Warring States, a glorious era of cold weapons, bonfires burned for more than 500 years.

The waves washed the sand and the stars shone brightly, creating heroes and burying the defeated. A?vagho?a rustled, flags fluttering in the wind crushed the wound and raised the grass.

If the situation of the Warring States falls in nine days, it will impact the iron and blood rock and smash the jade beads, showing the dazzling "contention of a hundred schools of thought" and the unruly mind of the Warring States overlord. After all, under the sword of the king of Qin, Ma Su will disappear and all rivers will be unified.

The grandeur of history lies in that apart from swords and halberds, a free world is always unavoidable for culture, and this world will not be destroyed even if it is hard cut, which has shaped the endless life of Chinese culture.

As the first institution of higher learning in the Warring States Period, Gong Xue, Xia Ji, awakened the talent show of the world's elites with an "inclusive" mentality, and gave birth to the extraordinary atmosphere of "a hundred schools of thought contend".

Gong Xue, Xia Ji, was founded in Tianwu, Qi Huangong, and is located in the "West Gate" of Linzi, the capital of Qi State, also known as Jimen. "Ji" is a gate name of Linzi City, the capital of Qi State, and "Xia Ji" is located in Jimen, the capital of Qi State, where Gong Xue was established, so it is called "Gong Xue, Xia Ji".

Qi took drastic measures to build the Xuegong into a magnificent palace, and gave lofty treatment to scholars from all walks of life who participated in the study and exchange. A hundred schools of thought contend here, and sages and scholars who travel around the world stop here for the time being. There are often more than 1000 people in the vast institutions of higher learning, from which the ideological height extends and sublimates.

Of course, the tension of any thinking is influenced by the cold frame of the administrative system, and the king of Qi is immortal. He opened these rules and regulations with an open mind, making Xia Ji Gong Xue University a veritable open university.

First of all, "literature" does not dye "politics", and the scholars of the Academy have no official personnel. Moreover, the imperial court allowed any remarks that attacked the regime or even the state of Qi to be ignored, and was good at following it and not good at coronation. This ensures the independence of thinking outside the system and allows thoughts to germinate, collide, blend and precipitate in a "clear" state.

Moreover, when the sages of the world gather together, it is inevitable that a generation of sour people will just fill in the blanks. Their thoughts with the Great Sage are like two parallel lines, and there can never be any intersection. One said east and the other said west, and I couldn't find the other person if I wanted to shake hands.

In order to avoid this, Gong Xue established a degree system, which was divided into Ke Qing's, Lev's, Fu Shang's, Mr. Xia Ji's and Xia Ji's Bachelor's according to achievements, qualifications and knowledge, and hired heavyweight masters to occupy the town house, with Xunzi as the main sentence, to clear the Dojo for "a hundred schools of thought contend" and purify the academic air.

Next, fierce debates broke out.

First, the theory of benevolence and hegemony

The benevolent man, with Mencius as the core, advocates that the world is bound to be unified, and the male master should rule the princes and dominate the world with the life of benevolence, and think that "morality is to convince people and reason is to convince people".

And "domineering" is the dominant position, and the face is not convinced. Only by practicing benevolence and righteousness can we educate and conquer the world, which is the so-called "king".

Although Xunzi praised the "king" of benevolence and righteousness, under the current situation, it is the general trend of the current situation that governors take hegemony as the body and dominate one side.

Guan Zhong believes that men should take Wang Ba at the same time, be flexible and changeable, depending on the situation, "take precautions to make things timely" and "strengthen the country, unite with the strong and attack the weak, and try to dominate; There are few powerful countries, and small countries are used to attack big countries to be kings. Powerful country, as far as the king is concerned, the wisdom of fools is also; There are few powerful countries, and the overbearing people are not successful. "

Second, the debate between righteousness and benefit.

Mencius believes that righteousness and benefit are binary opposites, and the pursuit of fame and fortune will inevitably damage righteousness. In order to protect righteousness, it is inevitable to "sacrifice life for righteousness." "Gentleman's righteousness, villain's benefit", righteousness and benefit become the basis for judging gentleman and villain.

Xunzi believes that "profit" is human nature and cannot be eliminated. Moderate pursuit of profit is enough. He said: "People are born with desires, but they can't have desires and they can't live without demands. If they seek without measuring the boundary, they can't be without disputes. Struggle is chaos, and chaos is poverty.

Guan Zhong believes that paying equal attention to justice and benefit is the school's compliance theory. He believes that in addition to etiquette, there should be material encouragement and support, and at the same time, we should follow the education and guidance of etiquette and justice, so: "Inclusive love is your heart." First, to follow religion, people will follow local customs. When you are in old age, you are competent ... "

Third, the debate between man and nature.

Mencius believed that heaven and earth gave birth to everything, people, grain and springs were in Hechi, and people were born from heaven and earth. Heaven, the master of the universe, people's diet, daily life, sitting and lying down, and even the ups and downs of fate are under the control of "heaven", and it is inevitable in troubled times.

If Mencius advocated idealism, then Xunzi was an advocate of materialism. He believes that heaven is the objective existence of nature, and man is the respect of the universe. Xunzi said, "Fire and water are alive but not alive, plants are alive but ignorant, and animals know but have no intention. People are born with knowledge and righteousness, so it is the most expensive in the world. "

At this time, Guan Zhong's point of view was similar to Xunzi's. He believes that all disasters in the world are the result of the interaction between human beings and nature. People should adapt to, transform and surpass nature, and people will gradually realize the objective existence of nature when they are engaged in production and life.

Fourth, the debate on human nature.

Mencius said: "Human nature is good, but water is still good. There is nothing wrong with people, and there is nothing wrong with water. Mencius believes that human nature is good and people are born with all the excellent qualities of a gentleman. Some people slowly deteriorate because their living conditions or living environment make them do something helpless and become evil, but once they are baptized and reformed, they can recover.

Xunzi said: "people are born with good interests ... they are born with eyes and ears and good feelings ... from this point of view, human nature is evil and good is false." Xunzi believes that man is the body of "five desires", who is naturally good at profit and constantly strives for profit because of profit. Therefore, life is evil.

Tell his son: "Sex is still turbulent, and the east will flow east and the west will flow west." Human nature is neither good nor bad, nor water is anything. "He believes that human good and evil is the product of the environment. The people near Zhu Zhechi are black. People have differences in human nature with the change of environment, just like water, where it conducts, it will flow.

Of course, the above theory is only the tip of the iceberg of Gong Xue's debate, and it is a torrent of "a hundred schools of thought contend". Its agitation, richness and mystery are beyond reach.

Its schools are Taoism, Confucianism, France, fame, military, agriculture, yin and yang, and light and heavy schools. Its sages include Mencius, Xunzi, Zou Zi, Gao Zi, Shen Zi, Jiezi, Juanzi, Yin Wenzi, Lu Lianzi, Li Zicheng, and of course, Qu Yuan, a great southern figure in the Yangtze River basin.

At this time, a top institution of higher learning, Plato College, appeared in the far west, which was founded by Plato in 385 BC.

Plato's mother is a descendant of Athens, known as the Seven Sages, and his father is a descendant of Caderousse, the last king of Athens.

Plato was ambitious. In order to realize the stability of the city-state and the political ideal of fairness and justice, in 387 BC, with the support of his friends, he bought a piece of land in the suburbs of Athens and founded his own school.

Plato College is the first university-like school in the history of Europe that really enrolls students. Its courses are: philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, history, law, literature, music and so on. The school motto is: those who don't study geometry are not allowed in.

Xia Ji and Gong Xue are in the east, and Plato Institute is in the west. Xia Ji Gong Xue was established to unify troubled times, while Plato Institute was established for personal political ideals. The Jixia Academy is all-encompassing, and "a hundred schools of thought contend", and Plato Institute posted that "those who don't study geometry are not allowed to enter".

As a result, Plato College in Athens and Jixia Academy in China are particularly "stingy" and "narrow-minded", but Jixia Academy is really magnificent and has a long history.

In this sense, Xia Ji Gong Xue is the first institution of higher learning in the world through the ages and deserves it.

Qi 28-day writing training camp (23)2437 words