④ Center: Express the author's thoughts by remembering people, narrating articles, describing objects and scenery.
⑤ Details: The contents related to the center should be detailed, concrete and vivid. A brief description of the secondary content related to the center. 2. Explanatory knowledge points:
① Object characteristics: the characteristics of things and the essence of things.
(2) Description: hierarchical; Explain the order, including chronological order, spatial order, and logical order. Interpretation methods: classification, definition, comparison, analogy, examples and charts. 3. Argumentative knowledge points:
Argument: the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. Argument: The facts and reasons used to prove the argument.
(3) Argumentation: discussion levels and argumentation methods (example method, quotation method and comparative argumentation method). 4, the main points of practical knowledge:
We should focus on the formats of several common practical articles.
(1) letters-general letters and special letters, as well as general letters such as applications, proposals and thank-you letters.
① Title: Generally speaking, letters have no title (published letters can be named according to their contents or themes). (2) Address: Write the address of the recipient at the top of the first line, followed by a colon.
③ Text: Write the text in the two blanks of the second line. Change careers and write it in the top box. If the content is more, it can be segmented.
④ Ending: If you want to write wishes or pay tribute at the end, you can write words such as "wishes" and "sincerity" after the text, or you can write two spaces on a new line. Words such as "progress" and "salute" should start on a new line.
⑤ Signature and date: Write two lines at the bottom right of the letter. The first line is the signature and the second line is the date. In front of the signature, you can indicate the identity, qualifications or unit of the recipient as needed. 6. Fill in the standard envelope.
Fill in the postal code of the recipient's area in the six small boxes in the upper left corner of the envelope.
Under the postal code of the receiving area, write down the detailed address of the recipient or the detailed name of the unit. Write the recipient's name in the middle below the recipient's address or company name. Write the sender's detailed address and name at the bottom right of the recipient's name. Write the postal code of the sender's area in the small box in the lower right corner of the envelope. (2) notice
Learning method guidance
Stylistic knowledge should be mastered (not memorized) and applied, and the key point is to use this knowledge to solve the central problems of reading and writing. Specific guidance combines modern reading and writing. Third, literary common sense.
Including the common sense of novels, essays and poems, and understanding the works of major writers involved in the basic content. 1. About novels, essays and poems 2. Key points of knowledge. novel
① Features: Focusing on portraying characters, reflecting social life through narrative and inter-ring description of story plots. ② Classification: short stories (including short stories), novellas and novels.
③ Elements: characters, stories (beginning, development, climax, ending, sometimes with prologue in front and ending in the back), and the specific environment of characters' activities. Character description methods: positive description: appearance, language, action, psychological description; Personal introduction essay
① Features: Prose (in a narrow sense) is a free and flexible style to express experiences and feelings.
Content: Things, landscapes, or characters' notes are always part of the author's profound life experience.
Form: Starting from the author's subjective feelings, focusing on personal lyricism, comprehensively using lyric, narrative, description, discussion and other expression techniques; In terms of structure and writing, it has distinct levels, rigorous structure, flexibility and freedom, and scattered forms; The language is elegant and distinctive. poetic sentiment
Features: attaching importance to lyric expression, rich imagination and vivid image. The language is subtle, concise and rhyming, and the sentences are large and neat, full of rhythm and musical beauty.
Genre: Poetry has evolved into many different forms in the long historical process.
From the literary point of view, poetry includes poems, words and songs. Poetry is divided into traditional poetry and modern poetry. There are archaic poems (also called archaic poems, archaic poems, as opposed to modern poems) and modern poems (including metrical poems and quatrains), as well as literati poems (poems by authors) and folk songs (poems circulated by the people and created collectively or poems created by poets according to folk songs). Modern poetry, including new poetry (compared with traditional poetry, also known as free poetry and modern poetry), is a vernacular poem produced since the May 4th Movement. Some rhyme, some don't rhyme), folk songs, prose poems. From the content, poetry can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry and philosophical poetry. 3. Knowledge points of the writer's works
For the works of the following important writers involved in the basic text, you need to be able to accurately remember (don't write typos) the author's name, age (nationality) and evaluation, as well as the title and source of the works.
Such as: China modern and contemporary writers: Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Lao She, Ye Shengtao, Zhu Ziqing, Wen Yiduo, Bing Xin, Zhao Shuli, Zhou Libo, Wu Boxiao, Cang Kejia, Yan Lu, Xiao Gan, Wei Wei, Yang Shuo, Wang Yuanjian, Ai Qing, Tian Tian, He Jingzhi, Gong Liu and Ke Yan.
Such as: China ancient poets and writers: Sima Qian, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Cen Can, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Mu Mu, Wang Bo, Wang Wei, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Lu You, Fan Zhongyan, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Yang Wanli, Wan Zhiyuan, Shi Naian and Pu Songling. For example, China's ancient literary works and their authors: The Book of Songs, Zuo Zhuan (Zuo Qiuming), The Analects of Confucius, Mencius (Monk), Han Feizi (Han Fei), Historical Records (Sima Qian), Liezi (Lieyukou) and Chilege. Such as: foreign writers and works: Andersen and the emperor's new clothes, dude and the last lesson, Chekhov and the chameleon, Mo Bosang and my uncle Yule, Mark Twain and running for governor, Gorky and Haiyan, ostrovsky and the meaning of life. Examination questions: in the senior high school entrance examination, this part of knowledge often uses multiple-choice questions to examine the writer's works, and in the short-answer questions and analysis questions of reading, the knowledge of novels and essays is used to read and analyze the ideological content of the article.
Learning method guidance: the knowledge of novels and essays should focus on the application of reading and writing. A writer's works should be classified according to the text. For example, according to the author, there are 7 works by Lu Xun, 2 works by Zhu Ziqing and 2 works by Wei Wei.
According to the classification of countries and dynasties, there were 9 poems and 3 poems in Tang Dynasty, 5 poems and 4 poems in Song Dynasty and 3 poems and 8 poems before Han Dynasty. Only Taohuayuan is in the Jin Dynasty, and the works of individual writers are easy to mix. For example, both Wang Wei and Wang Bo were in the Tang Dynasty, and their poems all praised the friendship of friends. We might as well use "Dubohai" to distinguish this from people's names and remember them. For example, the folk songs in the Northern and Southern Dynasties are poems, a poem "Mulan Poetry" and a song "Chile Song". Of course, there are many such tips, which students can create by themselves to facilitate their memory. The second part is the main points of reading classical Chinese.
The focus of learning classical Chinese is mainly on pronunciation, sentence breaking, sentence meaning understanding, reciting exquisite paragraphs and summarizing the main points of the article. In recent years, in order to better improve the reading ability of classical Chinese, we have also expanded the simple reading of classical Chinese outside textbooks. Study guide: 1. Correct pronunciation:
Read the correct pronunciation with the help of textbooks and reference books. Rare words in classical Chinese; Polysyllabic words; Common words; Ancient name; Place names still retain ancient characters. These are the key points of study. 2, learn to break sentences:
Read aloud on the basis of understanding the meaning of the sentence, and pause between words According to the meaning of the text, ancient Chinese mostly used monosyllabic words to express meaning. Don't misread two adjacent monosyllabic words in modern Chinese as compound words. Long sentences can be broken according to the context, and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence can be paused. 3. Understand the meaning of the sentence:
Understand the meaning of a sentence with the help of text notes and reference books. ② Understand the changes of ancient and modern meanings and correctly understand the meaning of sentences. (3) Understanding the meaning of the sentence in the context; (4) Recite beautiful paragraphs.
If you want to recite quickly and remember firmly, you must first read the text correctly, word by word, without missing words, not many words, and read word by word carefully. When you are familiar with it, you should consider reciting it. For a new text, the most important thing is to read it correctly first, otherwise it is difficult to correct the habit of reading mistakes. Secondly, reading comprehension is meaningful.
Only when you understand the content can you recite it accurately. Third, when reciting a long article, you can divide it into small paragraphs and "break it all". Fourth, with the help of association and body movements, help students memorize. Fifth, continuous review, no one can remember at once, and planned repeated training can enhance memory. Sixth, recite the central difficulties and mistakes, and focus on writing notes. 5. Summary of content points
In view of the content of the article, questions are generally asked: who to write, what to say, what characteristics to introduce, and what kind of truth to explain. To answer these questions, we must understand the article sentence by sentence, layer by layer and paragraph by paragraph, and the reading method is the same as that of modern Chinese. Although classical Chinese is far from our life, its study has a clear scope. No matter which knowledge topic, it is mainly textbooks. Therefore, as long as ordinary students are willing to work hard, their grades in classical Chinese will be better. The third part is the reading of modern literature
Understand the general requirements and knowledge points of modern Chinese reading learning in junior high school.
Nowadays, children live in an information society and get a lot of information every day. Reading is their main channel for obtaining information. Therefore, it is very important to cultivate the reading ability of modern Chinese. According to the new curriculum standard, junior high school students' reading ability can be summarized as ***6 points: 1. Reading ordinary modern articles, we can understand the meaning and function of words in the article and understand the ideological content of the article now. 2. Understand the idea of the article, clarify the structure of the article, and put it at the center of the article.
3. Understand the writing methods used in the article, and analyze these methods in order to express the content and highlight the central service (the role of writing methods). 4. Read the article, summarize the content in the article and learn to express it.
5. Be able to read articles in different styles according to different stylistic features. Familiar with reading and reciting the basic contents of articles and paragraphs. 6. Be able to evaluate the content of the article and innovate the guidance of learning methods. 1. Read the article.
The important signs of reading an article are: what is written in the article, what is the purpose of writing these contents, what kind of writing methods the author uses to express the center of the article, and what role these writing methods have on the performance center. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
The concept of prejudice: if you summarize the meaning of a paragraph, it has two meanings, but when you set questions, you only take the first layer as the meaning of this paragraph. Too general: for example, this paragraph introduces the characteristics of stone arch bridge, but does not specify what the characteristics are.
Incomplete understanding: for example, Ma Yuxiang pursues small things in the fire, which shows that Ma Yuxiang is brave and not afraid of sacrifice. This incident mainly shows Ma Yuxiang's spirit of internationalism. ) lack of context, such as the title "Hui", "Tears are flowing down again", and the word "you" once again shows the meaning. The correct analysis should be related to the last article. My tears came out when I saw my parents struggling to cross the railway. Here, my father and I are separated. Looking at his back, tears come out again, which shows that I love my father deeply.
2. Take textbooks as an example and learn to master reading methods.
Our words are carefully selected by experts, with healthy and positive ideological content, rigorous and standardized article structure and concise and coherent language expression. Therefore, taking textbooks as an example, learning to master reading methods is the best way. The key paragraphs in the basic articles should be carefully studied sentence by sentence, and the methods should be learned in the reading analysis of the paragraphs in class, so as to understand the extracurricular readings during the exam.
3. The basic training of reading ability is embodied in "paragraph", which is a concrete combination of articles, and all kinds of abilities involved in an article are embodied in "paragraph". "Duan" is short and easy to grasp; Training with different body "segments" can finally master various reading methods. (1) Look at the content of this paragraph as a whole (2) Learn sentence by sentence, the general idea of each sentence.
(3) Study the relationship between sentences in this paragraph, classify several sentences with similar meanings into one layer, and summarize the meaning. (4) Summarize the meaning of the paragraph according to the relationship between several layers in the paragraph (5) Look at this paragraph to express the meaning of the paragraph. 4. Learn to analyze, summarize and express.
Modern text reading not only examines students' understanding and judgment ability, but also examines students' expression ability, which has always been students' weakness. How to analyze and summarize the content of the article, now introduce several ways. (1) is good at summarizing the sentences in the article.
General questions ask students to summarize the meaning of the paragraph. Read the original carefully to see if there is a central sentence in the original. Use the central sentence simply and accurately. If there is no central sentence, transform the key sentences, or combine them, or extract keywords. If there are no obvious sentences in the text, organize them in your own language and express them simply.
(2) Analyzing the function of words should be combined with the context.
When analyzing the function of a word, we should first explain the word, then look at the meaning of the word in the context and explain the function. For example, "with the sly eyes of children, she didn't mean to hit them." The word "clever" here shows the innocence and intelligence of children and highlights their feelings of loving teachers. Another example is "Teacher Cai helped criticize at this time? Objection? My friend also wrote a letter of encouragement, okay? A student with a clear heart like water? " . Analyze the function of "comfort". First of all, it should be explained that "encouragement" means persuasion and comfort, which includes care and help for ""and embodies the love of teachers. As can be seen from the above two examples, combining the context actually means combining the meaning of this passage. Because when the author writes an article, any word or sentence he chooses serves to express the content (paragraph meaning) of the article.
(3) Analysis of the internal relationship between sentences should be combined with specific content (4) Analysis of the role of writing methods should be centered on this Part IV: Essentials of composition knowledge.
1, understand the requirements of the new curriculum standard,
The "writing ability requirement" stipulated in the new curriculum standard can write narratives, simple expositions, argumentative essays and general practical essays, so that the thoughts and feelings are true and healthy, the content is specific, the center is clear, the organization is clear, the words are fluent, no typos are written, punctuation marks are used correctly, the format is correct, and the handwriting is standardized and neat. Get into the habit of revising articles. In the actual examination, the important content of junior high school composition examination is mostly to write narrative, so it is particularly important to master narrative writing. 2. Understand the grading standard of composition.
According to the requirements of the syllabus for writing, the composition scoring standard generally gives points from the following three aspects. The first is writing, which requires neat handwriting, correct punctuation and standardized writing format, all of which meet the requirements. This generally accounts for a quarter of the composition score, about 10. Secondly, the content. The composition requirements are consistent with the meaning of the topic, clear in the center and specific in content. This part accounts for about one third of the total score of the composition, accounting for about 20 points. The third is expression, which requires reasonable composition structure, appropriate details, fluent language, specific narration and appropriate description and discussion. This part accounts for about half of the total score of the composition, about 30 points. As can be seen from the grading standards, the composition of the senior high school entrance examination requires higher requirements in three aspects: writing, center and language expression. Learning method guidance
1. Learn to set up a center.
The best way to establish a center is to learn to outline. According to the requirements of the topic, think about what the composition should explain (that is, the center of the article), then consider choosing which materials to write, determine the details, and then arrange the structure. After writing this outline, review the topic again to see if your outline meets the requirements of the topic. If there are mistakes, they will sometimes be revised (it is too late to avoid revision after writing) to ensure that the article can interpret the topic and meet the meaning of the topic. 2. Learn to use description, discussion and other expressions appropriately.
In the composition, all the events and people that can highlight the center should be described in detail, such as the article "cooperation" The details should be how you accomplish something with others. Then, the process of how you cooperate must be described in detail, and the content irrelevant to the center can be written in a few simple sentences or even omitted.
It is also necessary to discuss it properly in the narrative, which usually appears at the beginning and end. Appropriate discussion at the end can make the finishing point and highlight the center. Attention should be paid to the following issues: the statement of the discussion must be based on events, aiming at the content of the narrative, or talking about its significance, or revealing its laws, or showing its attitude. 3. Several problems to pay attention to ① There should be a language knowledge base.
You should read more books, memorize articles and copy wonderful words in your composition. ② There should be practical language training.
At ordinary times, we should strengthen the practice of writing fragments, such as imitating writing, continuing writing, rewriting abbreviations and expanding writing.
Good articles are not written, but changed; How to write an exam-oriented composition 1 diligently and write according to the requirements of the topic
Students usually write to practice writing and improve their writing ability. The purpose of exam-oriented composition is to develop writing level and accept selection. In order to prevent "fiction", the topic of the exam-oriented composition must be different from that of the usual composition; In order to make the vast majority of candidates have something to say, its topic should not be too biased, and in order to judge the candidates' achievements fairly, it also has a set of detailed scoring standards. Therefore, we must work hard on the examination of the topic, clarify the requirements of the topic, and write in strict accordance with the requirements of the topic. If you don't write according to the requirements of the topic, even if the writing level is higher, you won't get higher scores. Sometimes the topic of the exam-oriented composition is very similar to that of the usual composition, so it is impossible to copy the usual composition. You should also carefully conceive and write according to the requirements of the topic.
Step 2 write the beginning and the end
Of course, all kinds of methods that students usually learn in class can be used in exam-oriented composition. But what the marking teacher likes best is the beginning of writing, because one of the most important scoring standards is to get to the point. The teacher's favorite ending is to wrap up the full text and point out the main idea, because structural integrity is also an important scoring standard. 3. Make it clear.
Some students like to weigh the words in their compositions, which is of course good at ordinary times. However, the time for exam-oriented composition is limited, and the choice of words will bind yourself and hinder the development of ideas. As soon as someone picks up a pen, they pick up the shelf of composition. It takes several turns to write a simple sentence. Such an article looks awkward, so it is better to write it in vernacular, whatever you want. 4. Pay attention to segmentation
Some students like to write three paragraphs, the first paragraph, the last paragraph and the middle paragraph. This kind of article looks unclear, because all the content is squeezed into the second paragraph. You can divide the big section in the middle into several sections, so that the layers are clear. 5. Write the first sentence of each paragraph.
The first sentence of each paragraph, like the human eye, is well written, beautiful every time, and the whole paragraph is full of spirit. What is the best way to write the first sentence of each paragraph? It is best to write a central sentence that can summarize the whole paragraph according to the exam-oriented composition. Because the marking teacher is not as calm as usual when reading their compositions, he can find the central sentence at the beginning of each paragraph, which is very convenient to read their articles. 6. Modify the roller surface as little as possible.
Some changes in the article are inevitable, but too many changes will affect the neatness of the paper. If it is really necessary to change, the standard modification symbols should also be used, and remember "graffiti". In addition, the adjustment of the paragraph order on the roll surface will also affect the cleanliness of the roll surface.