The method of doing the problem defined in the compressed paragraph
In 2003, there was a question in the national college entrance examination language that required to be defined according to materials. The topic is as follows:
Extract the main points of the following materials and integrate them into one sentence to define "heredity". (2003 national college entrance examination questions)
(1) Inheritance is a process of self-reproduction.
(2) This kind of reproduction will follow the same developmental route and pattern experienced by parents.
(3) In this process, organisms will absorb substances in the environment to build themselves.
(4) The result of this transmission process is a copy similar to the parent.
Definition belongs to logical knowledge, which is not involved in the current middle school textbooks. Although the college entrance examination took the same type of questions (such as 1993 national questions), it may not attract the attention of teachers and candidates because of the long time, and it is natural for some candidates to feel a little strange about this question. The following is an analysis of this problem-solving idea combined with the 2003 college entrance examination questions.
A clear concept, grasp the form
Definition is a logical method to reveal the connotation of a concept, that is, to reveal the essential attributes of the object reflected by the concept. The expression form is generally "species difference"+"adjacent concept" = "defined concept (species concept)"
Memory, for example, is the imprint left in our minds by what we actually knew or did in previous lives.
In this definition, "memory" is a defined concept, which is an adjacent generic concept with an extension level than the defined concept, while "what we know or do in our past life stays in our minds" is the unique attribute that distinguishes "memory" from other "imprints", that is, the difference in connotation between "memory" and "imprints" under this generic concept.
Second, analyze materials and define concepts.
In the exam, students are usually provided with a detailed and complete information material, which contains an exact information term and all the information related to the information term is in the material. When defining, first of all, we need to find a concept one level larger than this in the provided materials, that is, the concept of genus. If there is no suitable and ready-made general concept in the provided materials, you need to determine the general concept by yourself according to the content of the materials.
After reading the materials carefully, it is not difficult to find that "reproduction process" is a general concept of "heredity", so that the first sentence becomes the framework of the whole sentence after integration, and the other three sentences are its modified restrictive components, that is, "a self-reproduction process of an organism is called heredity." Or "heredity is the process of self-reproduction of organisms ..."
Thirdly, screening information and analyzing species differences.
The so-called "species difference" is an essential attribute that is different from similar things, and it is the essential difference between a concept and other juxtaposed concepts under this adjacent generic concept. This step should not only accurately screen the key information in the paragraph to ensure that the key points are not missed, but also summarize the same information, delete duplicate or redundant information and ensure that the sentence is concise.
By analyzing the materials given, it is not difficult to see that the main message of the first sentence is "self-replication", the second sentence is "following the same development path and way experienced by parents", the third sentence is "building yourself by absorbing materials in the environment" and the fourth sentence is "producing replicas similar to parents". The main information of these three sentences constitutes the modifier of "self-reproduction process"
To extract or filter the main information of a sentence, we should grasp the main content of the sentence, and to do this, we should pay special attention to the contents of other sentences besides the contents of the sentence itself. For example, in the fourth sentence, "this reproductive process" is repetitive information compared with the first sentence, because the first sentence has already said "heredity is the reproductive process of organisms", and a piece of information generally does not appear repeatedly in one sentence, so it is necessary to eliminate it and combine it into a sentence with complete and concise information. Extracting information points from other sentences is basically the same.
Fourth, integrate information and express it reasonably.
Connect the defined person, species difference and genus concept with a kind of conjunctions such as "yes" and "call" to make it conform to the expression of "species difference+adjacent genus concept" = "defined concept (species concept)". In this problem, it is only necessary to insert the main information of "species difference" before the generic concept of the sentence 1, namely sentences 2, 3 and 4. The so-called "reasonable" means that the order is reasonable, the meaning of the sentence is unchanged, and the sentence is fluent. The second, third and fourth sentences of this topic explain the way, task and result of "self-reproduction" respectively, so it conforms to the internal connection and development process of things themselves and does not need to be reversed. But it should be noted that not all of them are like this, and the word order should be adjusted if necessary. In addition, the integrated sentence can't change the original meaning, and there can't be any language barriers.
The process of self-reproduction is called heredity, that is, organisms take in substances in the environment to build themselves according to the same development path and way experienced by their parents, and produce copies similar to their parents. In other words, heredity refers to a self-reproduction process in which organisms take in substances in the environment to build themselves according to the same development path and mode experienced by their parents, and produce copies similar to their parents.
In a word, it is necessary to master the above steps to do the "definition" question, but the ability of information screening and sentence transformation of candidates is the foundation and key.
[Corresponding training]
1. Extract the main points of the following materials and define "transgenic technology" in one sentence.
Transgenic technology will cause an agricultural revolution. Transgenic technology can make animals and plants have brand-new characteristics, improve food characteristics, expand food content, make food more beneficial to human health, and can predict harvest, improve water utilization and reduce the amount of synthetic pesticides.
2. Extract the main points of the following materials and define "creative thinking"
Creative thinking teaching aims at cultivating creative thinking. Creative thinking has the following characteristics: the result of creative thinking is novel and valuable to thinkers or cultures; Creative thinking is a non-traditional, highly mobile and continuous thinking activity; The task of creative thinking is to draw the original vague problems clearly, or to propose some solutions. (1993 college entrance examination questions)
Creative thinking is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
2. Extract the main points of the following materials and define "mathematical linguistics" in a single sentence.
The powerful ties that closely link mathematics and linguistics, which are far apart, are language communication technology and computers. The former realizes the long-distance transmission and conversion of language symbols, while the latter uses digital fast operation to deal with non-digital symbols-language. Since the 20th century, with the rapid development of science, the fields of mathematics and linguistics have expanded unprecedentedly. They all extend to the symbol system as the main research object, so they find the same boundary and penetrate each other. So a new frontier discipline-mathematical linguistics came into being.
Answer: (about 50 words)
4. Give the definition of hedge fund according to the following paragraphs.
There are many investment funds in the United States, all of which are regulated by the Investment Company Law. In addition, some investment funds are not registered as investment funds, which are usually called private equity funds. Because they are not seriously restricted by relevant laws and regulations, they have a lot of room to choose investment tools and investment methods, and often adopt high-risk investment strategies to obtain higher returns. These funds are called "hedge funds".
5. Define "knowledge economy" according to the following paragraph.
Knowledge economy is an economy with modern science and technology as its core and based on the main production, processing, dissemination and application of knowledge. Knowledge economy is a new economic form corresponding to agricultural economy and industrial economy. Its most important feature is that knowledge can be used as capital and the main factor of production to promote the all-round development of the economy.
[Reference answer]
1. Transgenic technology is a kind of technology that makes animals and plants have brand-new characteristics that they didn't have before.
[This passage belongs to the type of "general statement-separate statement" in thinking. Firstly, all the words are screened, among which "technology with brand-new characteristics" is the most common word and can be used as "common concept"; Other words, such as improving food characteristics, expanding food content, human health goals, predicting harvest, improving water use efficiency, and reducing the amount of synthetic pesticides, are all juxtaposed with each other, and their generality is lower than that of "brand-new characteristics", which can be said to be the specific explanation of "brand-new characteristics" and is called "species difference". ]
2. Creative thinking is a novel and valuable, unconventional, highly mobile and persistent thinking activity, which can clearly outline and solve problems.
Select "novelty and value" from the first clause, "non-traditional, high liquidity and durability" from the second clause, and "can clearly tick off and solve problems" from the third clause, then fill in the information in the horizontal line by filling in the attribute, and finally polish it a little. ]
3. Mathematical linguistics is a new subject that uses language communication technology and computer to realize long-distance transmission and conversion of language symbols, and uses digital fast operation to deal with non-digital symbols-language.
【 ① Pay attention to the format requirements of the definition. ② We must grasp the essential characteristics of the defined object, discard the secondary information and use accurate, concise and highly generalized terms. From this topic, there are three main points: ① using language communication technology and computer, ② realizing long-distance transmission and conversion of language symbols, and ③ using digital fast operation to process non-digital symbols-language. These three points are indispensable. ]
4. Hedge funds are private funds that are not registered as investment funds, so they are not seriously restricted by relevant laws and regulations, and often adopt high-risk investment strategies in order to obtain high returns.
5. Knowledge economy is a new economy with modern science and technology as the core, knowledge production, processing, dissemination and application as the basis, and knowledge as the capital and production factors to promote the all-round economic development, which corresponds to the traditional agricultural economy and industrial economy.