Xiongnu, a nomadic people living in Eurasia in ancient times, originated from Rong and Di nationalities in China history.
Xiongnu was formed by the fusion of several ethnic minorities such as Rong and Di in ancient China. In the 3rd century A.D., the governing structure of Xiongnu was divided into central Wang Ting, left in the east and right in the west, which controlled a vast area from the Caspian Sea to the Great Wall, including Mongolia, Siberia of the Soviet Union, northern Central Asia and northeast China.
According to China's historical records, the Huns were adherents of the Xia Dynasty. Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu said: "Xiongnu is also a descendant of Xia Hou, the ancestor of Xiongnu". Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing says: Dog Rong and Xia people are of the same ancestry, both from the Yellow Emperor. However, these statements are groundless.
Zhou dynasty
Starting from the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Xiongnu's predecessor, the Rong nationality, began to threaten the Central Plains dynasty. After Zhou Youwang finished the war and defeated the vassals, the dog Rong tribe captured Haojing and forced it to move eastward. During the Warring States Period, Hu Lin and Lou Fan invaded Zhao many times. Zhao's mausoleum was shot and killed on horseback, and Loufan set up Yunzhong and other counties in the newly opened areas in the north. Hu Lin and Lou Fan went north into the newly rising Xiongnu. At the end of the Warring States Period, Li Mu, the general of Zhao, defeated Xiongnu.
Qin and Han dynasties
After Qin Shihuang unified China, he ordered Meng Tian to attack Xiongnu in the north and collect Hetao. "However, the Huns are more than 700 miles away, and the Hu people dare not go south to herd horses" (On Qin).
The real large-scale war with the Huns was in the Han Dynasty. 20 1 year before the beginning of Han Dynasty, Hanwang Liu Xin surrendered to Xiongnu. The following year, Liu Bang led an army to conquer, and was besieged by Xiongnu Modu Khan with more than 300,000 cavalry for seven days and nights in Deng Bai (now northeast of Datong, Shanxi). After escaping by deception, he began to kiss Xiongnu. Later, Emperor Wenjing also used the policy of intimacy and alienation to recuperate. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty changed from strategic defense to strategic attack. Before 127, Wei Qing was sent to occupy the Hetao area; before 12 1, Huo Qubing was sent to seize the rich Hexi Corridor; before 1 19, Wei and Huo attacked Mobei from east and west. Since Huo Qubing attacked Xiongnu, wolves have lived in Xushan, Mongolia, and Wang Ting, the Xiongnu, was destroyed on Wei Qing East Road. The tour attracted more than 40 thousand people to Han, and Khan fled with the left. In the Han Dynasty, the East unified Wuhuan, and the West unified the countries in the western regions by means of marriage (before 105, Princess Feng Xijun of the Han Dynasty married King Wusun) and trade, which compressed the space of Xiongnu.
In the first 73 years, Han and Wusun joined forces to attack the Huns with 200,000 soldiers and took the right valley pavilion. In the first 57 years, the Huns split and Zhi Zhi Khan won. According to Mobei, in the first 5 1 year, Uhaanyehe went south to take refuge in the Han Dynasty. Later, Zhi Zhi Khan led his troops to retreat to Central Asia (now between Balkhash Lake and Aral Sea, namely, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan), and Uhaanyehe occupied Mobei Wang Ting. 36 years ago, in order to eliminate the influence of Xiongnu in the Western Regions, Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang defected to Xiongnu in Kangju and killed Zhi Zhi Khan. In the first 33 years, I married Wang Zhaojun and made up with Han.
In 48 years, in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Huns split in two. More than 40,000 people, the grandson of Uhaanyehe, were sent to the south and called the Southern Xiongnu, and were placed in Hetao area by the Han Dynasty. Those who stayed in Mobei were called the Northern Xiongnu. From 1989 to 9 1 year, the southern Xiongnu and Han jointly attacked the northern Xiongnu, which was defeated by Mobei and Altai Mountain, forcing it to move westward. Since then, the Northern Xiongnu has disappeared from China's ancient books.
187, the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the conflict between southern Xiongnu and Dong Zhuo's authoritarian period. /kloc-in 0/95, the southern Xiongnu participated in the melee in the Central Plains, and Cai Wenji, the daughter of Cai Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was taken to Xiongnu. In 202, the leader of the Southern Xiongnu was attached to Cao Cao, the prime minister of Han Dynasty, and Cai Wenji was attached to Han Dynasty. Cao Cao divided the southern Xiongnu into five parts.
List of Khan in the Western Han Dynasty;
Tou Man Khan
name of a chieftain of Xiongnu in the early Han Dynasty
Lao Shang shan Yu
Military minister Khan
Sweat obliquely
Uwi Khan
Erchanyu
Xu Li Hu Khan
Besides, Hou Yu is Khan.
Land Rover Ancient Shan Yu
Hu Yanlu Khan
The empty right canal is Khan
Holding the swallow, you can sweat.
Uhaanyehe
Zhi Zhi Khan
After the Han dynasty
The southern Xiongnu went south to sinicize and lived in Hetao. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao divided the Xiongnu into five parts. At the beginning of the 4th century, Liu Yuan, commander-in-chief of the Five Huns, was a general under Sima Ying, the king of Chengdu. In the chaotic period after the Eight Kings Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan rose up and occupied most of northern China, calling himself Hanwang, and captured Luoyang in 3 1 1 year and Chang 'an in 31year, thus destroying the Western Jin Dynasty. History is called Zhao Qian or Zhao Han.
A low-level ethnic group of Huns is called Jie nationality. Emperor Schleswig founded the State of Zhao, known as Zhao Shi or Houzhao in history. Later, it was destroyed by the former Qin dynasty.
The Yue people who merged into the Huns were called another part of the Huns-Lu Shuihu. Among them, the Juqu family pushed the post-Han Liang official circles as the main business and established the North Liang in Gansu area today. After Qu Mengxun killed Duan Ye, he became the master of Beiliang. Later, it was destroyed by the Xianbei people Tuoba's Northern Wei Dynasty.
The hybrid offspring of Xiongnu and Xianbei are called iron rich people. Liu Huoming, a rich iron man, was defeated by Xianbei Tuoba and defected to the Qiang people in the later Qin Dynasty. Attila, who later thought she was the last generation, changed her surname to Helian, and established Xia Guo in Hetao area, which was called Fox Summer in history. Later, it was destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Xiongnu merged into Yuwen tribe in Xianbei near Korea and entered the Korean peninsula. Later, Yu usurped the Northern Zhou regime established by the Western Wei Dynasty, and was later usurped by Emperor Wen of Sui, a consort of the Han nationality. Emperor Wendi established the Sui Dynasty and unified the Central Plains.
The above is the last performance of Xiongnu on the historical stage of China during the Five Lakes, Sixteen Countries and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Later, as an independent nation, Xiongnu disappeared from the history of China and merged with other nationalities to form the Han nationality with Huaxia as the main body.
After the descendants of Xiongnu were sinicized, their Han surnames were Liu, He, Hu Yan and so on, and many of them lived in Shaanxi and other places today.
The influence of Xiongnu outside Northeast Asia
The northern Xiongnu went to Europe, partly in the Caucasus, partly in the middle reaches of the Volga River (today's Russian Tatar Autonomous Republic), partly in the lower reaches of the Danube River (today's Bulgaria) and partly in the middle reaches of the Danube River (today's Hungary). Huns in Central Asia, some of them are integrated with all ethnic groups in the lowlands of Lan Tu (two river basins in Central Asia), some in the Afghan mountains, and some in Punjab.
Are Huns Hungarians?
Some scholars believe that the Huns moved westward to the eastern part of Europe in the 4th century and invaded Europe, and they were related to the Hungarians who invaded Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries or belonged to the same nation. The expulsion of barbarians such as Germans by Hungarians led to the great migration of barbarians and the demise of the Roman Empire.
There seems to be evidence of Hungarians, that is, the northern Xiongnu, in the history books. Hungarians first appeared in European history books, but this battle is also recorded in China's books. "The History of the North" said: "Sogdian is in the west of Qingshan, and the ancient examinee Cai and Wen lived in osawa and in the northwest of Kangzhou, and went instead of 16,000 miles. First, the Huns killed their king and had their own country until the king suddenly died. " However, the Sogdian Kingdom was not chosen by Cai Xuan, nor did it meet the condition of "living in osawa, living in the northwest of Kangzhou, and going to sixteen thousand Li". Regarding the selection of Cai, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty said: "Choosing Cai, renamed Alan Chato, lives in Di City and belongs to a comfortable residence. Mild country atmosphere, full of pine trees and white grass. Folk costumes are the same as comfortable living. " . The reflection says, "Cai Guo also has an Alan, who is at the same level as Kangju. Daqin in the west and Kangju in the southeast. There are many minks in the countryside, grazing animals and chasing water plants. They are near osawa. Therefore, they belonged to a comfortable home at that time, but now they don't. " In China's ancient books, "Daqin" is the Roman Empire. It is written in Historical Records that Chae Yeon can travel 2,000 miles in the northwest of Kangju and all over the country, just like Kangju, with more than 100,000 strings of controllers. Near osawa, there is no cliff, and Gainai is the North Sea Cloud. "The record in the northern history is that the country sent envoys to the Northern Wei Dynasty. It is 75 years since the Huns perished, and it is 445 years from Dispatch Festival to Northern Wei Dynasty, which is exactly about 370 years, which is consistent with the records in Europe.
In addition, a few Xiongnu countries completely disappeared in foreign countries. Many Xiongnu soldiers served in the armies of the Eastern and Western Roman empires, mostly stationed in northern Syria, North Africa and southern England. Several Xiongnu countries followed the Visigoths into France and Spain, and a Xiongnu tribe followed ostrogoths into Italy. Some people think that today's Hungarians are descendants of Huns, which is still a question.
hun language
There is a Xiongnu song in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. Many scholars have analyzed and explained it in Mongolian, Turkic and Yenisei, but they have not got ideal results.
In addition, the names, tribes, place names and titles of Huns can be used to study Hun language. For example, plowing alone means "emperor" in Xiongnu language, among which "plowing alone" (*thrang rii in ancient Chinese) and "sweating in ancient Chinese" (*dar wa in ancient Chinese) are similar to tngri "Tian" and daruγa "monarch" in Mongolian respectively.
As for the origin of Xiongnu language, it is difficult to draw a conclusion because of the lack of information. Some people think that the Huns speak Mongolian, while others think that their language belongs to Yeni Serbs.