Directory card This is a form of card in which the title of a book or the title of a chapter or an article of a book is copied. This kind of card, mostly because books and articles are their own, only write down a table of contents, and the details can be checked while flanging. This method is economical.
A card is as big as a book and as small as an article or a chapter of an article. After reading it, I found it very valuable, so I recorded the main contents on the card in the form of an outline. This is called a summary card.
Material cards are very useful for some numbers, data, formulas, names of team members, years, dates and places of historical events or other events mentioned in a book or an article, and can be extracted from the cards to make material cards.
A card can extract ideas, viewpoints and original materials related to one's own study and research from books, newspapers and periodicals, and make a summary card.
An index card is called an index card, which lists the relevant contents of a book or an article on the card in a very simple and prescribed form and keeps it as a clue.
A theme card refers to a card used to record a problem, which is called a theme card.
Experience card: our experience, opinions, problems, etc. You can make experience cards during your study. These experiences are valuable and often fleeting, so we should write them down immediately, and there will be new enlightenment in the future. But these recorded ideas should be strictly distinguished from the original data and marked, and should not be confused.
The above seven different card forms have their own advantages, and it is hard to say which one is the best. In the specific learning process, it is mainly decided according to the nature of teaching materials and personal needs. In most cases, they are used together or made into comprehensive cards. According to the author's opinion, in the early stage of self-study, abstract cards and material cards are used more, but when self-study reaches a certain level, experience cards and summary cards will be used gradually. When self-taught to a considerable extent, index cards and catalog cards are the most effective tools to quickly master the materials learned. This is especially true for people who write papers.
Eleven principles ensure the effect.
In the process of self-study, you need to master the following eleven principles for making cards:
The contents copied on the direction principle card should not be too miscellaneous, but should have a clear purpose. This "purpose" is the professional knowledge of self-study or the determined direction of struggle. Data collection should focus on this goal. Of course, peripheral knowledge (similar or related disciplines) other than professional knowledge should also be collected appropriately. But pay attention to distinguish it from professional knowledge.
There are many things to remember about the principle of optimization, but no matter what you accumulate aimlessly, you want to copy more and more, so you won't need it when reviewing, wasting time, manpower and material resources. Therefore, we should be good at analysis, discard the false and retain the true, discard the rough and retain the essence, be good at panning for gold in the sand, and capture those flashing thoughts, viewpoints and methods for our use.
The value principle should be good at identifying the true value of materials. "The materials are not necessarily true." The materials extracted or quoted by oneself should stand the test of time and strive to be helpful and beneficial to their study in a long time.
Read books and newspapers in time, and you will encounter useful materials at any time. You should copy them down at once, and don't delay the "opportunity" so as not to forget and find difficulties later.
Principle of accuracy When collecting data, we must be careful and accurate. After the extraction is completed, it is best to check with the original text, especially the quotations and data, and make sure that they are correct, otherwise the use value of the materials will be lost.
The principle of overall planning is to consider both vertically and horizontally. Vertically, it is to accumulate information that is conducive to leading their own research in depth; The horizontal aspect is to collect the information of those disciplines closely related to their own research fields and exploration problems.
In order to cooperate with the chosen direction of efforts, the comprehensive principle should have as much information as possible about a certain topic. When collecting information on a special topic, we should pay attention to its completeness and extract different viewpoints and different evaluations. This is convenient to analyze and synthesize on the basis of a large number of materials, and then discover, create and succeed.
The key principle is to highlight the key points on the basis of comprehensive data collection, that is, to make more efforts in the topics you study and the areas you are interested in. The front line should not be stretched too long, otherwise it will drown out the focus of study.
The principle of novelty often reads various periodicals, magazines, reviews and abstracts. Collect information with new trends, new ideas and new ideas at any time, and pay attention to supplementing new information. Especially those short-term magazines, such as daily newspapers and weekly magazines, are important information channels for us to grasp new trends, new concepts and new achievements. Attention should be paid to collecting information of contemporary peers and advanced achievements of the same generation.
The purpose of data collection based on system principle is to use, sort and classify the collected data at any time according to its content and nature, and make it systematic.
The principle of persistence is to make a card, don't stop, fish for three days, dry the net for two days, and have the spirit of persistence. A few pieces, dozens of pieces, don't see anything at all, only a lot of products, up to a hundred pieces, thousands of pieces can see the clue. If you persist for a long time, your data treasure house will be continuously enriched, and it will certainly provide a strong guarantee for your future research work.
There is no need to apply the above eleven principles mechanically when making study cards, but if you always compare when collecting information, you are likely to become a person with strong learning ability and achievements.
Two correct manufacturing methods
Although the card is small, it will bring a lot of inconvenience to your future work and study if you don't master certain rules when making it. So at the beginning of self-study, you should master the correct method of making small cards. There are two kinds of cards:
One is to do it yourself. There is no need to pay too much attention to the card, just use a thicker and harder writing paper. Cut the cardboard into cards with the same size, and make a round hole next to it to facilitate stringing. If possible, you can also use computer-specific printing paper directly. This kind of paper is hard and thick, and the ready-made round hole can be used immediately by cutting it into four parts. The card specifications introduced in some books are 125 (sheets) ×70 (width )× 0.3 (thickness) mm, and can also be copied.
The other is an authoritative card bought from a stationery store, on which columns such as "category", "number" and "title" have been printed, which can also be considered.
The usual learning card format requirements are:
Write a title at the beginning, that is, what kind of content the selected material belongs to, or it can be expressed in code. Fill in "categories": such as "famous sayings", "the way to success", "learning from the sea", "science and technology exhibition", "collecting shells from the sea", "moral cultivation" and "communication art". Fill in "No.":Fill in the serial number. Three, fill in the "title": there are two ways to fill in, one is to fill in the original title; The other is the author's own proposition, which is mainly based on the summary of the abstract content.
Extract the middle text. This is the main part of the card. Pay attention to three points when writing the text: be sure to write clearly; Pick the essence, not too long; Done. The copied content must be comprehensive and complete, and it is not allowed to omit, copy more, and not to change the original intention, especially the foreign language document cards. Write every letter clearly.
Finally, indicate the source. For the citation of books, the title, periodical name, article name, author, publishing house, publication date and page number should be indicated (page by page, if a self-translated work is cited, the original foreign language should be indicated). It shows that the quotation is reliable and can be verified. Citation of periodicals and newspapers should indicate the title of the article, the author, the name of the magazine or newspaper. Magazines should write down the year, volume, issue and page, and newspapers should write down the year, month and day (even the first edition). In the last line, the abstractor should specify the abstract time.
However, there are still a few points to emphasize:
First of all, the style of writing cards should be fixed. For example, the title of the information written on the card should be agreed in advance; There are also titles, which should be marked according to the classification of self-taught subjects. A headline can also be marked with several sub-categories, which requires learners to operate flexibly from the reality of self-study.
Secondly, there should be guidelines for titles and subcategories. There are too many cards to remember, so when you put them together, you should use a guide to classify them. The guide can be slightly higher than the card, with the destination category written on it.
Thirdly, after the card is selected, it is necessary to write "category", "title" and "number" in time to facilitate the search.
Finally, it needs to be emphasized that the source of information must be clearly stated one by one, and we must not be lazy. Some people only remember the content of the material when they teach themselves, omitting it or not writing it at all. If you miss these, you won't be able to find the original text in the future, and all your previous efforts will be in vain.