First, it is difficult for all ages to combine leniency with severity.
The biggest feature of criminal law in Yuan Dynasty is lenient punishment and cautious law.
When Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan ascended the throne, he publicly announced to his subordinates: "I am really sorry for the loss of my life." And put forward the principle of combining leniency with severity as the guiding ideology of criminal law in Yuan Dynasty: "I rule the world and cherish human life. Whoever is guilty, let him repeat it, and the consequences will be the same. " Compared with the Tang and Song Dynasties, the criminal law in Yuan Dynasty was much looser, which was a great progress in the legal history of China. There are only five punishments for crimes: flogging, flogging, imprisonment, exile and death penalty. In addition, the judiciary is extremely cautious in implementing these five punishments. He commented: "People who built ancient times were punished by ink, shackles, shackles, palaces and monarchs. In addition to corporal punishment, there are punishments such as flogging, clubbing, imprisonment, exile and death penalty. Yuan therefore used the light code and covered it with benevolence. " American scholar Jack Vettsel Foot also commented: "Kublai Khan has established a more stable criminal law system in an all-round way, which is gentler and more humane than the Song Dynasty." Out of humanitarianism, the central government of the Yuan Dynasty strongly prohibited torture. There is a special item "Yuan Zhang Dian" in Part II of the History of the Yuan Dynasty, which stipulates: "Prison facilities are customized by themselves. Since 2000, foreign officials have cruelly abused people. If you don't recruit, you will kneel on the broken porcelain tile, which is extremely painful. There is no sin, why not! The rest of the extrajudicial tragedies are more than. In the future, questions like this are forbidden to spread from the inside out. If you commit an official, you will be punished, and it seems that the emperor will punish you, so you are lucky. " Judging from this provision, it is worth pondering by future generations. In the Yuan Dynasty, some methods of excessively torturing lower-level state officials were strongly prohibited by the Yuan government, and the humanitarian spirit raised the question that "no one can stand this kind of pain", which was quite different from the Ming government's public advocacy of severe punishment and severe laws to intimidate the world.
Second, advanced technology is unparalleled in the world.
The Yuan Dynasty was not only the last golden age of mathematics in China, but also the peak of the development of ancient astronomy in China.
The mathematician Zhu Shijie's "Prohibition of Torture" fully represents the highest level of mathematics in Song and Yuan Dynasties! George Sarton, an American historian of science, thinks in his masterpiece Four Elements Jade Mirror that Introduction to the History of Science is "one of the most important mathematical works in China and one of the most outstanding mathematical works in the Middle Ages". Luo Shilin, a mathematician in the Qing Dynasty, commented on Zhu Shijie's mathematical achievements: "In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, your position was equivalent to that of the Qin Dynasty. Gu Dao's pros and cons, Ren Qing's, just like the plot. All dynasties have a foothold, and others have tried their best to make a difference. This is wise, especially compared with Qin and Li! " It shows that Zhu Shijie's achievements in mathematics are rare, especially surpassing the mathematicians in Song, Qin, Jin and Yuan Dynasties.
Astronomer Guo Shoujing's brilliant achievements, such as the compilation of "Siyuan Jade Sword" in Yuan Dynasty, M.
Another living fact also reflects the evaluation of Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao. -Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary, came to China and saw the astronomical instruments made by Guo Shoujing, who was transported to Nanjing from the Yuan Dynasty in the early Ming Dynasty. He could not help admiring: "Its scale and exquisite design far exceed anything he has seen or known in Europe. Although these instruments have withstood the test of rain, snow and weather changes for 250 years, they have not lost their original glory. " However, due to the different geographical latitudes between Nanjing and Beijing, the musical instruments of Yuan Dadu are not suitable for use in Nanjing without being tuned. Matteo Ricci therefore sharply ridiculed the Ming people and said, "As for the sundial, they knew that it was named after the equator, but they didn't learn how to straighten it according to the change of latitude."
Third, live a well-off life, support the economy and have a hospital.
Now many history books say that the dark people in the Yuan Dynasty were miserable, so the people got up. Indeed, the biggest natural disaster in the history of the late Yuan Dynasty caused refugees all over the country, and Bailian Sect took the opportunity to incite them to revolt. However, we should see that the people lived a happy and well-off life for most of the Yuan Dynasty. Ye Qiqi, a person from the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, recorded in the Calendar of Giving Time: "After the mixed ancestors in the late Yuan Dynasty, the world was ruled for 60 or 70 years, with light punishment and thin taxes, and few soldiers were used. The living provide for the dead and the dead are buried. Take Wan Li Road and stay at home. It' s really prosperous and true! " "Yuan Huimin bureau, raise the hospital, prisoners have food. They are all benevolent! "
Li Kaixian, a Ming Dynasty man, explained the real reason why Yuan people lived a well-off life in Cao years: "Yuan didn't guard the border, paid taxes lightly, and had plenty of food and clothing, while Sang had plenty of food and clothing."
Even Zhu Chongba, who opposed Yuan's seizure of power, had to admit after wearing the dragon robe: "If the parents of the giver were born in the early Yuan Dynasty, then the harsh laws made them stubborn and fearless, strong and not bullying, and the people were not violent. Between the people, father and son, husband and wife, all live in peace and benefit a lot. " "China, the ruler of the Yuan Dynasty, will last for almost one hundred years. At the beginning of the throne, the officials and ministers were simple, the political affairs were simple, and they enjoyed the people. The times were solid. "
If someone thinks that Yuan people sell melons in Huang Po, it's all wet. After the great Moroccan traveler Ibn Beitutai came to China, what he saw and heard was exactly the same as that recorded in the Yuan Dynasty. He left the coast of China at that time, and his travel notes basically read, "There is nothing richer and stronger in the world than China people!" "As we all know, China people are the most skillful people among all ethnic groups!" "For business travel, China is the safest and most beautiful area! A single passenger, although carrying a lot of personal belongings, can travel safely for nine months. "
Even after the Yuan Dynasty chaos, there are still many places in the south of the Yangtze River, and the living standard is still very high. For example, Gu Ying in Kunshan, with its abundant financial resources, romantic and generous personality and smart and beautiful talents, has been circling around the Sao altar to revive its elegance, and has held a 20-year art forest event-Jade Mountain Elegant Collection. Among them, there are more than 200 literati traveling to and from Yushan Pavilion, and there are more than 3,000 poems, which can be called the last glory in the cultural history of Yuan Dynasty. Unfortunately, after the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Gu Ying was confiscated and sent to Fengyang to die, and the affair in Yushan vanished. Who did this? Don't say you know.
Fourth, all ethnic groups came to Korea, a state of etiquette.
Undoubtedly, among all the dynasties in China, only the Yuan Dynasty had the highest international status.
Zhu Chongba's admiration for Dayuan's prosperous time is recorded: "Mao was born in Mobei, and all the princes and princes were settled." Mao's grandson, famous for his benevolence, was a great emperor. He lives all over the world. Nine barbarians and eight barbarians unified overseas. For a hundred years, he did not admire his kindness, nor did he fear his orders. At that time, Buddha
So far, the quality of China people is still the focus of discussion. Is the quality of China people always so poor? Actually, not at all, at least not in the Yuan Dynasty. Many people think that in the history of China, it would be nice if the social atmosphere of Kaiyuan flourished with the rule of Han and Tang Dynasties, but in fact, the social atmosphere of Han and Tang Dynasties was not as good as that of Yuan Dynasty. Dai Liang, a poet at the end of Yuan Dynasty, recorded in Preface to a Journey to the West in Spring: "The ancestors cultivated the world for 50 or 60 years with profound benevolence, and in his later years, a son who emphasized poetry, such as cheering in the street, was unparalleled in Han, Tang and Song Dynasties."
In his travel notes, Kyle Poirot mentioned his impression of urban residents in the Yuan Dynasty: "They completely managed their own industry and commerce with fair and honest character. They live in harmony, and men and women living in the same street are like a family because of their neighborhood. "
However, the memory of French priest Rubucci on the social atmosphere of the Yuan Dynasty is more detailed and true: "An unexpected situation is the intimate relationship of courtesy, gentleness and respect, which is their social characteristic. The quarrels, fights and bloodshed that are common in Europe will not happen here, even if you are drunk. Honesty is a quality that can be seen everywhere. Their cars and other belongings are neither locked nor guarded, and no one will steal them. If their livestock is lost, everyone will help find it and return it to its owner soon. "
After arriving in China, Audric, the messenger of the Pope, expressed his most appreciative sigh for the society of the Yuan Dynasty in his Ming Taizu: "In my opinion, this incident is a miracle in the world, so many people of different races can live in peace alone."
Fifth, the vigorous development of culture and education is the envy of neighboring countries.
In the Yuan Dynasty, 24,400 official schools at all levels were established, which enabled every 2,600 people in the country to complete their studies.
The Yuan Dynasty also attached great importance to the cultural and educational organizations of Chinese academies and supported them in many ways. In addition, Mongolians, Semu people, Han people and southerners joined the ranks of academy builders, creating a historical record of "Academy is better than Yuan Dynasty".
Moreover, the teaching scope of Yuan Academy has been further expanded, and it is no longer limited to the well-known traditional content of spreading Confucianism and seeking imperial examinations. For example, Lishan Academy in Yuan Dynasty was the first and only academy discovered in China in ancient times to offer medical teaching and outpatient service, which has special research value. Another example is the West Lake Academy in Yuan Dynasty, which is not only the national publishing center in Yuan Dynasty, but also has an important historical position in the whole publishing history of China.
The grand occasion of education in the Yuan Dynasty surprised Koreans on the Korean Peninsula. For example, Jin Dongyang once praised: "Today, I am a great emperor, and I began to rule the world with martial arts. Today, I use art and science to negotiate with the ocean, and I have established a military balance. I don't know the geometry of those who abandon grass and talk about morality! "
Intransitive verbs have a vast territory and strong military power.
/kloc-the great empire in the 0/3rd century, like the British empire in the 0/9th century, is also the only superpower today-the United States.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Shizu ordered the revision of the national map. The minister in charge said, "Now, the place where the sun came out and the place where the sun didn't come are ours!" " Later, Youren Xu, a book of Zuo Zhuan, proudly declared in Preface to Imperial Yuan Ya: "My Yuan is far from being a quadrupole, unheard of, and does not belong to the ancient people." Not only the court officials are full of lofty sentiments, but also the ordinary folk Yuanqu writers. For example, Wu Hongdao sang in Song Yuan's Odorik's Journey to the East: "Take Dali first, then North Korea. They all took over small countries and unified the country. "
Sadly, modern China people seldom know this historical truth. -When the Bagan Dynasty of Myanmar invaded the border of Yunnan in, Yunnan people closely United around Dayuan Central Government headed by Kublai Khan and Yunnan local government headed by Saidianchi, which effectively dealt a blow to the invading Burmese invaders. Seven hundred broke forty thousand, only one person died, creating a miracle in the history of Asian wars! What will happen if a few people don't win the self-defense counterattack against Myanmar? It is hard for us to imagine! Perhaps, in the era of Zhu Ming, the Burmese army of the Xu Dong Dynasty in Myanmar' parted ways and destroyed several counties, leaving a piece of' white bones and green phosphorus', so that a few years later, people were still gnashing their teeth, and the tragedy of' Dali, Heqing, Huameng, Yao' an and Chuxiong, five counties without villages, no households and no ears' in the Ming Dynasty was staged in advance.
After reading these six historical truths, I can't help asking that the glory of the past should go further in the next "greater" dynasty. Unfortunately, the historical trend is here, and those short-sighted rulers and slave literati in the Ming Dynasty despise these. In fact, from the perspective of the short-sighted rulers and slave literati of the Ming Dynasty, all the remarks about the darkness, corruption and cruelty of the Yuan Dynasty were objective and correct. Any description of its glory is debatable and needs to be discussed again. All records related to the retrogression of civilization in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties need to be strictly prohibited or deleted. All the folk words that influenced the rule of the Ming Dynasty needed to be supervised and controlled vigorously.