Shorthand Computer shorthand can quickly and completely record the language, and has become an indispensable part of meeting, negotiation and interrogation records. Some excellent computer shorthand workers not only compete for the needs of enterprises, but also have many opportunities to find extra money, so computer shorthand has become a new goal for many students and on-the-job personnel. A computer shorthand training institution in Guangzhou said that the number of students has doubled in the past year.
At present, in the office, the main ways to let language and characters enter the computer are keyboard input, character recognition, handwriting input and voice recognition. However, it needs a lot of manual operation to convert a large number of audio and video materials into words and input them into the computer, so computer shorthand came into being.
Fast and accurate is competitiveness. "It is not easy to find a job after graduation, let alone us." Xiao Wang is a middle school student. In order to increase her employment chips, she obtained the qualification certificates of secretary, accountant, computer and Japanese in her spare time, and studied computer shorthand again half a year later. She said that although shorthand is fast, the content of the speech at the meeting for half a day can't be sorted out in two or three hours.
This kind of shorthand is faster than five-stroke typing, and its error rate is lower and it is not so tiring. "It is often difficult for computer stenographers who type 200 words per minute to find a job, while those who reach 240 words are vying for it."
Mao, general manager of Guangzhou Shorthand Technology Development Company, said. It was easy to interview Mr. Mao, a shorthand student, because Xiao Li recorded our dialogue at once.
I saw her fingers moving quickly on a stenographer with only three rows of keyboards, and the conversation instantly turned into words and appeared on the computer screen. Teacher Mao said that some excellent students often have the opportunity to take shorthand for half a day and earn 200 yuan.
Xiao Wang recently successfully applied for the position of secretary to the chairman of a private school. In the recruitment process, her qualifications were not outstanding, but she "knocked down" 70 or 80 competitors and became the only lucky one. Her secret weapon is to "perform" a shorthand "drama" on the spot with a shorthand machine, a CD and a connecting cable when applying for a job. At that time, she fooled the interviewer and finally got the position.
According to her, the current salary is basically around 3,500 yuan, and the bonus is much better than her salary of several hundred yuan as a secretary in Huangshi, Hubei. According to Mao, the obvious advantage of computer shorthand is "fast and accurate". Teacher Sun of their school once recorded a famous mouth of Phoenix TV in Jiangmen and tested it with a stopwatch. Mingzui speaks very fast, with an average of 267 words/minute, but Teacher Sun has been recording.
Teacher Sun's accuracy rate is around 97%. It takes 1 year to learn a complete set of computer shorthand training process, and excellent students can record more than 260 words per minute, with an accuracy rate of over 95%.
The old teacher only teaches textbooks for about half a month, and the rest of the time is for students to practice constantly, while the teacher guides and regulates students' fingering or sitting posture from time to time. It is understood that among the students currently attending shorthand training courses, about 20% are students in school, of which a large number are high school students, and some undergraduates come to participate in the training.
Xiao Chen is a sophomore. She attends school during the day and learns shorthand at night. Another student, Xiao Hu, came from a university in Jiangxi and studied medicine. After studying medicine for two years, he found himself less and less interested in his major. Occasionally, Xiao Hu saw information about computer shorthand on the Internet, so he simply dropped out of school for a year and went to Guangzhou to attend shorthand training.
However, the learning process of computer shorthand is not easy. Xiao Li said that not many people can persist in completing the one-year course, because it is boring for many people to sit still and practice typing skills for a long time.
Another more important reason is that when the typing speed reaches about 150 words per minute, it will encounter a "bottleneck", which is difficult to break through, so many people lose confidence and give up halfway, and this "bottleneck" will appear many times after the breakthrough until the speed reaches 240 words and the accuracy rate reaches over 95%. It turns out that people use a cutting-edge shorthand symbol-handwritten shorthand.
Handwritten shorthand uses simple shorthand symbols to express language and characters, and its speed is generally two or three times or even four or five times faster than that of Chinese characters, thus greatly shortening the time and improving the efficiency. With the development of modern society, people began to use a cutting-edge equipment-Chinese speed recorder.
It is a computer shorthand keyboard whose speed can track language and thinking. Because of the fast recording, it also affects the speed of thinking and action.
Therefore, the activities here are fast-paced and timely, which meets the requirements of modern society that "time is money and efficiency is life". .
2. Memory method of literary common sense
First, threading method
Scattered literary common sense is like a big needle that is not properly worn. As long as there is a line running through it, these literary common sense are very systematic. This line can be time, space, style, content and so on. For example, to remember the history of China's ancient literature, we can use this line as a clue to string together the literary phenomena of various dynasties. Please look at the picture below.
Rhyme: The Book of Songs-Chu Ci-Yuefu Folk Songs-Tang Poetry-Song Ci-Yuanqu
Prose category: Shangshu-Pre-Qin Prose-Tao Yuanming Prose in Six Dynasties-Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties-Three Masters in the Third Year of Ming Dynasty (Song Lian, Liu Ji and Gao Qi)-Tang and Song Dynasties in the Middle of Ming Dynasty (Gui Youguang)-Gongan School in the Late Ming Dynasty (Sanyuan)-Tongcheng School in Qing Dynasty (Yao Nai, Fang Bao and Liu Dakui).
Whenever you want to recite literary common sense, you should first pull a long line and wear it one by one. If any needle (the works of writers of past dynasties) can't get through, we should stop and check carefully why. If you need makeup, you can continue to wear it, so that you can quickly check your memory at any time.
Second, the association method
Association is a psychological process from one thing to another. For example, when he misses Qu Yuan, Qu Yuan thinks of his own work Li Sao, and because Li Sao is the source of China's romantic literature, he thinks of the three great western romantics: Shelley, Hugo and Byron. In this way, you can systematically remember a lot of knowledge. Reciting it like this often is also conducive to the improvement of associative ability.
Third, many a mickle makes a mickle.
There are many contents of literary common sense, covering a wide range, and it is impossible to write them all down in a short time. According to psychology, memory consists of four links: memory, retention, recall and recognition. Problems in any link will affect the quality of memory. We can't remember it because it's not preserved enough. How can I raise it? There is a famous forgetting curve in psychology, which tells us that forgetting is faster in the first time after reciting, and then forgetting gradually slows down and stabilizes at a level, so we should review it in time after reciting. Many a mickle makes a mickle is actually a small cycle review method. Because we have to review constantly, the amount of new content will not be much. We can divide all the documents that need to be memorized into several parts and distribute them in different time periods. For example, we can remember the history of China literature for one or two months (we can remember one or two writers or several works every day according to the order of dynasties), remember the history of foreign literature for one month, and then conduct the second review for one month. In daily review, we should first recall the previous day's content, and then remember the new content.
Fourth, the formula method
When we recite poems, we usually have this experience: articles are recited slowly, and poems are much easier to recite because of their clear rhythm and harmonious rhythm. We can compile the literary common sense to be memorized into a "formula", pay attention to rhyme, and it should also be condensed literary common sense. If we remember two sentences, we should remember a lot of knowledge. In addition, in the formula, the works of writers that are easily confused are compiled into "fixed collocation". Please look at the following example:
It's not hard to remember common sense in literature. There are clever ways to help you remember it clearly. Let's talk about domestic and writers' works first.
Pre-Qin philosophers, Confucius, Mencius, Xun Qing. The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are listed as four books. Laozi and Zhuangzi are inaction, "morality" and "freedom". Qu ci, nine, nine, separation and heaven.
Jia Yi was the first person to write prose in Han Dynasty. Liu Xiang Sima, Zhan, Chu, Historical Records. Ban Gu's Hanshu dates back to the beginning.
Jian 'an in Wei and Jin Dynasties, leader of Three Cao. Father has Yuefu, tortoise, Artemisia and Guan. Cao Pi's criticism of Ge Yan and Dian Lun: It takes seven steps to build a child and five words to lay the foundation.
……
There are many works in The Complete Works of Lu Xun. There are three novels, wandering, shouting, old stories and new stories.
Middle school textbooks are included in Scream except Blessing. An essay, "Flowers in the Morning and Flowers in the Evening", plus "Weeds", is slightly poetic. Essay 16, Hot Wind Grave, Gai Hua two episodes, just three leisure, two hearts, southern accent and northern tune, pseudo-free book, quasi-romance, three fears two episodes, literary lace.
……
These formulas are catchy to read and easier to remember.
3. How to remember the common sense part
There are many things to remember about how to better remember and review the common sense part of the civil service exam. In the preparation for the common sense part of the civil service examination, besides accumulating rich knowledge, it is very important for candidates to master problem-solving skills, which can improve the preparation efficiency.
For non-law majors, the topic of law has always been a place to lose points. After carefully studying the direction and propositional characteristics of some legal questions in the common sense of civil service examination, famous educators summed up the following three problem-solving skills, hoping to help candidates improve the speed and accuracy of doing questions.
First, the principle judgment method The principle judgment method refers to a method to solve problems by using the basic code of conduct in life and according to the basic principles of the production, operation and development of things when everyone has insufficient legal knowledge. The economic base determines the superstructure, and most laws come from the social environment in which they exist and from people's daily life. Its formulation follows people's daily code of conduct and conforms to the basic principles of the current social affairs.
As a member of society, we are no strangers to these social norms, so when we answer questions, we might as well use these basic principles of life to find the right answer. For example, in the process of manufacturing and selling fake mobile phones, possible illegal acts do not include ().
A. Imitating the best-selling mobile phone of this brand infringes on intellectual property rights. B. the product quality is difficult to guarantee, which infringes on consumers' rights and interests. Producers and sellers evade taxes and do harm to the national interests. D. spreading obscene short messages, causing spiritual and cultural pollution. Analysis: What is said in the title is what illegal acts may be involved in the manufacturing and sales of shanzhai mobile phones, excluding substitutes. According to common sense, shanzhai mobile phone is a mobile phone produced by a manufacturer without its own technology, which specializes in copying brand-name machines and regular mobile phone licenses.
It is characterized by low price and no guarantee of function. Since it is imitation, the shanzhai mobile phone may involve illegal activities in the manufacturing and sales process, which naturally includes infringement of intellectual property rights, so option A does not meet the requirements of the problem.
The product quality of item B is difficult to guarantee, and it is reasonable to infringe on consumers' rights and interests. Item C is not selected because the cottage mobile phone manufacturer does not have a formal mobile phone license. In order to maximize the benefits, tax evasion is also common.
Therefore, the answer to this question is D. Well-known educators believe that as long as we are good at thinking and applying the basic code of conduct in life and the basic principles of things, the difficult problem of legal problems can still be solved.
Of course, what the famous teacher of education provides is only a skill, and the purpose is limited to helping candidates to make answers faster. When there is plenty of time, everyone should master the basic legal knowledge seriously. Second, the method in absolute words The method in absolute words means that there are many absolute words such as "all", "all" and "arbitrary" in the options of the topic. If you choose the wrong option, this one is probably the correct answer; If the correct option is selected, it can be directly excluded, and the correct answer will be generated in the remaining options.
In this kind of topic, there are usually one or two options with absolute words. Candidates can skip this option directly and find the correct answer in other options. The following statement about the state administrative organs is correct ().
A. The legal meeting in the State Council is divided into the State Council plenary meeting, the State Council executive meeting and Premier the State Council's office meeting. B. State administrative organs at all levels have the right to impose administrative penalties. C. Administrative litigation implements the principle of inversion of burden of proof, so the administrative organ bears all the burden of proof. D. Civil servants of state administrative organs who have been sentenced to punishment shall be dismissed. Among the four options, option B and option C have the absolute word "all" respectively, which we can directly exclude. Option a is difficult to determine; Look at option d again. Since the civil servant was sentenced to punishment, his behavior has been restricted and he cannot work normally. Moreover, the staff of state administrative organs who violate the criminal law will be given the most severe internal treatment, and dismissal is inevitable.
So the correct answer is D. Third, the most serious choice method The most serious choice method refers to four situations in which the four options of the topic belong to the same category, which is generally applicable to criminal law examination questions.
Education teachers believe that even if candidates have no legal basis, they can infer from common sense which of the options has the most serious consequences, such as the result of death or the most serious loss, and candidates can choose the most serious plot or result as the correct answer. Example: Wang robbed Zhang with a dagger. In the fight, Wang's head hit the corner and fell to the ground, and the dagger also fell to the ground.
When Zhang saw this, he picked up a dagger and stabbed the king several times in the heart, causing the king to die. Regarding Zhang's act of stabbing the king to death with a dagger, the following statement is correct ().
A. it belongs to self-defense and does not bear criminal responsibility. B. it is an accident and does not bear criminal responsibility. C. it is excessive defense and should bear criminal responsibility. D. it is intentional homicide and should bear criminal responsibility. Analysis: The four options are qualitative expressions of Zhang's behavior. Option D is the most serious qualitative, the correct answer is D, and the most serious choice method is the one you can refer to when you are really not sure about the answer.
The best way to succeed in the exam is to firmly grasp the basic knowledge and have a stable exam mentality. Above all, famous educators provide three common sense judgment problem-solving skills for candidates, which can help candidates quickly master the methods to deal with common sense judgment problems.
However, to judge common sense, it is not enough to master skills only. Candidates should pay special attention to accumulate all aspects of knowledge and enrich their knowledge reserves in preparing for the exam! On 20 14, the number of questions in the common sense part of the national civil service examination will tend to be stable, and the hot topics of current politics and the application of scientific and technological common sense will be the new trend of the proposition. By analyzing the real questions in the national civil service examination in recent two years, the conclusion is that the routine test sites such as economy, law, geography, science and technology, humanities, etc. will still be the focus of common sense judgment, and the proportion of such subject knowledge will tend to be stable in future examinations.
At the same time, it is not excluded to combine current political hotspots with science and technology culture to carry out complex and comprehensive propositions, such as asking you, "It took two seconds for a bear to fall from a 20-meter-high tree. What color is it? " Such a complicated topic. I wish you a good written test and a smooth landing.
4. How to use the knowledge of psychology to promote the efficiency of memory?
10 Ways to enhance memory: 1. Pay attention to concentrate on memory. As long as you concentrate on eliminating distractions and external interference, the cerebral cortex will leave a deep and unforgettable memory trace. If you are distracted and use it at the same time, your memory efficiency will be greatly reduced. 2. If you are interested in learning materials and knowledge objects, it is hard to remember even if you spend more time. 3. Understanding memory is the basis of memory. Only what you understand can be remembered for a long time. It is not easy to learn by rote. For important learning content, if we can combine understanding with reciting, the memory effect will be better. 4. Excessive learning means memorizing the learning materials several times on the basis of memorizing them, so as to achieve the degree of memorizing and memorizing them. 5. The speed of reviewing and forgetting in time is fast first and then slow. Strike while the iron is hot and review and consolidate in time are effective means to strengthen memory traces and prevent forgetting. 6. When you often recall and study, you can keep trying to recall, so that mistakes in memory can be corrected, omissions can be made up, and difficulties in learning content can be remembered more firmly. In your spare time, you can often recall the objects you have remembered in the past, and you can also avoid forgetting them. 7. Audio-visual combination can use the functions of language and visual and auditory organs at the same time to strengthen memory. Improve memory efficiency. Much better than a single silent reading. 8. Classified memory, chart memory, shortened memory, making an outline, taking notes, cards and other methods can enhance memory according to the situation. 9. Generally speaking, the best time is 9~ 1 1, 3~4 pm and 7 ~ 65438 pm. The effect is good. 10. Scientific use of the brain can prevent excessive fatigue and maintain a positive and optimistic mood on the basis of ensuring nutrition, active rest and physical exercise. Can greatly improve the efficiency of the brain. Fifteen points to improve memory: First, calm down-first, let the brain calm down. Second, fatigue will reduce the efficiency of the brain. Third, you must have confidence that you will be able to remember. Fourth, we must find a memory method that suits our own characteristics. Fifth, you should be interested in the object of memory. Sixth, strong motivation can promote memory. Seventh, when you are associated with happy things, it is easy to remember. It can make brain cells young and sharp. 9. Careful observation helps to remember. 10. Fully understand the object to be memorized. 1 1. 12. It is good for memory to compose irrelevant memory objects into songs. 13. Distinguishing feature memory method. 14. Proper decentralized memory is sometimes better than centralized memory. 15. mobilize the cooperation of various organs in memory.
5. The memory method of junior high school history knowledge is grade eight now, and our history books are from Sichuan Education Edition.
1. We must work hard on understanding. Understanding is the key to remember more and remember more in history study, because only the knowledge that is truly understood will not be forgotten. Like other classes, we should pay attention to the lecture in history class. Some students think it doesn't matter whether we listen in class or not. Anyway, we can understand the content of the text, as long as we memorize it before the exam. This idea is very wrong, although some simple contents can be memorized. But for complex content, rote learning alone is not enough. There is a lot of historical knowledge that must be understood, such as what this knowledge is, why it is like this, what is its significance, what is its influence and so on. Therefore, we should grasp the causal relationship and context of historical phenomena; If you don't concentrate on the teacher's analysis and explanation in class, you won't think positively with your brain. If you fantasize about cramming for the exam, you will inevitably be upset or arrogant on the spot, while others will be at a loss. 2. Be good at simplifying the complex and making it easy. Some historical events and phenomena are complicated and cannot be memorized by rote. We can take some effective measures to simplify complex things as much as possible, and then remember them. The main methods are: (1) formula memory method. When answering some complicated historical questions, just like solving a number learning problem, we can sum up some basic formulas. Then remember to answer according to the formula. For example, historical events = time+place+people+simple process+result+meaning. Process = preparation+occurrence+result. Meaning = function+characteristics+influence. People = name+times+deeds (including thoughts, activities or works)+influence. Works = author+year of publication+content+meaning. Forming network memory, that is, grasping several key points as fulcrums and then expanding them, can quickly remember the basic content. Mastering this method can get twice the result with half the effort when remembering major historical events, historical figures and ancient and modern Chinese and foreign masterpieces. (2) Comparative memory method. Human history follows certain laws and develops forward. In the process of its development, various historical events or phenomena are related to some extent, and at the same time they are restricted by time and space. Let them have their own characteristics. Comparative memory method is to classify and compare two or more related events or characters, find out their similarities and differences, and prevent them from being conceited. Comparative memory method is an important memory method in history learning. The specific methods are as follows: ① Compare historical phenomena with the same nature but different characteristics, such as Qin, Sui, Han and Tang Dynasties. ② Compare some historical phenomena with similar performances but different natures, and form different concepts. (3) Comprehensive comparison of historical events of the same nature but occurring in different periods, distinguishing similarities and differences, such as many unequal treaties in modern China and their influence on China society. (4) Comparison between China and foreign countries, such as the comparison between the four countries that first entered the slave society in the world, and the comparison between China and Western Europe that entered the feudal society. The comparison between China's ancient economic and technological development and that of the West. (3) List graphic method. According to the characteristics of historical events, the list diagram method makes the same kind of knowledge coherent and form a system, makes many historical facts and complex contents clear and coherent, and achieves the effect of simplifying the complex. The biggest advantage of list diagram method is that it is concise and eye-catching, and it is an effective method to help memory, especially in remembering complex historical materials. Five wars of aggression against China by foreign invaders in modern history and two important meetings of the Party in China's modern history; Three major religions in world history, bourgeois revolution, two world wars, etc. (4) Association method can be divided into vertical association and horizontal association. Vertical association is to grasp a historical knowledge point and make it coherent, that is, based on a historical fact, it can not only relate to the previous historical events, but also relate to the subsequent events, extending from points and lines. We can remember the contents of these historical knowledge. For example, the Japanese occupied China's territory of Taiwan Province Province. In "treaty of shimonoseki", we can trace it back to 230 AD when Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to Yizhou (that is, Taiwan Province Province), Yang Di sent people to Taiwan Province Province three times, the Penghu Inspection Department was established in the Yuan Dynasty, and the Taiwan Government was established in the Qing Dynasty. From this series of events, we can draw a conclusion that Taiwan Province Province has been the territory of China since ancient times. The Cairo Declaration clearly stipulates that the Japanese must return the occupied China territories. It was not until the victory of World War II that Taiwan Province Province returned to the motherland. Japanese occupation of China and Taiwan Province lasted for 50 years, thus linking the historical knowledge about Taiwan Province Province. The horizontal association method is to connect different historical events that occurred at the same time at home and abroad or similar historical events in different periods. The third and fourth volumes of "Society" in junior middle school put Chinese and foreign history together to study. This requires us to focus on the history of China and link Chinese and foreign historical knowledge. For example, when we say Oracle Bone Inscriptions Ming in China, we associate Egyptian hieroglyphics, cuneiform characters in the two river basins and Latin characters in Europe. (5) String method. We can use the string method to remember events or people with parallel relationship, that is, we can connect related contents in order according to the text, and only remember the first word of each content. For example, the five contents of Wang Anshi's political reform can be simplified as ". The four important international conferences in the late World War II can be simplified as "opening, morality, elegance and waves". Through this simplified method, the content of the text can be remembered quickly. 3. The important feature of historical knowledge is that there are many names, places and years to remember, and if it is removed, it will not become history. Learning history and remembering names, places and years are indispensable. However, not only by rote memorization, but also by scientific memory methods. (1) Remember people's names. Remembering the names of some important people in history can strengthen the memory by grasping the characteristics of some people. For example, the emperors of the Han Dynasty were all surnamed Liu, the emperors of the Song Dynasty were all surnamed Zhao, and the emperors of the Jin Dynasty were all surnamed Sima. You can use string method and homophonic method to remember names, which is especially suitable for remembering foreigners' names. Turn meaningless syllables into meaningful nouns or phrases, which is easy to remember. Some people might as well give them an nickname and remember their names as smoothly as possible with homophonic method.