Small topic of contour topographic map:

(1) The dam site of the reservoir is selected in the river canyon for the following reasons:

(1) is located in the canyon, which is beneficial to dam construction; (2) The topography of the basin has a large water storage capacity.

(2) Reasons for location selection of traffic lines (railways and highways):

Sparse contour lines, gentle terrain slope, short construction period, less investment and easy construction.

(3) Determine a certain place as a basin, and judge the reasons:

Rivers converge to the middle, indicating that the terrain is low in the middle and high around.

(4) The reason why the water diversion project chooses a certain location is that the terrain is high, and the river can flow naturally along the terrain.

5] Choose a place as a terrace for the following reasons:

The terrain is gentle and the slope is small. Reclaiming terraced fields here can not only expand the cultivated land area, but also be beneficial to soil and water conservation, realize the unity of ecological, economic and social benefits and realize sustainable development.

[6] Choose the route to climb the mountain, because the contour line is sparse, the terrain slope is small, and it is easy to climb the mountain.

2. Small topic of marine resources:

(1) Fishery resources are concentrated in temperate coastal continental shelf waters for the following reasons:

(1) continental shelf waters, with shallow seawater, abundant sunshine and strong photosynthesis;

(2) The confluence of cold current and warm current or the flooding of cold seawater in winter will bring nutrients from the seabed to the surface;

(3) Rivers entering the sea bring rich nutrients; Flourishing plankton and sufficient bait are easy to form a large fishing ground.

⑵ Distribution law of seabed mineral resources: ① Coastal placer in coastal zone: sand, shells and other building materials and metal minerals.

② Shallow sea bottom of continental shelf: oil, natural gas and mineral resources such as coal, sulfur and phosphorus.

③ Basin: deep-sea manganese nodules (mainly concentrated in the North Pacific)

3. Salinity and ocean currents:

(1) the highest salinity is the red sea, because:

① Located in the subtropical sea area, the precipitation is scarce and evaporation is vigorous.

(2) Surrounded by tropical desert areas, lacking river injection.

(2) The lowest salinity is in the Baltic Sea for the following reasons:

① Located at higher latitude, with low temperature and weak evaporation.

② Surrounded by temperate maritime climate zone, fresh water is injected.

(3) The reason why Balkhash Lake is salty in the east and weak in the west:

① East: located inland, with scarce precipitation and intense evaporation; Lack of river injection.

② West: There is river injection, which plays a diluting role.

③ The narrow middle part is not conducive to the exchange of water bodies on both sides, resulting in a great difference in salinity between the two sides.

⑷ The horizontal distribution law of salinity in surface seawater in the world:

It decreases from the subtropical waters in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere to the low latitudes and high latitudes on both sides respectively. 5] to judge the nature of an ocean current as a cold (warm) current, the judgment reason is:

Temperature: the temperature of the sea area where ocean currents flow is lower (higher) than that of other sea areas at the same latitude.

Direction: From higher (lower) latitude to lower (higher) latitude.

4. Small topic about rivers and traffic:

(1) Changes of the names of the China South Flowing River at home and abroad;

Yuanjiang-Honghe-Lancang-Mekong River

Nujiang-salween Yarlung Zangbo River-Yarlung Zangbo River

(2) The reasons why rivers in Western Europe have great shipping value:

Rivers are rich in water, stable in water level, low in sediment concentration, ice-free, and of great shipping value.

(3) ob river (Yenisei River and Lena River) is of little shipping value:

High latitude, long freezing period, ice phenomenon.

⑷ Significance of polar route development: shortening voyage, saving time and effort.

5] southwest China is rich in hydropower, mainly because:

① Located in humid area, with abundant precipitation and large runoff;

② Located at the junction of the first and second steps, the river has a large drop.

Variant: The Three Gorges area is rich in hydropower, mainly because:

① Located in humid area, with abundant precipitation and large runoff;

② Located at the junction of the second and third steps, the river has a large drop.

[6] The significance of Nanning-Kunming railway construction:

Economic significance: ① It is beneficial to resource development and material export.

(2) It is conducive to giving full play to the economic radiation function of railways and promoting the development of export-oriented economy.

(3) It is conducive to developing tourism resources and promoting the development of the tertiary industry.

Political significance: ① It is conducive to consolidating national unity.

(2) It is conducive to speeding up poverty alleviation in Southwest China.

(3) Conducive to social stability;

Strategic significance: ① It is conducive to speeding up opening to the outside world and developing export-oriented economy.

(2) It is conducive to consolidating national defense and defending the frontier.

The significance of trans-siberian railway once built by Russia;

(1) Strengthen the economic ties between the east and the west and promote material exchanges;

(2) Accelerate the development of resources and turn resource advantages into economic advantages;

5. Small topics in geology and topography:

(1) The discovery of abundant coal in the Antarctic (there is abundant oil buried in the Arctic) shows that:

The Antarctic (Arctic) region was once located in a warm and humid area with dense forests, and then drifted here through the mainland, which is a strong evidence of plate tectonic theory.

(2) Reasons for the formation of Congo Basin:

Congo basin used to be an inland lake, which was formed by crustal uplift, river undercutting and lake outflow.

(3) Causes of the Dead Sea (Lake Baikal, Lake Tanganyika, Fenhe River Basin and Weihe River Basin): internal force-fault subsidence.

(4) The causes of the five major freshwater lakes in North America (European fjords and lakes): external force-glaciation.

(5) The formation of Lushan (Huashan and Taishan): mountains.

[6] Topographic features of seven continents:

Asia: ① The terrain is complex and changeable, with ups and downs, and the plateau and mountainous areas are wide;

The terrain is high in the middle and low around, and the plains are mostly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of rivers;

Non-continental: ① the terrain is mainly plateau, and the horizon is not large;

(2) A huge East African Rift Zone runs through the east;

③ Topographic features: high in the southeast and low in the northwest.

Europe: ① Europe is dominated by mountains and plains, with a vast plain area, accounting for 2/3 of the total area;

② The terrain is low and flat, which is the lowest continent in the world (300m), with high terrain in the north and south and low terrain in the middle;

③ Glacial landforms are widely distributed.

North America: ① The terrain is high in the east and low in the west;

(2) There are three topographical regions, namely, mountains in the west, mountains and plateaus in the east and plains in the middle;

③ Glacial landforms are widely distributed in the northern half of the mainland.

South America: ① The west is the Andes running through the north and south;

(2) The eastern plains and plateaus are arranged alternately.

Yangzhou: ① The terrain is low and flat. The surface is gentle and undulating;

(2) The terrain is north-south vertical belt, with mountains in the east, plains in the middle and highlands in the west.

Antarctic continent: ① the continent with the highest average altitude in the world (2350 meters);

(2) Continental glaciers are widely distributed, with an average thickness of 2,000 meters and diverse subglacial topography.

Causes of serious geological disasters in southwest China;

Natural reasons: ① the mountainous area is vast, the rocks are broken and the weathering is serious; ② The dry and wet seasons are distinct, and the rainstorm is concentrated;

③ The crustal movement is strong and faults are developed in the mountain.

Man-made reasons: ④ Destruction of vegetation.

6. Flood and waterlogging theme:

(1) Causes of severe floods in Bangladesh:

Natural reasons: ① strong southwest monsoon, heavy rainfall and abundant precipitation; ② Low terrain and poor drainage; ③ Ganges River and Yarlung Zangbo River meet here and enter the flood season at the same time;

Man-made reasons: ④ High population density, more vegetation destruction in the upper reaches and serious soil erosion.

(2) Causes of frequent droughts and floods in India:

Strong southwest monsoon, or coming early and leaving late, is easy to cause waterlogging; Otherwise it will cause drought.

(3) The reason for the large flow of Amazon River:

① Located near the equator, affected by equatorial depression, there are more updrafts and abundant precipitation.

(2) The plain terrain and the terrain with three sides high and open to the east are conducive to the entry of Atlantic water vapor.

(3) After entering the inland, water vapor is lifted by plateaus and mountains, mostly topographic precipitation.

④ The basin area is vast, and the surface water is collected on three sides of the Amazon River.

7. Sub-theme of drought:

(1) temperate desert-the reason of the formation of Karakum desert;

Deep in the mainland, far from the ocean, with less precipitation and strong evaporation;

Variation: the origin of Patagonia desert in South America;

Located in the temperate zone, the prevailing westerly wind, the eastern side of the Andes, leeward slope, less precipitation.

(2) Tropical Desert-The reasons for the formation of Sahara (Victoria) Desert:

Controlled by subtropical high or trade winds all year round, it is hot and dry all year round.

Variant: the cause of thar desert in South Asia;

The southwest monsoon is not easy to reach, the original vegetation is destroyed and the ground lacks vegetation protection.

(3) The reason why the Chilean desert is long and narrow from north to south:

(1) The Andes is close to the west coast, so it is difficult for the tropical desert climate to expand eastward;

(2) Affected by the Peruvian cold current, the tropical desert climate extends northward;

(4) Reasons for the formation of tropical grassland climate in East Africa Plateau:

The terrain is high, the temperature is low, the convection is weak, and the precipitation is low, so it does not have the conditions to form a tropical rainforest climate.

5. Causes of spring drought in North China: the temperature rises rapidly in spring and evaporation is vigorous; Precipitation is scarce.

The reason why there is no spring drought in Northeast China is that the latitude is higher, the temperature is lower, and there is snow and meltwater in spring.

(7) Water shortage in North China:

Reasons: ① Natural reasons: temperate monsoon climate, less annual precipitation and small river runoff; The variability of precipitation is large; Evaporation is very strong in spring.

② Human factors: dense population, developed industry and agriculture, and large water demand; Serious water pollution; Too much waste and low utilization rate; Water consumption for spring planting is large in spring.

Governance measures: ① South-to-North Water Transfer Project;

(2) building a reservoir;

③ Controlling population and improving quality;

④ Reduce water pollution; Reduce waste and improve utilization rate;

⑤ Restrict the development of high water consumption industries;

⑥ Develop water-saving agriculture and adopt drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation technology to improve utilization rate;

⑦ implement water price adjustment and establish water-saving consciousness;

8 seawater desalination, etc.

Being dead (salty) sea area shrinking reasons:

① Located in the tropical desert climate zone (inland hinterland), precipitation is scarce and evaporation is vigorous. (natural causes)

(2) Jordan River is used for industry and agriculture (cotton fields are expanded and irrigated by Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers),

Reduce the runoff of rivers into the dead (salty) sea. (socio-economic reasons)

8. Small topic of climate and nature belt

⑴ The reason for the humid climate in Latin America is that it is located on both sides of the equator and surrounded by vast oceans.

⑵ Reasons for the landscape differences between the east and west sides of the southern section of the Andes: Due to the influence of the Andes, the precipitation on the east and west sides of the mountains is very different.

The reason why Africa lacks temperate maritime climate: Africa is an ocean with the same latitude.

(4) The reason why tundra zone is missing in the southern hemisphere: The same latitude in the southern hemisphere is the ocean.

5. Near the Tropic of Cancer, Africa has a tropical desert climate, South Asia has a tropical monsoon climate, and southeast China has a subtropical monsoon climate. The reason is that North Africa is affected by subtropical high and trade winds from the mainland, and it is hot and dry all the year round. South Asia is affected by tropical monsoon, while southeast China is affected by subtropical monsoon.

Summary: The climate difference between the east and west coasts of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer and its reasons:-The land and sea positions are different from the atmospheric circulation situation.

The drought and flood disasters in China are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region. Cause: The subtropical high is unstable, and the summer wind changes greatly in season and year.

(7) The main reasons for more precipitation in the south and less precipitation in the north are: the rainy season in the south comes early and goes late, and the rainy season lasts for a long time; The rainy season in the north is shorter.

The weather in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is generally summer drought (the best answer)

Because there are "empty plums" in some years, plum rain is not the best answer. )

(9) Why does the tropical mountain environment of the Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon advance northward by 5-6 latitudes compared with other parts of the northern hemisphere?

(1) The Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon is basically north-south, with the northern part blocked by mountains and the mouth of the valley facing south, forming a huge warm and humid airflow channel; (2) In the summer half year, the strong southwest monsoon brought a lot of warm and humid air from the Indian Ocean and penetrated into the Grand Canyon, which made the isotherm at the bottom of the canyon move northward obviously compared with the same latitude.

⑽ The reasons for the large temperature difference between north and south in winter in China are: the latitude span in China is large, and the direct point of the sun in winter is in the southern hemisphere. The farther south of China is, the higher the sun is and the longer the days are, so the more solar radiation you get. Frequent southerly winds in winter have a great influence on northern China.

⑾ The reasons for the high temperature in summer in China are as follows: The direct point of the sun is in the northern hemisphere. Although the height of the sun at noon in the north is smaller than that in the south, the daytime is longer than that in the south, and the solar heat obtained is not much less than that in the south.

⑿ The reason why the winter temperature in China is lower than that in other parts of the same latitude is influenced by the strong Mongolian-Siberian cold high (or winter wind).

[13] The reason why the temperature in India is higher than that in China at the same latitude is that the mountain barrier (the tall Himalayas block the cold air from the south).

14. The reason why the maritime climate in Europe is bigger than that in North America is that Europe lacks tall mountain systems extending from north to south, and the westerly wind from the ocean can go deep into the mainland. Affected by topography and ocean currents, the west coast of Europe is greatly affected by warm currents.

⒂ Reasons for the formation of tropical rain forest climate in the southeast coast of Brazil, northeast Australia and east Madagascar:

Mainly influenced by topography (mountains), there is a warm current along the windward slope of the southeast trade wind.

The higher the latitude of annual range, the higher the temperature. The reason is that the higher the latitude, the greater the annual variation of the noon sun height, the greater the annual variation of the length of day and night, so the greater the annual variation of the temperature; The opposite is true at low latitudes.

The farther away from the sea, the greater the annual temperature difference. The reason is that the heat capacity of the land is smaller than that of the ocean, and it heats up quickly in summer and cools down quickly in winter, which is lower than that of the ocean. Therefore, the temperature in annual range is higher than that in the ocean, and the coastal area is greatly influenced by the ocean, which is smaller than that in inland annual range.

⒄ Diurnal temperature range: The higher the latitude, the smaller it is, because the diurnal variation of solar height is mainly small. The relationship between the daily range and the weather is that the daily range on cloudy days is smaller than that on sunny days. The relationship between diurnal range and land and sea is that the diurnal range in inland areas is greater than that in coastal areas,

The daily range at the top of the mountain is smaller than that in the plain below, and so is annual range.

⒅ Compared with the plains and basins of the same latitude in China, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a lower temperature in the year, which is due to the high altitude at low latitude and is cooler in summer. In winter, due to the influence of low latitude and high terrain, the cold air flow in the south is not affected and the temperature will not be too low;

The diurnal range is large, because the altitude is high, the atmospheric density is low, and the heat preservation and weakening effect of the atmosphere is low, so the temperature rises rapidly during the day and cools rapidly at night.

Whether there is a forest belt on the southern slope of Tianshan Mountain is due to the leeward slope and less precipitation.

⒇ The reason why the coniferous forest in the sub-frigid zone on the southern edge of the east coast of the mainland is southward is because the east coast is cold and the west coast is warm; Secondly, the east coast is affected by the wind from the mainland, while the west coast is the opposite.

9. Agricultural topics:

(1) Favorable conditions for tea tree growth:

① The climate is humid and rainy; ② Slope land with good drainage.

⑵ Natural conditions for highland barley production in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: high terrain, low temperature, large temperature difference, less precipitation and sufficient sunshine.

(3) The reason why the Nile Delta (South Xinjiang) is rich in long-staple cotton:

In summer, there is plenty of sunshine, less precipitation, fertile soil and convenient irrigation conditions.

(4) Favorable conditions for the development of animal husbandry in Australia:

① There are large areas of arid and semi-arid areas and excellent grasslands;

② There are many artesian wells for livestock to drink;

③ No large wild carnivores.

5] favorable conditions for the development of dairy industry in western Europe (northeastern United States):

① High latitude, low temperature, heavy cloud cover, rainy days, weak light and poor soil are not suitable for the development of planting industry, but suitable for the growth of succulent grass. (Natural conditions)

② dense population and cities, large market demand, convenient transportation and developed economy (socio-economic conditions)

(6) The influence of monsoon climate on agricultural development;

Benefits: rain and heat are in the same period, which is beneficial to crop growth.

Disadvantages: frequent droughts and floods.

Variant: temperate monsoon climate (Huanghuaihai Plain) is favorable for developing cotton planting;

① It is hot and rainy in summer, and the rain and heat are in the same period, which is beneficial to cotton growth;

(2) Less rain and sunny weather in autumn are beneficial to the later growth and harvest of cotton.

Agriculture in Central Asia used to be dominated by desert animal husbandry and irrigated agriculture for the following reasons:

(1) Central Asia, which lives inland, belongs to temperate continental climate, with scarce precipitation and mainly grassland and desert vegetation, which is suitable for developing desert animal husbandry;

There are rivers such as Irtysh River, Amu Darya River and Syr Darya River, so irrigated agriculture should be developed.

(8) Management mode of tropical cash crops: enterprise plantation.

Production characteristics: large production scale and high commodity rate.

Distribution: South Asia, Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.

Characteristics of the host country's economic structure: a single economy dominated by tropical enterprise plantations

How does the host country develop its economy?

(1) continue to give full play to its advantages and do a good job in the production of tropical cash crops;

Pay close attention to grain production and strive to increase grain output;

③ Adjust the industrial structure and establish an independent and complete industrial system and national economic system;

④ Strengthening "South-South cooperation";

⑤ Strengthen the "North-South Dialogue" and establish a new international economic order.

(9) Reasons for the outstanding food problem in Africa:

① The natural population growth rate is high;

② harsh natural conditions;

(3) Indiscriminate cultivation and grazing aggravated drought and land desertification;

⑽ Reasons for water and food shortage in Singapore:

(1) the land area is small, although it is located in the tropical rain forest area, but there are no big rivers and the runoff is small;

The land area is small, the cultivated land area is small and the grain output is low.

⑾ Multiple cropping index problem:

① Reasons for low multiple cropping index and yield in Russia: high latitude and insufficient heat in agricultural production.

② Australian multiple cropping index: the latitude is low, but the multiple cropping index is low because:

Related to the agricultural economic structure, wheat and sheep are alternately raised in mixed farming areas, with low multiple cropping index of wheat and plenty of leisure land.

The beneficial effects of low multiple cropping index on land are: it is beneficial to the restoration of soil fertility.

③ The reason of high multiple cropping index in China is low latitude and less arable land per capita.

The land area of the United States and India is smaller than that of China, but the cultivated land area is much larger than that of China. The reason for this is the following：

(Climate and Terrain Analysis)

(1) The plains of the United States and India cover a large area, while the arid areas are relatively small;

(2) The plain of China covers a small area, while the arid area covers a large area.

(13) agricultural problems in urban suburbs: agriculture in Shanghai suburbs (vegetables, meat, eggs, milk and gardening)

Analysis location:

Natural factors: sufficient heat, rain and heat at the same time; Flat terrain and fertile soil; There is plenty of water.

Socio-economic factors: ① large market consumption;

② Convenient transportation;

(3) Developing flowers, vegetables and other crops, with high unit area value, can obtain higher economic benefits;

④ Small land area is conducive to intensive production.

Development direction: green agriculture; Sightseeing agriculture; ecotourism

[14] Commodity Grain Agriculture: Northeast China, USA.

Basic features:

Large scale of production, high level of mechanization and high commodity rate of agricultural products;

Analysis of location factors:

Natural factors: ① temperate monsoon climate, high temperature and rainy summer, rain and heat at the same time;

② The terrain is flat and open; ③ The cultivated land area is vast;

④ Fertile soil; ⑤ There is plenty of water.

Socio-economic factors:

① The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the commodity rate of agricultural products is high; ② Large production scale and high mechanization level;

③ Convenient transportation; ④ Broad market;

⑤ The industry is relatively developed; ⑥ National policy support.

Disadvantages: ① insufficient heat; ② Land desertification and soil erosion are aggravated;

③ Soil fertility declined; ④ Winter is affected by cold wave and freezing injury.

Comparison of similarities and differences with American commodity grain agriculture;

Similarity; ① The agricultural geographical types are the same; ② The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the commodity rate of agricultural products is high;

③ Large production scale and high mechanization level; ④ Convenient transportation;

⑤ Broad market; ⑥ The industry is relatively developed;

⑦ The natural conditions of agricultural production process are similar.

Differences: ① Different modes of operation, mainly family farmers in the United States and state-owned farms in China;

② There are differences in the level of science and technology;

③ Different levels of specialization;

④ With different grain output, the grain output of the United States is high. ⒂ Pasture grazing: Argentine pampas grassland.

Location factor:

Natural factors: mild climate, lush grass and large grassland area;

Socio-economic factors: ① the land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is low;

② Close to the harbour; The improvement of traffic conditions and the progress of refrigeration technology.

10. Small topics on ecological environment:

(1) Environmental problems facing Maldives (Nauru):

Global warming and sea level rise are in danger of being submerged.

(2) Environmental problems faced by Tierra del Fuego (North and South Islands of New Zealand):

The ozone layer is destroyed, the hole in the ozone layer is enlarged, and the solar ultraviolet radiation is increased.

⑶ Red tides: Pearl River Estuary, Hangzhou Bay, Bohai Sea, etc.

Reason:

Natural reasons: warm spring and summer, sunny plum festival; Slow ocean current and high water temperature; Seal the bay.

This is the external cause of red tide.

Man-made reasons: the coastal areas are densely populated and economically developed, and industrial wastewater and agricultural production wastewater contain a lot of organic matter, heavy metals and inorganic salts; Domestic sewage and untreated water flow into rivers and lakes and into the sea, which makes the nitrogen and phosphorus content of offshore water exceed the standard and causes eutrophication of seawater (this is the root cause of red tide)

Red tide-prone areas: Pearl River Estuary, Bohai Sea, Hangzhou Bay, Yangtze River Estuary, Haikou Bay in the South China Sea, etc.

Red tide prone time: the red tide prone period is May-10.

Hazards: ① Eutrophication of seawater, flourishing phytoplankton, suffocating and poisoning fish,

(2) endangering human health, and (3) affecting marine tourism. (4) Impact of global warming on global ecological environment and social economy: ① Sea level rise poses a direct threat to coastal low-lying countries and regions;

(2) It causes changes in precipitation, dry and wet conditions in various regions of the world, which in turn leads to changes in the economic structure of countries around the world.

5] the influence of acid rain:

(1) Acid rain acidifies rivers and lakes, which affects the growth and reproduction of fish and even kills a lot;

(2) Acidizing the soil and endangering the growth of forests and crops;

③ Corrosion of buildings and cultural relics;

④ Harm to human health.

[6] The fundamental way to reduce acid rain is to reduce the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides.

(7) Soil erosion: Loess Plateau, southern hilly areas.

Reason:

Natural reasons: ① monsoon climate precipitation is concentrated in summer, with heavy rainfall;

(2) The surface vegetation is scarce;

③ Loess soil is loose (Loess Plateau).

Man-made reasons: the destruction of vegetation; Irrational farming system; Mining.

Governance measures:

① Compressing agricultural land and building stable and high-yield farmland;

② Expand the planting area of forest and grass;

③ Improve the natural grassland vegetation, appropriately reduce the number of livestock and improve the quality of livestock;

(4) store topsoil in a planned way during mining, and vigorously carry out land reclamation;

⑤ Comprehensive management of small watersheds.

(8) Desertification: Northwest China (Xinjiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, etc. )

Reason:

Natural causes: ① global warming, strong evaporation;

(two) located in the inland areas with less precipitation;

③ Rodents and locusts.

Man-made reasons: ① Overexploitation; ② Overgrazing;

③ excessive reclamation;

④ Unreasonable utilization of water resources;

⑤ Improper protection of traffic lines and other projects.

Measures taken: ① Semi-arid farming-pastoral ecotone and dry farming area: combining the adjustment of land use structure with sand control measures.

(2) Oasis on the edge of desert in arid area: establish a shelter forest system centered on oasis.

(9) Soil secondary salinization: Huanghuaihai Plain, Ningxia Plain, Hetao Plain, etc.

Reason:

Natural causes: frequent drought and flood climate change (Huanghuaihai Plain); Low terrain; Man-made reasons: unreasonable irrigation;

Control measures: introducing light and spraying salt; Well drainage and well irrigation; Biological measures; Farmland cover;