Let x=y-a/3, and the equation becomes: y 3+py+q = 0.
q=c-ab/3+2a^3/27 p=b-a^2/3
Let y=u+v substitute, and you get: u 3+v 3+3uv (u+v)+p (u+v)+q = 0.
u^3+v^3+q+(u+v)(3uv+p)=0
If: u 3+v 3+q = 0, 3u v+p = 0, and u and v are found, you can get y=u+v as the solution.
u^3+v^3=-q
uv=-p/3,u^3v^3=(-p/3)^3=-p^3/27
V^3 u^3 is the solution of quadratic equation: Z 2+QZ-P 3/27 = 0.
U 3, v 3 = z = (-q √ d)/2, where d = q 2+4p 3/27.
So u and v are: z 1, z2 = 3 √ z.
Let ω=(- 1+i√3)/2, and the three solutions of y are:
y 1=z 1+z2
y2=ωz 1+ω2z2
y3=ω2z 1+ωz2
Therefore:
x 1=y 1-a/3
x2=y2-a/3
x3=y3-a/3
D>0 has a real root and a pair of yoke roots.
D=0 has three real roots, two or three of which are equal.
D<0 has three unequal real roots.
When d < 0, three real roots can be easily found according to a trigonometric identity:
cos 3A=4cos3A-3cosA
z=cosA,z^3-3/4z- 1/4 cos3A=0
Let y=nz and substitute y 3+py+q = 0 to get z 3+z p/n 2+q/n 3 = 0.
Let p/n 2 =-3/4, q/n 3 =- 1/4cos3a, that is.
n=√-4p/3,
cos3A=-4q/n3=-q/2/(√(-p^3/27)
Due to d
The three solutions of Z are: COSA, COS (A+ 120) and COS (A+240).