Chinese name: Mercury English name: Mercury Definition: One of the eight planets in the solar system. Closest to the sun.
Mercury was called the morning star in ancient China. It is a terrestrial planet in the solar system, mainly composed of high-density stones and iron. The rotation period is 58.65 days, and the rotation direction and revolution direction are the same. Mercury can orbit the sun for 88 earth days with an average speed of 47.89 kilometers, making it the fastest moving planet in the solar system. There are no satellites around. It is the smallest of the eight planets and the closest planet to the sun.
Mercury is closest to the sun and ranks first among the eight planets in the solar system [1]. Mercury is smaller in diameter than Ganymede and Titan. The sun on Mercury looks two and a half times bigger than that on Earth, and its sunlight is six times stronger than that on the equator of the Earth. On the side of Mercury facing away from the sun, the temperature is very high, reaching over 400℃. In such a hot place, even tin and lead will melt, let alone water. But on the side facing away from the sun, there is no sunshine for a long time, and the temperature is very low, reaching-173℃, so there can be no liquid water here. 1March 1974,1September 1975 and March 1975, "mariner 10" launched by the United States detected mercury and sent back more than 5,000 photos to the ground. The landform of Mercury is similar to the moon, with craters of different sizes, radiation patterns, plains, rifts, basins and other landforms. Mercury is the second largest celestial body in the solar system in density after the earth.
Chinese name: Venus English name: Venus Definition: One of the eight planets in the solar system. Seen from the earth, it is the brightest planet.
Venus Venus is one of the eight planets in the solar system, and it is the second one in the order from near to far from the sun. It is the closest planet to the earth. China called it Chang Geng, Qi Ming, Taibai or Taibai Venus in ancient times. Period of revolution is 224.7438+0 Earth Day. The brightness in the night sky is second only to the moon, and Venus will reach its maximum brightness before sunrise or after sunset. It sometimes appears in the eastern sky before dawn, and is called "Qi Ming". Sometimes it appears in the western sky after dusk and is called Chang Geng.
Venus is the brightest star except the sun and the moon in the whole day, with the maximum brightness of -4.4, which is 14 times brighter than the famous Sirius (the brightest star except the sun in the whole day), like a dazzling diamond, so the ancient Greeks called it Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, while the Romans called it Venus, the god of beauty. Venus symbol, like Venus and Mercury in Aphrodite, is the only two planets in the solar system without natural satellites. So there is no "moon" in the night sky on Venus, and the brightest "star" is the earth. Because it is close to the sun, the size of the sun seen from Venus is 1.5 times larger than that seen from the earth. Some people say that Venus is the twin sister of the earth. Indeed, from the structural point of view, Venus and the Earth have many similarities. Venus has a radius of about 6,073 kilometers, only 300 kilometers smaller than radius of the earth, its volume is 0.88 times that of the Earth, and its mass is 4/5 of that of the Earth. The average density is slightly less than that of the earth. But the environment between them is very different: the surface temperature of Venus is very high and there is no liquid water. Coupled with cruel natural conditions such as extremely high atmospheric pressure and severe hypoxia, Venus cannot have any life. So Venus and the Earth are just sisters. There is a dense atmosphere and clouds around Venus. These clouds cast a mysterious veil on the surface of Venus. Only with the help of radio telescopes can we cross this atmosphere and see the true face of Venus. In the atmosphere of Venus, carbon dioxide is the most, accounting for more than 97%. At the same time, there is a layer of concentrated sulfuric acid with a thickness of 20 to 30 kilometers. The surface temperature of Venus is as high as 465 to 485 degrees Celsius, and the atmospheric pressure is about 90 times that of the earth (equivalent to the pressure in the deep sea of 900 meters on the earth). Venus's rotation is very special. It is the only big planet in the solar system that rotates in the opposite direction. Its rotation direction is opposite to that of other planets, from east to west. Therefore, on Venus, the sun rises in the west and sets in the east. Venus's orbit around the sun is an ellipse that is very close to a perfect circle and coincides with the ecliptic plane. Its revolution speed is about 35 kilometers per second, and that of period of revolution is about 224.70 days. But its rotation period is 243 days, which means that Venus' rotation sidereal day is getting longer every day. However, according to the earth's standards, if one day is counted from one sunrise to the next, one day on Venus is far less than 243 days. This is because Venus rotates in the opposite direction; On Venus, the sunrise is in the west and the sunset is in the east. The alternation of day and night from one sunrise to the next is only 1 16.75 days on earth. Venus reversal may have been caused by Venus colliding with other asteroids a long time ago, but it has not been confirmed yet. In addition to this unusual retrograde, Venus is a little unusual. Venus' rotation period and orbit are synchronized, so that when the two planets are closest, Venus always faces the earth with the same face (once every 5.00438+0 Venus days). This may be the result of tidal locking's action-when the two planets are close enough, tidal force will affect the rotation of Venus. Of course, it may just be a coincidence.
English name: earth English name: Earth Definition 1: One of the eight planets orbiting the sun, it is the planet where human beings live.
Earth Earth is the third planet in the solar system from the inside out, and it is also the terrestrial planet with the largest diameter, mass and density in the solar system. It is also often called the world. The word Earth in English comes from Old English and Germanic. The age of the earth is 4.4-4.6 billion years old. There is a natural satellite-the moon, which revolves around the earth in a period of 30 days, while the earth revolves around the sun in a period of nearly 24 hours and one year.
The planet where human beings live, one of the eight planets in the solar system, ranks third among the planets with an average distance of 654.38+0.496 million kilometers from the sun, and its equatorial radius is 6378.2 kilometers, ranking fifth among the planets. The earth is an irregular ellipsoid with slightly flat poles.
Mars is the fourth planet in the solar system from the inside out. It belongs to the earth-like planet, and its diameter is half that of the earth. Due to the axial tilt, its rotation period is almost the same, and it takes twice as long to make a turn. The West called it the myth of Mars, the god of war, and China called it the "soul". The orange appearance is caused by hematite (iron oxide) on the surface. Mars is basically a desert planet with sand dunes and gravel on its surface and no stable liquid water body. The atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide is thin and cold, and dust is suspended in it, and dust storms often occur every year. The poles of Mars have polar caps composed of water ice and dry ice, which will fluctuate with the seasons.
Mars is the fourth closest planet to the sun and the seventh largest planet in the solar system. Orbit: 227,940,000 kilometers (65,438+0.52 astronomical units) from the sun. One of the eight planets in the solar system, it is the fourth planet in the order from near to far from the sun, smaller than the earth, with a period of revolution of about 687 days and a rotation period of about 24 hours and 37 minutes. Period of revolution: 686.98 days rotation period: 24 hours, 37 minutes and 22 seconds Planet diameter: 6,794 kilometers Mass: 6.419/E20 tons Equatorial surface gravity acceleration: 3.72 m/s 2 Equatorial escape speed: 5.02 km/s Mars is called the God of War, perhaps because of its bright red color, so Mars is sometimes called ". Before the Greeks, the ancient Romans worshipped Mars, the god of war. The aggressive Greeks regard Mars as a symbol of war, and the name of March also comes from Mars. Mars myth, God of War, Mars symbol Mars was called "fluorescence" in ancient times. This is because Mars is red and fluoresces like fire. It symbolizes fire in the five elements, and its brightness often changes. Moreover, in air movement, sometimes from west to east, sometimes from east to west, the situation is complicated and chaotic, so China called it "welcoming" in ancient times, which means "welcoming fire and leaving confusion." Meaning. Humans have known about Mars since prehistoric times. Because it is considered to be the best place for human beings to live in the solar system (except the earth), it is loved by science fiction writers. But unfortunately, the famous "canal" Lowell "saw" and other things, like the Balsumian princesses in Princess Mars, are all fictitious. 1965 mariner 4 made the first exploration of the Martian landform. I made several attempts, including two Viking planes of 1976 (the picture on the left is a photo taken by Viking). Then, after a lapse of 20 years,1July 4, 997, the Mars Pathfinder finally landed on Mars successfully. The orbit of Mars is very elliptical. Therefore, where the sun shines, the temperature difference between perihelion and aphelion is close to 160 degrees Celsius. This has a great influence on the climate of Mars. The average temperature on Mars is about 2 18K (Kelvin, degree-day, that is, from absolute zero to 273.16℃ (-55℃, -67℉), but it is 140k(- 133℃) away from winter. Although Mars is much smaller than the earth, its surface area is equivalent to the land area of the earth's surface.
Chinese name: Jupiter English name: Jupiter Definition: One of the eight planets in the solar system. The largest planet in the solar system.
Jupiter, one of the eight planets in the solar system, is the fifth from the sun (from near to far) and the largest and fastest rotating planet in the solar system. Jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, and its central temperature is estimated to be as high as 30500℃. In ancient China, it was called the year-old star, and its orbit around the celestial sphere was 12 years, which was the same as the earthly branch. The western language is generally called Jupiter (Latin: Jupiter), which comes from the king of gods in Roman mythology and is equivalent to Zeus in Greek mythology.
Orbit of revolution
778,330,000 kilometers (5.20 astronomical units) from the sun
period of revolution
The period of Jupiter's revolution around the sun is 4332.589 days, which is about 1 1.86 years.
Rotation period
Jupiter's equatorial rotation period is 9 hours, 50 minutes and 30 seconds, and the polar rotation period is slightly slower.
Planetary diameter
142984 km (equator)
Jupiter has the largest volume and mass among the eight planets in the solar system, more than 2.5 times the sum of the other seven planets, 3 18 times that of the earth, and 32 1 times that of the earth. According to the distance from the sun, Jupiter ranks fifth. At the same time, Jupiter is also the fastest rotating planet in the solar system, so Jupiter is not a right sphere, but its poles are slightly flat and its equator is slightly bulging. Jupiter is the fourth brightest star in the sky, second only to the sun, the moon and Venus (sometimes Jupiter is darker than Mars, but sometimes it is brighter than Venus). Jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, and its central temperature is estimated to be as high as 30500℃. There is a great red spot on the surface of Jupiter, which is 40,000 kilometers from east to west and 0/3,000 kilometers from north to south, covering an area of about 453.25 million square kilometers. There is still debate about what it is. Many people think it is a never-ending whirlwind, and its scope can engulf three earths.
Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (second only to the sun, the moon and Venus; Sometimes Mars is brighter), Jupiter has been known to mankind as early as prehistoric times. According to Galileo's observation of Jupiter's four moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now often called Galileo's moons) in 16 10, it was the first time that they were found not to orbit the earth, and it was also the main basis for agreeing with Copernicus's Heliocentrism about planetary motion. For many years, people have always thought that Ganymede was adopted by Galileo in 1609. Ganymede was actually discovered by the astronomer Ganymede in China during the Warring States Period. He wrote two books, Chronicle of Stars and Astrology, but both of them have been lost. In the twenty-third volume of Kaiyuan Zhan Jing compiled by the astronomer Qu Tansida in the Tang Dynasty, there is such a record: "Gan Yue: the age of wasabi is based on the base, the age of the star is in the child, and the dusk is with the female, which is empty and dangerous in the morning, which is very clear. If there is a little red star attached to it, it is called an alliance. " Gander discovered Ganymede as early as 346 BC, nearly 2000 years before Galileo.
English name: Saturn English name: Saturn definition: one of the eight planets in the solar system. There is a distinct aura.
Saturn is one of the eight planets in the solar system, and its distance from the sun (from near to far) ranks sixth, second only to Jupiter in volume. And with Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune belong to gas (wood-like) giant planets. In ancient China, it was also called "Town Star" or "Filling Star".
The star is one of the eight planets in the solar system. With a diameter of about 1 19300 km (9.5 times that of the earth), it is the second largest planet in the solar system. It is very similar to its neighbor Jupiter. Its surface is also a sea of liquid hydrogen and helium, and it is also covered with thick clouds. The wind on Saturn is raging, and the wind speed in the east-west direction can exceed 1600 km per hour. The clouds over Saturn are caused by these strong winds, and they contain a lot of crystalline ammonia.
Orbital long radius (astronomical distance unit) 9.539 Orbital long radius (millions of kilometers) 1427.0 sidereal period (days) 10759.5 Rendezvous period of revolution (days) 378 Orbital eccentricity 0.056 Orbital inclination (degrees) 2.5 liters Intersection longitude (degrees). 1 13.3 perihelion longitude (degree) 92.3 average orbital speed (km) 9.64 equatorial radius (km) 60330 oblateness 0. 102 mass (earth mass =1) 95.150. Kloc-0/.08 escape velocity (km/s) The apparent magnitude of period of revolution is 0.67, which is 10759.5 days (equivalent to 29.5 Earth years).
Chinese name: Uranus English name: Uranus Definition: One of the eight planets in the solar system. 178 1 was discovered by German astronomer William Herschel.
Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun, the third largest planet in the solar system (larger than Neptune) and the fourth largest planet in mass (lighter than Neptune). His name comes from Uranus (ο? ρ α ν) is the father of Cronus (Saturnalia) and the grandfather of Zeus (Jupiter). Uranus is the first planet discovered in modern times. Although its luminosity is the same as that of the five traditional planets, its brightness is visible to the naked eye, but it is relatively dark and has not been discovered by ancient observers. Sir William Herschel announced his discovery on March 178 1, which expanded the known boundary for the first time in the modern history of the solar system. This is also the first planet discovered with a telescope.
One of the eight planets in the solar system. It is the seventh planet of the sun. 178 1 was discovered by the British astronomer Herschel. The average distance from the sun is 2.869 billion kilometers. The diameter is 5 1800km, the average density is 1.24g/cm 3, and the mass is 8742× 1028g. Period of revolution is 8432, 1 100 million kilometers. The diameter is 5 1800km, the average density is 1.24g/cm 3, and the mass is 8742× 1028g. Period of revolution is 84.32 years, and its rotation period is 239 hours, which is reverse rotation. The surface temperature is about-180 C. There is a magnetic field, a halo and fifteen satellites.
Uranus and Uranus symbols Uranus and Neptune have different internal and atmospheric compositions from the larger gas giants-Jupiter and Saturn. Similarly, astronomers have established different classifications of ice giants to accommodate them. Uranus atmosphere is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, and also contains a high proportion of "ice" formed by water, ammonia and methane, as well as detectable hydrocarbons. It is the planet with the lowest temperature in the solar system, the lowest temperature is only 49K, and it has a complex cloud structure, with water in the lowest cloud layer and methane in the highest cloud layer. Like other planets, Uranus has a ring system, a magnetosphere and many satellites. Uranus' system is very unique among planets, because its axis of rotation is tilted to one side, almost on the orbital plane around the sun, so the South Pole and the North Pole are also located on the equator of other planets. Seen from the earth, the Uranus ring looks like a ring around the target, and its satellite looks like a pointer around the clock. 1986, the image from Voyager 2 shows that Uranus is actually an ordinary planet, and there are no clouds or storms like other giant planets in the visible light image. However, in recent years, as Uranus approaches vernal equinox, observers on Earth have seen seasonal changes in Uranus and more and more weather activities. The wind speed of Uranus can reach 250 meters per second. In western culture, Uranus is the only planet in the solar system named after the Greek god, and other planets are named after the Roman god.
English name: Neptune English name: Neptune Definition: One of the eight planets in the solar system. 65438+ was discovered by British astronomer Adams and French astronomer Le Villier in the 1940s.
Neptune is the eighth planet and the fourth largest celestial body (diameter) orbiting the sun. Neptune is smaller in diameter than Uranus, but larger in mass than Uranus. Neptune's mass is about 17 times that of the earth, while Uranus, a twin star, is about 14 times that of the earth because of its low density. Neptune is Neptune in Roman mythology. Because Neptune is a sea god, Chinese is translated into Neptune. The symbol of astronomy is the trident used by Poseidon in Greek mythology.
Orbit: 4.504 billion kilometers (30.06 astronomical units) from the sun. Track inclination: 1.769 degrees. Planet diameter: 49. The 532km (equatorial) Neptune structure (3.88 times that of the Earth) has an equatorial radius of about 64 1km, a mass of 1.0247e26 (7.22 times that of the Earth) and a rotation period of16.1. Average density: 1.66g/cm3 Discovered by John Galler: 1846 Brightness: 7.85 Equal average temperature:-353 F (-214 C). Average temperature:-193℃ to-153℃ Atmospheric pressure: 1-3 Pa Atmospheric composition: mainly hydrogen, helium and methane. The atmospheric pressure is very high, which is about 100 times of the earth's atmospheric pressure. The acceleration of surface gravity is slightly greater than that of the earth, with two poles 100. On the equator, it is about 1 100cm/s2. The surface escape velocity is 23.6km/s, the number of satellites 13, and the number of rings is 5.
Neptune's atmosphere is dominated by hydrogen and helium, with a small amount of methane. Methane in the atmosphere is only part of the reason why planets are blue. Because Neptune's blue is brighter than Uranus, there should be other components that contribute to Neptune's obvious color. Neptune has the strongest wind in the solar system, and the measured wind speed is 2 100 km per hour. Voyager 2 flew over Neptune on 1989, and compared the big black spot in the southern hemisphere with Jupiter's big red spot. The temperature of Neptune's cloud top is -2 18℃(55K), because it is the farthest from the solar system and is one of the coldest areas in the solar system. The temperature of Neptune's core is about 7000℃, which can be compared with the surface of the sun and similar to most known planets. Neptune was discovered on123 September, 846. It is the only planet discovered by mathematical prediction rather than planned observation. Astronomers use the perturbation of Uranus orbit to infer the existence and possible location of Neptune. So far, only Voyager 2 has visited Neptune on August 25th, 1989. In 2003, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) put forward a scientific exploration plan for Neptune's orbit called Cassini-Huygens plan, but it did not use a propulsion device powered by thermal proliferation reaction. The project was jointly completed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology.
In addition, I will also give you information about Pluto.
Pluto, or asteroid 134340, was discovered by clyde tombaugh on 193065438+ 10 in October according to the calculation of American astronomer Lovell, and was named after Pluto, the god of the underworld in Roman mythology. It used to be one of the nine planets in the solar system, but it was later downgraded to a dwarf planet. The average distance from the sun is 5.9 billion kilometers. The diameter is 2300km, the average density is 0.8g/cm3, and the mass is1.290x10.22kg.. Period of revolution is about 248 years, and its rotation period is 6387 days. The surface temperature is below -220℃, and there may be a layer of solid methane ice on the surface. Three satellites have been found for the time being.
The equatorial diameter is 2344 kilometers, the surface area is170,000 square kilometers, the mass is 1.290× 10 22 kg, the average density of Pluto is 1. 1 g/cm 3, and the surface gravity acceleration is 0.6 m/s 2, and the rotation period is 6 days and 9 hours/cm 3.
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