First, the defense preparation
Students should make full ideological and material preparations before the defense, build up confidence, overcome nervousness, prepare necessary speeches and auxiliary props in the defense process, and improve the quality of defense.
1. 1. Psychological preparation
(1) Clarify the purpose and significance of the defense.
① Identify the authenticity of graduation design (thesis). Defense is the last exam for students before graduation, and its primary purpose is to examine the authenticity of students' graduation design (thesis).
② Evaluate the quality of graduation design (thesis). On the basis of distinguishing the authenticity of the paper, the depth and breadth of students' research topics are further investigated and the quality of the paper is evaluated. Graduation defense has a complete, fair and objective scoring standard. Including the comprehensive application of basic theory, basic skills and professional knowledge; Creative research methods and achievements; Academic level and practical significance; Organization and accuracy of expression analysis; Shortcomings and problems in graduation design (thesis); Work ability, attitude, workload, etc. Whether it meets the basic requirements and whether it has outstanding performance, the members of the defense team will score according to the specific situation of the students.
③ Investigate students' ability of improvisation, language expression and positive thinking. Students should be calm, clear, fully benefited, clear-headed and logical when telling themselves and answering questions. Listen carefully to the teacher's questions, grasp the center, think quickly and answer correctly.
(2) understand the relevant provisions and requirements of the defense.
The defense of graduation thesis is an important task to obtain a degree. College (department) graduation design leading institutions set up defense committees. Instructors can join the defense Committee, but they can't be the chairman of the defense Committee. Students should avoid and not participate in expressing their opinions when defending. The defense Committee will distribute the students' papers to the members of the defense Committee half a month before the defense. Every defense teacher should treat every paper seriously and responsibly, read it carefully and prepare the topic.
The questions raised by the defense teacher have certain directionality, which are mainly divided into the identification of the authenticity of the paper, the identification of the degree of knowledge mastery, and the judgment of the depth of the paper research. There are also certain principles for doing problems. Grasp the difficulty and scope of the purpose and combine the difficulty and depth. The number of questions (general direction) is generally around 3.
(3) Psychological preparation
Defense is the only way for students to be allowed to graduate and get a degree, and it is the last chance to study at school when they leave school and go to society. As long as it is taken seriously, it is not difficult to pass.
Conceit and inferiority are both undesirable. Facing the defense with contempt, being relaxed, careless and distracted will inevitably lead to difficulty in concentration, forgetting to tell stories, arrogance and laziness in answering questions. This conceit will make us shoot ourselves in the foot. Inferiority will make the defense lose its standard, and even make it impossible to express one's thoughts normally because of timidity, with words upside down, stagnant thinking, passive attitude towards Nuo Nuo, and unable to reflect one's true ability and level.
Establish self-confidence, relax appropriately, don't give yourself too much pressure, be positive and enthusiastic, face it calmly and treat it with a normal heart. Before the defense, hold a small test meeting, simulate questions, try to adapt to the defense environment and overcome fear and tension.
1.2. Material preparation
(1) Papers, references and defense outlines
The defense is different from the general oral examination, and the preparation work must be all-round. When you enter the defense venue, you should bring the manuscript, defense outline and reference materials. The preparation of these three materials is particularly important. Take good care of the test paper and read it carefully before replying. Both the self-statement in the defense and the teacher's questions are based on the content of the paper, and the key contents in the paper must be kept in mind.
Collect the reference materials related to the paper, sort them out and index them for easy search. Reference materials should be as complete as possible, read and study carefully, broaden your horizons and reserve rich knowledge.
As an indispensable material data in defense, the defense outline directly affects the quality of defense. The writing of defense outline has its special requirements and essentials. It is the fusion and refinement of papers and reference materials. On the surface, the length of the outline is quite small compared with the paper, but its content and information are the sum of the paper and reference materials.
(2) Auxiliary preparation
In the process of 15 minutes of self-presentation, it is not easy to achieve good results by relying solely on the boring way of "speaking". In the process of defense, we should pay attention to attract the attention of the defense teacher, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the defense team members, and use lively language to achieve good results; Visual images can often make people have a deeper understanding. If visual response is used to convey the content of graduation design thesis, coupled with language explanation, the clever combination of the two will make the defense colorful. So you can choose pictures, tables, photos, slides, projections and so on. Material used as an auxiliary defense.
Second, the defense outline
Drawing up the defense outline helps to clarify the defense ideas, help students organize their language, and explain the background, purpose, research methods and achievements of graduation project (thesis) in the correct order.
2. 1. Contents of defense outline
The outline of defense should mainly include the following four contents: the background of the research topic and the main significance of the research topic; What is the key to study this topic; Innovative methods to solve problems independently; Research foundation and results.
(1) Be familiar with your own papers, extract the main contents from them, and list your basic views, opinions, main arguments, conclusions, theoretical value and practical application significance on this issue. The above is the core content of this paper from the paper itself. These contents are an important part of the defense outline.
(2) Understanding the background, development status and reasons of the research questions is helpful to answer the teacher's questions in the defense.
(3) Collecting materials related to the topic and mastering relevant knowledge is an extension of the topic. Students should not only be familiar with the research situation of the subject, but also expand the scope and extend it to related fields.
(4) The source of reference materials can't make up the research of any subject out of thin air, but is the result of continuing to expand on the basis of previous studies, so it is necessary to summarize, absorb and innovate on this basis. We should collect the reference materials of the research topic as comprehensively and accurately as possible.
(5) The author's work may be done by one person, but the complex research content needs the cooperation of many people. Each student's work focus is different, and the graduation project requires each student to complete the corresponding module independently. Students should concentrate on what they have done independently, which is the main basis for evaluating the difficulty of the paper. Students should have a clear understanding of the whole project and the parts studied by other collaborators. Although details are not involved, the overall framework and structure must be clear.
(6) Limitations Students' graduation design and thesis writing are completed in a short time, and our knowledge and mastery are limited. For these reasons, although there are some research results, they are not deep enough, and there are omissions and fallacies. Therefore, we should humbly put forward the shortcomings of the paper.
(7) Evaluation and prospect of new achievements; Correctly understand what new achievements have been made in graduation design. We should neither be too confident, modest, nor too self-abased. Seeking truth from facts is a serious attitude towards science. A new achievement has two values, namely theoretical value and practical value. How to popularize new achievements in real life and obtain better economic benefits is one of the problems we have to think about and study. Finally, we have to look forward to the development of new achievements.
2.2. Writing of defense outline
The defense outline is divided into three parts: introduction, text and ending. The following details the basic content of each component. When writing, pay attention to the outline. Not every item must be written in the outline. The main purpose of the defense outline is to play a "prompt" role in the defense.
(1) Introduction
Introduction is an unnecessary means to enter the text and a useful foreshadowing to enter the climax of defense. So we should put some energy into writing the introduction, so that the introduction can attract the attention of the defense teacher and create a relaxed defense atmosphere. The introduction should be fascinating, and if you can start with the topics that the audience is interested in, you can get twice the result with half the effort. First, you can let the defense teacher focus on your thesis; Second, it can ease the tense and serious atmosphere; Thirdly, the defense teacher is very tired after listening to many students' defenses. With this relaxation, the audience's mental state will naturally recover; Fourth, the synthesis method is easy to impress people. Special attention should be paid to the appropriateness of this method, and the scope of the topic should be strictly around the content of the paper, so as not to deviate from the center and digress from Wan Li. Also pay attention to the length of time. Its function is only to introduce the topic, which is generally controlled within 1 ~ 2 minutes, and then quickly expand the core content of the paper. What will be involved in this short time? The first is polite self-introduction, which is the basic embodiment of personal accomplishment, and impression score is very important; Secondly, interesting materials closely related to the paper; Finally, the arrangement and steps of graduation project and self-written thesis are pointed out.
(2) Text
The text is divided into two parts, one is based on the main content of the paper, and the other is some materials specially prepared for the defense. The following two parts are introduced in detail: first, the main contents of the paper are sorted out, and the follow-up papers are condensed to extract key information.
① Title, abstract and keywords
These three parts have been very refined in the paper, especially the abstract, although there are not many words, it can explain the core content of the paper.
(2) The content of each chapter of the content paper reflects the level and structure of the paper everywhere. It can help us clear our minds, grasp the outline of the paper and make it easy to find. The titles at all levels of the directory also imply the interrelationship between their contents.
(3) Preface The preface of the paper generally includes the purpose and main reasons for writing this paper, the development status of the subject, the relevant background and development history of the subject, the research scope and working methods, theoretical principles, expected results and work plans.
(4) The text of the paper is the core and main part of the paper, but it has the longest length and is not suitable for use in the defense outline. Important ideas and contents can be extracted from the text and incorporated into the defense outline to help students focus on the theme in their defense.
(5) the end is the first, and the conclusion. Through scientific theoretical deduction and analysis, repeated experimental demonstration, and summary, generalization and induction of experimental data, the final conclusion is drawn. The conclusion should be complete, accurate and concise, not extreme or one-sided. Secondly, thank you. In the process of graduation design and thesis writing, there will be many people's help and support. At the end of the thesis, they will thank their teachers, work partners and partners for their help.
Finally, it is necessary to prepare materials specially collected for the defense, and also to write the core content and index in the outline, and other specific materials can be carried in the defense. It mainly includes the background information and literature related to this topic, which is appropriately extended to the scope of this field; Relevant information on the existing research degree, development direction and development prospect of this subject.
2.3 Trial statement of defense outline
After writing the defense outline, read, revise and finalize it repeatedly. From this point on, the length of the trial lecture should be consistent with the self-reported length of the actual defense, subject to the regulations of each school, generally 20 minutes.
The lecture is divided into two stages. The first stage, doing it by yourself, is telling yourself. It takes a lot of memory to master the length of the speech and revise, supplement and delete the unsatisfactory parts in the defense outline again. The outline is not the whole content, but only suggestive text, which mainly reflects the hierarchical and logical relationship between them, thus being related to the whole content. During the trial lecture, try not to write a lecture, and you can read the manuscript appropriately for some contents that are really difficult to remember. In the second stage, many people simulated the form of the defense venue. This stage is exactly the same as the formal defense, and it should be a formal exam.
Third, defense skills.
Students should not only make the necessary material and psychological preparations before the defense, but also design and prepare questions that the defense team may ask for the topic of the thesis. The skills in defense can help students to eliminate nervousness, be generous and polite, highlight key points, avoid topics that they are not sure about, and achieve excellent results.
3. 1. defense procedure
(1) Introduce yourself
Introduce yourself as the opening remarks of the defense, including name, student number and major. When introducing yourself, be generous, calm, smile and polite to leave a good impression on the defense team members. A good beginning means half the battle.
(2) the respondent's statement
Receiving an effective self-introduction is only the beginning of this defense, and the following self-introduction is the right track.
The main contents of the self-report are summarized as follows: ① Title of the paper. Reporting the title of the thesis to the defense team marks the official start of the defense. ② Briefly introduce the background of the project, the reasons for choosing this project and the current development of the project. (3) Describe the specific content of related topics in detail, including respondents' opinions, research process, experimental data and results. ④ Focus on the research module, specific work, solutions and research results of the respondents in this topic. ⑤ Pay attention to the innovation part. This part should be the most important, and it is the place that the defense teacher is more interested in. ⑥ Conclusion, value and prospect. Analyze the research results and draw a conclusion; Theoretical value, practical value and economic value of new achievements; Looking forward to the development prospect of this topic. ⑦ Self-evaluation. Respondents' evaluation of their research work requires objectivity, seeking truth from facts and modesty. After taking part in graduation design and thesis writing, what improvements have been made in the professional level, the limitations, shortcomings and experiences of the research.
(3) Questions and answers
The teacher's questions are arranged after the respondent's self-report, which is a more flexible link in the defense. Question and answer is a process of mutual communication. Generally speaking, there are three questions, which are asked in the order from shallow to deep, and the respondents answer them on the spot.
The defense teacher's questions are within the scope of the paper, and there are generally no digressions. Asking questions focuses on the core part of the paper, which usually allows respondents to discuss the key issues in detail and clarify them in depth. The defense teacher will also ask the respondent to explain the unclear places in the self-report. The loopholes not mentioned in the paper are also frequently asked by the defense team. Then there are obvious mistakes in the paper, which may be due to the respondent's nervousness, leading to a slip of the tongue, or the respondent never realized that if this happens, don't be nervous, stay calm and think carefully before answering. There is also a judgment topic, that is, the defense teacher deliberately asks questions from the wrong angle, requiring the respondent to always keep a clear head, be highly concentrated and answer correctly.
Listen carefully to the teacher's questions and think carefully before organizing the language. Answering questions requires clear thinking, strict logic, completeness and comprehensiveness, and prominent focus. If you didn't hear the question clearly, please reply to the teacher again with sincerity and courtesy.
When you really can't answer a question, don't worry, you can ask the defense teacher to give you a hint. The defense teacher will change the questioning strategy for the respondents and adopt heuristic and guided questions to reduce the difficulty of the questions.
If there is a controversial point of view, the respondent can discuss it with the respondent's teacher, but pay special attention to manners. Defense itself is a very serious matter. You must not quarrel with the defense teacher. Debate should be conducted in a civilized way.
(4) Summary
The above procedures have been completed one by one, and the representative's defense is coming to an end. Finally, the respondent made a concluding statement by watching the whole process of defense, including two aspects: the experience of graduation design and thesis writing; Gains from participating in the defense. The defense teacher will also comment on the performance of the respondent: achievements, shortcomings and suggestions.
thank you
Thank the people who helped in the graduation design thesis and thank the defense teacher politely.
3.2 Precautions for defense
(1) Overcome nervousness, anxiety and uneasiness, and be confident that you can successfully pass the defense.
(2) Pay attention to self-cultivation and be polite to guests. Whether listening to the teacher's questions or answering them, you should be polite.
(3) Understand the meaning of the question, grasp the main idea of the question, understand the purpose and intention of the defense teacher, fully understand the root of the question, and then answer to avoid irrelevant answers.
(4) If you really don't understand a problem, ask the teacher humbly. Try to get the teacher's prompt and handle it skillfully. Face difficulties with a positive attitude, think and answer seriously, and don't give up on yourself.
(5) Speak at a moderate speed, neither too fast nor too slow. Too fast will make the members of the defense team unable to hear clearly, and too slow will make the defense teacher feel that the respondent is unfamiliar with this issue.
(6) Don't mention uncertain views and opinions in your defense.
(7) Whether talking about yourself or answering questions, we should pay attention to proper limit. Emphasize key points and outline details; Talk more about the in-depth research, and it is best to avoid not talking or talking less about the in-depth research.
(8) Under normal circumstances, questions will be asked in the order from easy to deep and from easy to difficult.
(9) Respondents' answer time is generally limited to a certain period of time, and it is not necessary to expand in detail unless the respondent's teacher particularly emphasizes the requirement for expansion. Answer the main content and central idea directly, remove the details, be concise and lively, and go straight to the point.
Four. Common problems in defense
In the defense, teachers of several related majors usually ask some questions according to students' design entities and papers, and at the same time listen to students' personal explanations to understand the authenticity and familiarity of students' graduation design; Examine students' adaptability and knowledge; Listen to students' understanding of the development prospect of the project.
Frequently asked questions are classified as follows:
(1) Identify the authenticity of the paper and check whether it was written independently by the respondent;
(2) Test the depth and breadth of respondents' knowledge;
(3) Issues that are not clearly stated in the paper, but are particularly important to this topic;
(4) About the wrong views in the paper;
(5) Issues related to the background and development of the project;
(6) the prospect and development of the project;
(7) About the unique creativity in the paper;
(8) Basic theories and knowledge related to this discipline;
(9) Extensibility related to the project.
Written at the end, the above are all grandiose answers, the so-called standards. But looking at the past experience, I attach the exclusive version of the defense skills:
1, be polite and confident (even if you didn't write it yourself, you should think you wrote it yourself)
2. Always focus on the theme.
Don't be silent when you have questions. Don't worry, a small mouth is over. )
In fact, many times, about graduation, about a major turning point in life, external factors can't affect it. It can be said responsibly that there is no deep hatred with the tutor, and no one will affect your graduation. Academic rigor is really unnecessary. After understanding this, shouldn't we be more confident? If you think it makes sense, you might as well like it and collect it.