Brief introduction of thinking

In the face of colorful apples, oranges, bananas and pineapples, we say "fruit" or even "fruit of plants". Facing all kinds of geese, petrels, cranes and swans, we say "birds" or even "birds". Isn't this a bit boring and blunt? Russian writer Chernyshevski said: "Theory is cold, but it can make people warm." When we face the word "abstraction", it seems that there is also a feeling of "cold", as if it transcends the reality we see in front of us, runs behind them, and even "leaves" them. This feeling is normal. Abstract thinking, as an important type of thinking, has the characteristics of generality, indirectness and detachment. It is a thinking activity that extracts the most essential characteristics of things to form concepts when analyzing things, and uses concepts for reasoning and judgment.

Abstract thinking is different from image thinking. It does not start from people's feelings or imagination, but from concepts, and then rises from abstract concepts to concrete concepts-only in this way can rich, diverse, vivid and concrete things be reproduced, and "warmth" replaces "cold". It can be seen that abstract thinking and concrete thinking are relative and mutually transformed. Only by penetrating behind things, temporarily putting aside accidental, concrete, complex and scattered things, extracting the essence of things and forming concepts in places invisible to the senses, can there be conditions for further reasoning and judgment. Without abstract thinking, there is no scientific theory and scientific research. However, abstract thinking cannot go to extremes, and it must be combined with concrete thinking, from abstract to concrete.

Abstract thinking profoundly reflects the external world, which enables people to scientifically predict the development trend of things and phenomena on the basis of understanding objective laws, and predict those natural phenomena and their characteristics that are not directly provided by "vivid intuition" but exist outside the consciousness. It is of great significance to scientific research.

What is logical thinking and what is abstract thinking?

What is thinking in images? Simply put, "thinking in images is thinking that can be understood through conscious understanding of image materials." From the perspective of information processing, it can be understood as subject processing (analysis, comparison, integration, transformation, etc. The related image information of the research object and the image information stored in the brain by means of representation, intuition and imagination, so as to understand and grasp the essence and law of the research object from the images.

Imagery thinking and abstract (logical) thinking are two basic forms of thinking. In the past, people divided them into different categories and thought that "... scientists think with concepts and artists think with images." This is a misunderstanding. In fact, thinking in images is not only the thinking of artists, but also an important thinking form for scientists to make scientific discoveries and creations. For example, all image models in physics, such as Thomson jujube cake model of electric power lines, magnetic lines and atomic structure or Rutherford small solar system model, are the products of the combination of abstract thinking and image thinking of physicists. Einstein was a master with profound logical thinking ability, but he opposed logical method as the only scientific method. He is very good at exerting the free creativity of thinking in images, and all kinds of idealized experiments he conceived are typical examples of using thinking in images. These idealized experiments are not abstracting concrete cases, abandoning phenomena and extracting essence, but retaining universal and essential phenomena through image thinking and concentrating and strengthening them. For example, Einstein's famous general theory of relativity actually stems from a free imagination. One day, Einstein was sitting in a chair in the Berne Patent Office, and it suddenly occurred to him that if a person fell freely, he would not feel his own weight. Einstein said that this simple ideal experiment "deeply influenced me and led me to the theory of universal gravitation".

What is abstract thinking? What does it mean to be good at abstract thinking?

Abstract thinking is based on the specific characteristics of some typical things, careful analysis and research, understanding their special essence, and summing up the same essence. Logical thinking is a process of judging and reasoning by using concepts and drawing conclusions that conform to objective laws.

What is abstract thinking ability?

Abstract thinking is a process in which people use concepts, judgments, reasoning and other forms of thinking in cognitive activities to indirectly and generally reflect objective reality.

What is abstract thinking?

Abstract thinking is to comprehensively analyze the changes and functions of various factors, make clear the primary and secondary functions of various factors, and see the functions of qualitative and quantitative changes, so as to grasp and reveal the laws of their internal changes. A concept that conceptually reflects the inherent nature of natural or social material processes.

Abstraction is to extract the same and essential features from many things and discard their non-essential features; Thinking is the generalization and indirect reflection of objective reality by human brain, which reflects the nature of things and the regular relationship between things, including logical thinking and image thinking; Abstract thinking is a theoretical and systematic world outlook, a generalization and summary of knowledge of nature, social knowledge and thinking knowledge, and a unity of world outlook and methodology. It is the concrete existence and manifestation of social consciousness, and it is a way of thinking to establish a philosophical world outlook and method in the form of pursuing the origin, essence, * * or absolute and ultimate metaphysics of the world.

What are image thinking and abstract thinking?

(A) the meaning of thinking in images

The so-called thinking in images is mainly the thinking of solving problems with intuitive images and representations. Its characteristics are concrete visualization, integrity and jumping. The basic unit of thinking in images is representation. It is a process of analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization with representation. When people use their existing representations to solve problems, or use representations to associate and imagine, and form new images through abstract generalization, this thinking process is image thinking. Therefore, the method of thinking and solving problems by using appearances is the method of thinking in images. For example, if a person wants to go out, he should consider the environment, climate and transportation. And analyze and compare which route is the best and what clothes to wear. This kind of thinking based on appearance is thinking in images. In literary works, the shaping of typical images, the painting of painters, the design of architects and the planning of architectural blueprints are also the results of image thinking. In learning, no matter which subject, no matter how abstract the content, it is difficult to proceed smoothly without the support of images and the participation of image thinking. Therefore, when we study various courses, we should use both abstract thinking and image thinking.

Imagination is an advanced form of thinking in images.

Imagination is a psychological process of processing, transforming and reorganizing the existing image in the mind to form a new image. The process of imagination and thinking in images is the same. Professor Lin Chongde said: "Imagination is thinking in images." "Imagination is a special form of thinking," wrote the textbook Psychology of Beijing Normal University. Imagination is an advanced form of thinking in images, which has the characteristics of visualization, novelty, creativity and high generality.

Imagination is not created out of thin air, it is generated and developed in social practice and is based on practical experience and knowledge. The content and level of imagination are restricted and influenced by society, history and living conditions. For example, there are seventy-two changes in Monkey King, but each change has not surpassed the scientific development and the level of the times at that time. As Gorky, a great Russian writer, said, "Imagination is essentially thinking about the world, but it is mainly an' artistic thinking' with images." "

According to whether imagination has purpose and consciousness, imagination can be divided into unintentional imagination and intentional imagination, while intentional imagination can be divided into three types: recreating imagination, creating imagination and fantasy.

1. Unintentional imagination

The process of involuntarily remembering the image of something without a clear purpose in advance is called unintentional imagination, also known as involuntary imagination. It often occurs in inattention or semi-sleep. If you look at the clouds in the sky and the mountains in the distance, imagine what it looks like or animals and plants. The most typical thing in unintentional imagination is a dream. Dreams also have two characteristics: strangeness and realism. Unintentional imagination is the simplest and most elementary imagination. Intentional imagination is advanced imagination, which is consciously carried out according to a certain purpose. These two kinds of imagination often cross, promote and transform each other, and they both play an important role in people's creative activities. For example, according to some investigation reports, among mathematicians and scientists, about 70% people admit that the solution of some of their problems was inspired and helped in their dreams.

Rebuild imagination

Intentional imagination is an imagination with a clear purpose and task, which is conscious and sometimes requires some efforts. Imagination is not a simple representation of the existing image, but a new image after processing and transformation. According to the creative degree of imagination, or according to the difference between novelty and originality of imagination, intentional imagination can be divided into recreating imagination, creating imagination and imaginative power.

Reconstruction of imagination is a process of constructing corresponding new images in the mind according to the description of language or the instructions of pictures, figures and symbols. For example, after reading the words "the sky is grey and wild, the wind blows grass and cattle and sheep are low", a picture of grassland scenery is formed in my mind. For another example, after reading the novel A Dream of Red Mansions, various characters and their activities in Ning and Rong Mansions come to mind. These are the results of recreating imagination. Although I have not independently created the image of recreating imagination, recreating imagination still contains my creative elements.

Create imagination

The process of creating a new image independently in the mind is not based on a ready-made description, but on a certain purpose, that is, creating imagination. Creative imagination is characterized by novelty, originality and strangeness. For example, literary and artistic creation, scientific invention and technological innovation are all creative imagination.

Creating imagination and recreating imagination are both new images combined by re-processing and transformation on the basis of perception and according to their own appearances. Although both are innovative.

What is logical thinking? What is abstract thinking?

Logical thinking refers to a way of thinking that conforms to some artificial thinking rules and forms.

Abstract thinking is a process in which people use thinking, judgment, reasoning and other thinking forms in cognitive activities to indirectly and generally reflect objective reality. It belongs to the stage of rational cognition.

What is abstract thinking? Can you make it easy for ordinary people to understand, for example?

For example:

In the face of colorful apples, oranges, bananas and pineapples, we say "fruit" or even "fruit of plants". Facing all kinds of geese, petrels, cranes and swans, we say "birds" or even "birds". Isn't this a bit boring and blunt? Russian writer Chernyshevski said: "Theory is cold, but it can make people warm." When we face the word "abstraction", it seems that there is also a feeling of "cold", as if it transcends the reality we see in front of us, runs behind them, and even "leaves" them. This feeling is normal. Abstract thinking, as an important type of thinking, has the characteristics of generality, indirectness and detachment. It is a thinking activity that extracts the most essential characteristics of things to form concepts when analyzing things, and uses concepts for reasoning and judgment.

What is thinking in images and what is abstract thinking?

Image: something with certain meaning and artistic conception, which is formed by the fusion of objective image and subjective mind.

The so-called image is the artistic image created by the objective image through the unique emotional activities of the creative subject. To put it simply, image is an image with meaning, and it is an objective image used to entrust subjective feelings. In comparative literature, the noun interpretation of image is: the so-called "image" can be simply said to be the combination of subjective "meaning" and objective "image", that is, the "object image" that blends into the poet's thoughts and feelings, and is a concrete image endowed with some special significance and literary significance

Abstraction: The process of discarding individual and non-essential attributes from many things and extracting the same and essential attributes is a necessary means to form concepts. Abstraction is mainly to reduce complexity, so as to get simpler concepts in the universe, so that people can control its process or understand many specific situations from a comprehensive perspective.

Abstraction is to extract the same and essential features from many things and discard their non-essential features. Such as apples, bananas, pears, grapes, peaches and so on. , all have the same characteristics as fruit. The process of obtaining the concept of fruit is an abstract process. To be abstract, we must compare them. Without comparison, we can't find the same part. * * * The same features refer to those features that can distinguish one kind of things from others. These distinguishing features are also called essential features. Therefore, to extract the same characteristics of things is to extract the essential characteristics of things and discard different characteristics. So the abstract process is also a cutting process, and all the different and non-essential features are cut off. The so-called * * * identical features are relative, which means that they are * * * identical in some way. For example, cars and rice, from the point of view of buying and selling, are all commodities with prices, which is their common feature, but from other aspects, they are different. So when abstracting, the similarities and differences depend on the abstract angle. The abstract angle depends on the purpose of analyzing the problem.

Broadly speaking, the term Impressionism was sometimes used in other arts (usually music, but sometimes literature) in the late19th century, and their techniques and effects were similar to those of Impressionist painting. The main impressionist painters are Monet, Manet, pissarro, Lei Nuowa, Sisley, Edgar Degas, berthe morisot, Guillaume and Basil. They are very distinctive and practical, and there is no specific principle to follow. However, the most obvious feature of Impressionism is that it tries to objectively describe the moments in visual reality, mainly to express the relationship between pure light. Literary impression is generally a highly personalized writing technique, which embodies the writer's personal temperament. Some writers' works are considered to be comparable to the impression of painting because of their strong appeal.

What is logical thinking and what is abstract thinking?

Imagery thinking and abstract (logical) thinking are two basic forms of thinking. In the past, people divided them into different categories and thought that "... scientists think with concepts and artists think with images." This is a misunderstanding. In fact, thinking in images is not only the thinking of artists, but also an important thinking form for scientists to make scientific discoveries and creations. For example, all image models in physics, such as Thomson jujube cake model of electric power lines, magnetic lines and atomic structure or Rutherford small solar system model, are the products of the combination of abstract thinking and image thinking of physicists. Einstein was a master with profound logical thinking ability, but he opposed logical method as the only scientific method. He is very good at exerting the free creativity of thinking in images, and all kinds of idealized experiments he conceived are typical examples of using thinking in images. These idealized experiments are not abstracting concrete cases, abandoning phenomena and extracting essence, but retaining universal and essential phenomena through image thinking and concentrating and strengthening them. For example, Einstein's famous general theory of relativity actually stems from a free imagination. One day, Einstein was sitting in a chair in the Berne Patent Office, and it suddenly occurred to him that if a person fell freely, he would not feel his own weight. Einstein said that this simple ideal experiment "deeply influenced me and led me to the theory of universal gravitation". The basic features of thinking in images are as follows: (1) Imagery is the most basic feature of thinking in images. The object of thinking in images is the image of things, and the form of thinking is vivid concepts such as image, intuition and imagination. The tools and means of expression are graphics, images, schemas and vivid symbols that can be perceived by the senses. The visualization of thinking in images makes it vivid, intuitive and holistic. (2) The illogical thinking of images does not process information step by step, end to end and linearly like abstract thinking, but can call many image materials, combine them at once to form a new image, or jump from one image to another. Its information processing process is not a series of processing, but a parallel processing, which is flat or three-dimensional. It can make the thinking subject grasp the problem quickly as a whole. Thinking in images is probable or specious thinking, and the result of thinking needs logical proof or practical test. (3) The reflection of rough image thinking on the problem is a reflection of thick lines, the grasp of the problem is a general grasp, and the analysis of the problem is qualitative or semi-quantitative. Therefore, thinking in images is usually used for qualitative analysis of problems. Abstract thinking can give an accurate quantitative relationship, so in practical thinking activities, it is often necessary to skillfully combine abstract thinking with image thinking and use them cooperatively. Imagination is a process in which the thinking subject uses the existing image to form a new image. Image thinking is not satisfied with the reproduction of the existing image, but is more committed to the pursuit of processing the existing image and obtaining the output of new image products. Therefore, visualization gives creative advantages to thinking in images. This also illustrates a truth; Creative people usually have a strong imagination.