Multiplication and factorization

a^2-b^2=(a+b)(a-b)

a^3+b^3=(a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2)

a^3-b^3=(a-b(a^2+ab+b^2)

Trigonometric inequality | A+B |≤| A |+B||||| A-B|≤| A |+B || A |≤ B < = > -b≤a≤b

|a-b|≥|a|-|b| -|a|≤a≤|a|

The solution of the unary quadratic equation -b+√ (b 2-4ac)/2a-b-√ (b 2-4ac)/2a

The relationship between root and coefficient x1+x2 =-b/ax1* x2 = c/a Note: Vieta theorem.

discriminant

B 2-4ac = 0 Note: The equation has two equal real roots.

b^2-4ac>； 0 Note: The equation has two unequal real roots?

b^2-4ac<； Note: The equation has no real root, but a complex number of the yoke.

formulas of trigonometric functions

Two-angle sum formula

sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB

sin(A-B)=sinAcosB-sinBcosA？

cos(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB

cos(A-B)=cosAcosB+sinAsinB

tan(A+B)=(tanA+tanB)/( 1-tanA tanB)

tan(A-B)=(tanA-tanB)/( 1+tanA tanB)

cot(A+B)=(cotA cotB- 1)/(cot B+cotA)？

cot(A-B)=(cotA cotB+ 1)/(cot b-cotA)

Double angle formula

tan2A=2tanA/[ 1-(tanA)^2]

cos2a=(cosa)^2-(sina)^2=2(cosa)^2 - 1= 1-2(sina)^2

half-angle formula

sin(A/2)=√(( 1-cosA)/2)sin(A/2)=-√(( 1-cosA)/2)

cos(A/2)=√(( 1+cosA)/2)cos(A/2)=-√(( 1+cosA)/2)

tan(A/2)=√(( 1-cosA)/(( 1+cosA))tan(A/2)=-√(( 1-cosA)/(( 1+cosA))

cot(A/2)=√(( 1+cosA)/(( 1-cosA))cot(A/2)=-√(( 1+cosA)/(( 1-cosA))？

Sum difference product

2sinAcosB=sin(A+B)+sin(A-B)

2cosAsinB=sin(A+B)-sin(A-B))

2cosAcosB=cos(A+B)-sin(A-B)

-2sinAsinB=cos(A+B)-cos(A-B)

sinA+sinB = 2 sin((A+B)/2)cos((A-B)/2

cosA+cosB = 2cos((A+B)/2)sin((A-B)/2)

tanA+tanB=sin(A+B)/cosAcosB

The sum of the first n terms of some series

1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+…+n = n(n+ 1)/2

1+3+5+7+9+ 1 1+ 13+ 15+…+(2n- 1)= N2

2+4+6+8+ 10+ 12+ 14+…+(2n)= n(n+ 1)5

1^2+2^2+3^2+4^2+5^2+6^2+7^2+8^2+…+n^2=n(n+ 1)(2n+ 1)/6

1^3+2^3+3^3+4^3+5^3+6^3+…n^3=n2(n+ 1)2/4

1 * 2+2 * 3+3 * 4+4 * 5+5 * 6+6 * 7+…+n(n+ 1)= n(n+ 1)(n+2)/3

Sine theorem a/sinA=b/sinB=c/sinC=2R Note: where r represents the radius of the circumscribed circle of a triangle.

Cosine Theorem B 2 = A 2+C 2-2 ACCOSB Note: Angle B is the included angle between side A and side C.

The standard equation of a circle (X-A) 2+(Y-B) 2 = R2 Note: (A, B) is the center coordinate.

General equation of circle x 2+y 2+dx+ey+f = 0 note: d 2+e 2-4f > 0.

Parabolic standard equation y 2 = 2px y 2 =-2px x 2 = 2py x 2 =-2py.

Lateral area of a straight prism S=c*h lateral area of an oblique prism s = c' * h.

Lateral area of a regular pyramid S= 1/2c*h' lateral area of a regular prism S= 1/2(c+c')h'

The lateral area of the frustum of a cone S = 1/2(c+c')l = pi(R+R)l The surface area of the ball S=4pi*r2.

Lateral area of cylinder S=c*h=2pi*h lateral area of cone s =1/2 * c * l = pi * r * l.

The arc length formula l=a*r a is the radian number r > of the central angle; 0 sector area formula s= 1/2*l*r

Cone volume formula V= 1/3*S*H cone volume formula V= 1/3*pi*r2h?

Oblique prism volume V=S'L Note: where s' is the straight cross-sectional area and l is the side length.

Cylinder volume formula V=s*h cylinder V=pi*r2h

Compulsory 4: Formula One:

Let α be an arbitrary angle, and the values of the same trigonometric function with the same angle of the terminal edge are equal:

sin(2kπ+α)=sinα

cos(2kπ+α)=cosα

tan(2kπ+α)=tanα

cot(2kπ+α)=cotα

Equation 2:

Let α be an arbitrary angle, and the relationship between the trigonometric function value of π+α and the trigonometric function value of α;

Sine (π+α) =-Sine α

cos(π+α)=-cosα

tan(π+α)=tanα

cot(π+α)=cotα

Formula 3:

The relationship between arbitrary angle α and the value of-α trigonometric function;

Sine (-α) =-Sine α

cos(-α)=cosα

tan(-α)=-tanα

Kurt (-α) =-Kurt α

Equation 4:

The relationship between π-α and the trigonometric function value of α can be obtained by Formula 2 and Formula 3:

Sine (π-α) = Sine α

cos(π-α)=-cosα

tan(π-α)=-tanα

cot(π-α)=-coα

Formula 5:

The relationship between 2π-α and the trigonometric function value of α can be obtained by formula 1 and formula 3:

Sine (2π-α)=- Sine α

cos(2π-α)=cosα

tan(2π-α)=-tanα

Kurt (2π-α)=- Kurt α

Equation 6:

The relationship between π/2 α and 3 π/2 α and the trigonometric function value of α;

sin(π/2+α)=cosα

cos(π/2+α)=-sinα

tan(π/2+α)=-cotα

cot(π/2+α)=-tanα

sin(π/2-α)=cosα

cos(π/2-α)=sinα

tan(π/2-α)=cotα

cot(π/2-α)=tanα

sin(3π/2+α)=-cosα

cos(3π/2+α)=sinα

tan(3π/2+α)=-cotα

cot(3π/2+α)=-tanα

sin(3π/2-α)=-cosα

cos(3π/2-α)=-sinα

tan(3π/2-α)=cotα

cot(3π/2-α)=tanα

(higher than k∈Z)

Inductive formula memory formula

Summary of the law. ※。

The above inductive formula can be summarized as follows:

For the trigonometric function value of k π/2 α (k ∈ z),

① When k is an even number, the function value of α with the same name is obtained, that is, the function name is unchanged;

② When k is an odd number, the cofunction value corresponding to α is obtained, that is, sin→cos；; cos→sin； Tan → Kurt, Kurt → Tan.

(Odd and even numbers remain the same)

Then when α is regarded as an acute angle, the sign of the original function value is added.

(Symbols look at quadrants)

For example:

Sin (2π-α) = sin (4 π/2-α), and k = 4 is an even number, so we take sinα.

When α is an acute angle, 2π-α ∈ (270,360), sin (2π-α) < 0, and the symbol is "-".

So sin (2 π-α) =-sin α.

The above memory formula is:

Odd couples, symbols look at quadrants.

The symbols on the right side of the formula are angles k 360+α (k ∈ z),-α, 180 α, and when α is regarded as an acute angle, it is 360-α.

The sign of the original trigonometric function value in the quadrant can be remembered.

The name of horizontal induction remains unchanged; Symbols look at quadrants.

How to judge the symbols of various trigonometric functions in four quadrants, you can also remember the formula "a full pair; Two sinusoids; The third is cutting; Four cosines ".

The meaning of this 12 formula is:

The four trigonometric functions at any angle in the first quadrant are "+";

In the second quadrant, only the sine is "+",and the rest are "-";

The tangent function of the third quadrant is+and the chord function is-.

In the fourth quadrant, only cosine is "+",others are "-".

Other trigonometric function knowledge:

Basic relations of trigonometric functions with the same angle

1. Basic relations of trigonometric functions with the same angle.

Reciprocal relationship:

tanα cotα= 1

sinα cscα= 1

cosα secα= 1

Relationship between businesses:

sinα/cosα=tanα=secα/cscα

cosα/sinα=cotα=cscα/secα

Square relation:

sin^2(α)+cos^2(α)= 1

1+tan^2(α)=sec^2(α)

1+cot^2(α)=csc^2(α)

Hexagon memory method of equilateral trigonometric function relationship

Hexagonal mnemonics: (see pictures or links to resources)

The structure is "winding, cutting and cutting; Zuo Zheng, the right remainder and the regular hexagon of the middle 1 "are models.

(1) Reciprocal relation: The two functions on the diagonal are reciprocal;

(2) Quotient relation: the function value at any vertex of a hexagon is equal to the product of the function values at two adjacent vertices.

(Mainly the product of trigonometric function values at both ends of two dotted lines). From this, the quotient relation can be obtained.

(3) Square relation: In a triangle with hatched lines, the sum of squares of trigonometric function values on the top two vertices is equal to the square of trigonometric function values on the bottom vertex.

Two-angle sum and difference formula

2. The sum and difference of formulas of trigonometric functions.

sin(α+β)=sinαcosβ+cosαsinβ

sin(α-β)=sinαcosβ-cosαsinβ

cos(α+β)=cosαcosβ-sinαsinβ

cos(α-β)=cosαcosβ+sinαsinβ

tanα+tanβ

tan(α+β)=———

1-tanα tanβ

tanα-tanβ

tan(α-β)=———

1+tanα tanβ

Double angle formula

13. Double angle sine, cosine and tangent formulas (increasing power and decreasing angle formula)

sin2α=2sinαcosα

cos2α=cos^2(α)-sin^2(α)=2cos^2(α)- 1= 1-2sin^2(α)

2tanα

tan2α=———

1-tan^2(α)

half-angle formula

4. Sine, Cosine and Tangent Formulas of Half Angle (Power Decreasing and Angle Expanding Formulas)

1-cosα

sin^2(α/2)=—————

2

1+cosα

cos^2(α/2)=—————

2

1-cosα

tan^2(α/2)=—————

1+cosα

General formula of trigonometric function

⒌ General formula

2 tons (α/2)

sinα=————

1+tan^2(α/2)

1-tan^2(α/2)

cosα=————

1+tan^2(α/2)

2 tons (α/2)

tanα=————

1-tan^2(α/2)

Derivation of universal formula

Additional derivation:

sin2α=2sinαcosα=2sinαcosα/(cos^2(α)+sin^2(α))......*,

(Because cos 2 (α)+sin 2 (α) = 1)

Divide the * fraction up and down by COS 2 (α) to get SIN 2 α = TAN 2 α/( 1+TAN 2 (α)).

Then replace α with α/2.

Similarly, the universal formula of cosine can be derived. By comparing sine and cosine, a general formula of tangent can be obtained.

Triple angle formula

Sine, cosine and tangent formulas of triple angle

sin3α=3sinα-4sin^3(α)

cos3α=4cos^3(α)-3cosα

3tanα-tan^3(α)

tan3α=—————

1-3tan^2(α)

Derivation of triple angle formula

Additional derivation:

tan3α=sin3α/cos3α

=(sin 2αcosα+cos 2αsinα)/(cos 2αcosα-sin 2αsinα)

=(2sinαcos^2(α)+cos^2(α)sinα-sin^3(α))/(cos^3(α)-cosαsin^2(α)-2sin^2(α)cosα)

Divided by COS 3 (α), we get:

tan3α=(3tanα-tan^3(α))/( 1-3tan^2(α))

sin 3α= sin(2α+α)= sin 2αcosα+cos 2αsinα

=2sinαcos^2(α)+( 1-2sin^2(α))sinα

=2sinα-2sin^3(α)+sinα-2sin^2(α)

=3sinα-4sin^3(α)

cos 3α= cos(2α+α)= cos 2αcosα-sin 2αsinα

=(2cos^2(α)- 1)cosα-2cosαsin^2(α)

=2cos^3(α)-cosα+(2cosα-2cos^3(α))

=4cos^3(α)-3cosα

that is

sin3α=3sinα-4sin^3(α)

cos3α=4cos^3(α)-3cosα

Associative memory of triangle formula

Memory methods: homophonic and associative.

Sine Triangle: 3 yuan minus 4 yuan Triangle (debt (minus negative number), so "making money" (sounds like "sine").

Cosine triple angle: 4 yuan minus 3 yuan (there is a "remainder" after subtraction).

☆☆ Pay attention to the function name, that is, the triple angle of sine is expressed by sine, and the triple angle of cosine is expressed by cosine.

Sum-difference product formula

Χ sum and product of trigonometric functions

α+β α-β

sinα+sinβ=2sin— - cos— -

2 2

α+β α-β

sinα-sinβ=2cos— - sin— -

2 2

α+β α-β

cosα+cosβ=2cos— - cos— -

2 2

α+β α-β

cosα-cosβ=-2sin— - sin— -

2 2

Product sum and difference formula

⒏ Formula of product and difference of trigonometric functions.

sinαcosβ= 0.5[sin(α+β)+sin(α-β)]

cosαsinβ= 0.5[sin(α+β)-sin(α-β)]

cosαcosβ= 0.5[cos(α+β)+cos(α-β)]

sinαsinβ=-0.5[cos(α+β)-cos(α-β)]

Derivation of sum-difference product formula

Additional derivation:

First of all, we know that SIN (a+b) = Sina * COSB+COSA * SINB, SIN (a-b) = Sina * COSB-COSA * SINB.

We add these two expressions to get sin(a+b)+sin(a-b)=2sina*cosb.

So sin a * cosb = (sin (a+b)+sin (a-b))/2.

Similarly, if you subtract the two expressions, you get COSA * SINB = (SIN (A+B)-SIN (A-B))/2.

Similarly, we also know that COS (a+b) = COSA * COSB-SINA * SINB, COS (a-b) = COSA * COSB+SINA * SINB.

Therefore, by adding the two expressions, we can get cos(a+b)+cos(a-b)=2cosa*cosb.

So we get, COSA * COSB = (COS (A+B)+COS (A-B))/2.

Similarly, by subtracting two expressions, Sina * sinb =-(cos (a+b)-cos (a-b))/2 can be obtained.

In this way, we get the formulas of the sum and difference of four products:

Sina * cosb =(sin(a+b)+sin(a-b))/2

cosa * sinb =(sin(a+b)-sin(a-b))/2

cosa * cosb =(cos(a+b)+cos(a-b))/2

Sina * sinb =-(cos(a+b)-cos(a-b))/2

Well, with four formulas of sum and difference, we can get four formulas of sum and difference product with only one deformation.

Let a+b be X and A-B be Y in the above four formulas, then A = (X+Y)/2 and B = (X-Y)/2.

If a and b are represented by x and y respectively, we can get four sum-difference product formulas:

sinx+siny = 2 sin((x+y)/2)* cos((x-y)/2)

sinx-siny = 2cos((x+y)/2)* sin((x-y)/2)

cosx+cosy = 2cos((x+y)/2)* cos((x-y)/2)

cosx-cosy =-2 sin((x+y)/2)* sin((x-y)/2)

vector operation

Add operation

AB+BC = AC, this calculation rule is called triangle rule of vector addition.

It is known that the two vectors OA and OB starting from the same point O are parallelogram OACB, and the diagonal OC starting from O is the sum of the vectors OA and OB. This calculation method is called parallelogram rule of vector addition.

For zero vector and arbitrary vector a, there are: 0+a = a+0 = a.

|a+b|≤|a|+|b| .

The addition of vectors satisfies all the laws of addition.

subtraction

The vector with the same length and opposite direction as A is called the inverse quantity of A, -(-a) = A, and the inverse quantity of zero vector is still zero vector.

( 1)a+(-a)=(-a)+a = 0(2)a-b = a+(-b).

multiply operation

The product of real number λ and vector A is a vector, and this operation is called vector multiplication, which is denoted as λa, | λ A | = | λ| | A |. When λ > 0, the direction of λ A is the same as that of A. When λ

Let λ and μ be real numbers, then: (1) (λ μ) a = λ (μ a) (2) (λ+μ) a = λ a+μ a (3) λ (ab) = λ a λ b (4) (-λ) a =-(.

The addition, subtraction and multiplication of vectors are collectively called linear operations.

Quantity product of vector

Given two nonzero vectors a and b, then |a||b|cos θ is called the product or inner product of a and b, and is denoted as a? B, θ is the included angle between A and B, and |a|cos θ(|b|cos θ) is called the projection of vector A in direction B (B is in direction A). The product of zero vector and arbitrary vector is 0.

Answer? Geometric meaning of b: quantity product a? B is equal to the product of the length of a |a| and the projection of b in the direction of a |b|cos θ.

The product of two vectors equals the sum of the products of their corresponding coordinates.