1. Empirical model

We only need to observe data points and use empirical formulas or functions to describe phenomena and predict trends.

2. Calculus model

Use the tools of number, integral and differential equation in calculus theory to model and analyze.

3. Probability statistical model

Use the tools of probability distribution, stochastic process and hypothesis testing in probability statistics theory to model and analyze uncertainty.

4. Optimize the model

By establishing the objective function and its constraints, the value of decision variables for optimizing the objective function is found.

5. Data mining model

Through machine learning and other methods to analyze large-scale data, find out the internal relations and laws, and transform them into effective models.

6. System dynamics model

Through the in-depth analysis of the relationship and mode of action of various factors in the system, a quantitative model of the dynamic behavior of the system is established.

7. Fractal model

Based on the idea of fractal theory, some details in the system are regarded as the micro-man in the mirror of the overall characteristics, so as to establish a self-similar or adaptive model.

8. Artificial neural network model

A model that can imitate the learning ability of human brain neurons is established, and the characteristics and laws of the system are obtained through data training.

9. Game theory model

Based on the idea of game theory, the mathematical model of strategies and benefits between participants is established, and the optimal decisions of all parties in the game process are analyzed.

10. Non-equilibrium statistical physical model

The theory and method of non-equilibrium statistical physics are applied to study various complex systems with fluctuation, noise and dynamic imbalance.

1 1. Discrete event model

Taking events as the center, the evolution of the system is decomposed into discrete events, and a computer simulation model of the resources required by each event and its influence on the development of subsequent events is established.

12. Chaos theory model

The concepts and methods of chaos theory are used to study physical systems and nonlinear dynamic systems that move repeatedly, and ordinary differential equations and stochastic differential equations are mainly used for modeling.

13. Distributed parameter system

Using partial differential equations, we study systems that depend on position or space, such as heat transfer, fluid mechanics, electricity and so on.

14. partial differential equation model

By establishing partial differential equation model to describe various physical phenomena, such as heat transfer, electromagnetic field, elasticity and so on, it is widely used in engineering field.

15. Economic model

The mathematical model of economic system is established by using economic theories and methods to predict market behavior, policy influence and expansion potential. And make risk assessment and decision analysis.

16. Sociological model

Based on sociological theory and statistical data, this paper uses mathematical statistics to build a social phenomenon model and analyze the laws and trends of human social behavior.

17. Biomedical model

Applying biomedical knowledge and technology, the mathematical model of biomedical system is established, such as computer simulating the function of human internal organs.