. There are biographies of Du Fu in both old and new Tang books. After the Song Dynasty, there were a lot of words to comment and explain Du Fu's poems. Zhonghua Book Company compiled A Collection of Research Materials on Du Fu and Classical Literature of Tang and Song Dynasties. In the late Ming Dynasty, Wang Siyuan had Du Yi, and Qing Hongshi had Du Shi Shuo. In addition, Zhonghua Book Company also compiled the more important papers after the May 4th Movement into the Collected Papers on Du Fu Studies. Biographies and new research monographs include Feng Zhi's Biography of Du Fu, Xiao Difei's Study of Du Fu, Fu Gengsheng's On Du Fu's Poetry and Zhu Dongrun's On Du Fu's Narrative. More detailed chronicles include Wen Yiduo's Notes on Mr. Shaoling's Chronology and Du Fu's Chronology of Sichuan Institute of Literature and History Research.
Du Fu Thatched Cottage
The former residence of China Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu in Chengdu. Located on the Huanhua River in the western suburbs of Chengdu. Du Fu went to Chengdu in the second year of Tang Dynasty (759), and with the help of his friends, he built a hut near Huanhuaxi, which lasted for nearly four years. When he lived here, he wrote famous articles such as "The Hut was Blown by Autumn Wind". The original house did not exist after the middle Tang Dynasty. During the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty, huts were rebuilt and shrines were built. Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties all had reconstruction and repair. Especially in the thirteenth year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1500) and the sixteenth year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 1 1), the scale of today's thatched cottage was established. The main buildings are Daxie, Poetry and History Museum, Chai Men and Ministry Temple. On both sides of the Museum of Poetry and History are showrooms. Du Fu's life is introduced, and Du Fu's Caotang is a traditional Chinese painting. There is a statue of Du Fu in the History of Poetry Hall, and there are Du Fuxiang's wooden signs and couplets written by celebrities hanging between the pilasters. Woodcuts and statues from the Ming and Qing Dynasties are displayed in shrines of the Ministry of Industry. There are various versions of Du Fu's poems in different times and foreign language translations in 15 languages in the showroom, which reflects the far-reaching influence of Du Fu's poems. With a total area of 20 hectares and lush trees, Caotang Garden is mainly composed of 1 659 tall nanmu trees, forming the only tall jungle park in Chengdu Plain. There are thousands of bamboo poles and 10,000 bridges in the park, which is a masterpiece of the combination of memorial ancestral temple and classical garden art and a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Su Shi was a writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty in China. Zi yue Zhan, no Dongpo lay man. A native of Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan) in the Song Dynasty. His father, Su Xun, and his younger brother, Su Zhe, are both famous writers in ancient times, and they are called "Su San" in the world. Jiayou Jinshi, Ren Fengxiang signed a sentence, advocating the elimination of drawbacks. Zongshen opposed the political reform, but in Mizhou and Xuzhou, he fought floods and destroyed locusts, helped the poor and saved the orphans, and made many achievements. Later, he demoted Huangzhou by "slandering the imperial court". Zhezong was a bachelor of Hanlin at that time and knew Hangzhou, Ying, Yang and Ding. Huizong was pardoned for the first time. Poetry, ci and prose all represent the highest achievements of Northern Song literature.
Su Shi's poems mostly express the feelings of bumpy career, but also reflect the sufferings of people's livelihood and expose the darkness of reality. The poetic style is bold and fresh, especially in metaphor. Also known as "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian.
Su Shi's ci has a wide range of themes, such as remembering the past, giving a reply, seeing off and reasoning, which also breaks through the strict rhythm and promotes the development of ci. His representative works include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, which created the first example of unconstrained ci, and was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji.
In Su Shi's prose, the argumentative essay Wang Yang is wanton and the narrative structure is rigorous and clear. For example, The Story of Shi Zhongshan and The Crane Pavilion are both masterpieces. Also known as "Ou Su" with Ouyang Xiu, he is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating in statutes and putting wonderful reasons outside the bold". After joining the promotion, Huang Tingjian and Qin Guan went out.
Su Shi is also good at regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Zeng studied under the famous artists of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and worshipped Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became a family of his own. Ziyun: "I can't have published a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and don't practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, his pen was refined, not as natural as his boss"; Another cloud said, "When I arrived in Huangzhou, my pen was very strong." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge are outstanding everywhere, and his life has been ups and downs. His calligraphy style is rich and naive. You can imagine that he is a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respect each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews, You, Mai and Guo, as well as his friends and Zhao Lingzhi studied under him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong and Lu You, as well as Wu Kuan in Ming Dynasty and Zhang Zhidong in Qing Dynasty also learned from him, which shows the great influence.
Su Shi painted bamboo with ink in his paintings, which is more concise than literature and has the tendency of dancing. Mi Fei said that he "made ink bamboo, from the ground to the top. I asked: Why not divide it into sections? Say: When bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? " He is also good at making ancient trees and strange rocks. Mi Fei also said: Make dead branches and entangle them for no reason; The stone is hard, and it is strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in its chest. "It can be seen that his paintings are very whimsical. His theory of painting and calligraphy is outstanding and his painting theory has far-reaching influence. For example, attaching importance to the likeness of spirit, advocating the feelings beyond painting, painting should have sustenance, opposing the similarity of form and the limitation of procedure, advocating the unity of poetry and painting, artistry and freshness, and clearly putting forward the concept of "literati painting", which laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The existing books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poem, Cliff Ode, Thank the Teacher's Paper and several essays in Sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor. The surviving paintings are "Ancient Wood and Strange Stone"; The Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Scroll discovered in recent years is also his work. Poems include "Seven Chapters of Dongpo" and "Dongpo Yuefu". In Qing Dynasty, Wang Wenhao compiled and annotated Su Wenzhong's public poems completely.
Su Shi (1037-110/year), a native of Meishan, Sichuan, was an outstanding writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. With his father Su Xun and his brother Su Zhe, they are also called "Three Sus". Su Shi was already a scholar at the age of twenty-one. During the Zongshen period, he worked in Fengxiang, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), Huangzhou was demoted as an assistant of Yong Tuan because of the Wutai Poetry Case. After more than four years in Huangzhou, he cultivated land in Dongpo, hence the name "Dongpo lay man". After Zhezong acceded to the throne, he successively served as a bachelor of Hanlin, a bachelor of attendance, and a minister of rites, and was well known in Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou. In his later years, he was banished to Huizhou and Danzhou. Amnesty returned to the north, died in Changzhou on the way, and was buried in jia county, Henan Province, chasing Wen Zhonggong.
During his tenure as local governor, Su Shi cared about the sufferings of the people and did many good deeds to benefit the people, which was deeply supported by the people. Su Shi is a well-read essayist and one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His literary works mark the highest achievement of literary creation in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi is a famous poet, and he is also called "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian, a famous poet in Song Dynasty. Su Shi, an outstanding poet, created a bold style of ci, and was called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji, which had a great influence on later generations. Su Shi is a famous calligrapher. He, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called "Song Sijia". Su Shi is also a famous painter. In addition, important achievements have been made in irrigation and water conservancy, education, music, medicine, mathematics, epigraphy, aesthetics, cooking and so on.
Chronology of Su Shi's life
The first year of Renzong's heyday in the Northern Song Dynasty-the eighth year of Jiayou (1023- 1064)
1036 Su Shi was born
1054 Marry Wang Fu
1057 Zhongshi Stone; Mother's funeral; Filial piety (1057.4- 1059.6)
1059 family to Kyoto
106 1 Judge Ren Fengxiang
The first year of Yingzong Zhiping-four years (1064- 1068)
1064 Museum of Professional History
1065 wife's funeral
1066 father's funeral; Filial piety (1066.4-2068.7)
The first year of Zongshen Xining-the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1068- 1086)
Marry Wang Runzhi.
1069 back to Beijing; Office history museum
107 1 any supervision; As an ordinary judge in Hangzhou
1074 ren mizhou satrap
1076 was appointed as Xuzhou satrap.
1079 as Huzhou satrap; Be put in prison
1080 Exile in Huangzhou
1084 to Changzhou
1085 to Dengzhou; Ren Dengzhou satrap; To Kyoto; Ren Zhongshu Scheeren
Zhezong (1086- 1 100) was in power during the reign of Yuan You (1085- 1093).
1086 imperial edict with the knowledge of Hanlin bachelor.
1089, Governor of Hangzhou and Commander of the West Zhejiang Military Region.
109 1 is the official minister; To Kyoto; Ren Yingzhou satrap
1092 as Yangzhou satrap; Department of War History; Minister of rites
1093 wife's funeral; The queen mother died; Adjust the county magistrate; Commander of Hebei Military Region
1094 to Huizhou; Exile Huizhou
1097 to Hainan; Exile in Danzhou, Hainan
Hui Zong (110/-kloc-0/126) was the empress dowager (1 100).
1 10 1 return to the north; Go to Changzhou; stop
1 126 The Northern Song Dynasty perished.