Coordinates: W 14 4 1 degree, W 75 degrees 07 minutes.
In Nazca, southern Peru, there was a mystery in 2000: a line stretching for several kilometers formed various vivid patterns and was engraved on the earth. These lines are silent and seem to be waiting patiently for future generations to answer-who created Nazca lines, how did they create them, and what is the mystery behind the mysterious lines?
One day, two Americans came to Nazca Plateau in southern Peru and looked at a sign that stretched for miles. It looks like it was painted on a huge and mysterious piece of paper. Thousands of pale lines point in all directions on the vast desert.
They were deeply attracted by the lines such as the airport runway in the Nazca desert. "We have thousands of questions about these strange relics, and suddenly found that the setting position of the sunset is almost at the end of one of the long lines! After a while, we remembered that it was June 22, the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere, with the shortest day in a year. "
They said, I found the biggest gobbledygook in the world!
The discovery of the Kosok couple shocked the world archaeological community. Archaeologists came to Nazca Plateau one after another. They not only found more straight lines and curved patterns, but also found huge animal shapes on the desert floor and adjacent hillsides, which made those patterns even more confusing: a slender-waist spider with a length of 45 meters, a hummingbird with a length of about 300 meters and a capuchin monkey with a length of 108 meters. Today, archaeologists have found thousands of such lines, some of which are 8 kilometers long, and there are dozens of figures, including 18 birds.
So, who owns these mysterious lines?
Nazca and Jumana Prairie are about 400 kilometers south of Lima, located on the arid grassland on the coast of Peru, covering an area of about 450 square kilometers. These line paintings were carved between 500 BC and 500 AD, and they are one of the most difficult mysteries in archaeology in terms of their quantity, natural state, size and continuity. Some line drawings depict living animals, plants, imaginary images and geometric figures several kilometers long. These objects are considered to be used for religious ceremonies related to astronomy.
Nazca line drawing appeared in about 1 century. In the vast desert, some people etched the patterns of giant birds and beasts with reticulate patterns.
Nazca line painting is a giant, carved in the Pampa? anio desert of Nazca Valley. There are straight lines, geometric figures, birds and beasts and other figures. On the ground, they look like winding paths on crimson gravel. Only by looking down from the air can these lines show the huge figures of various animals.
For example: a 50-meter Okumo; Giant vulture with wingspan120m; A lizard is180m long; A monkey is 100 meters high.
These labyrinth patterns cover an area of 500 square kilometers. They are formed by removing hard surface stones to expose the yellow and white soil below.
Since 1926 discovered these patterns, people have different opinions, but the intention of these patterns is still a mystery. Alfred krupp and Migia Axby, who first noticed these patterns, thought these were irrigation canals. Later, Axby thought that these paths were similar to the "sacred road" of the Inca Empire, and those circular pyramid-shaped stone piles were the "focus" (that is, the intersection of these lines), and they might also be places for holding ritual activities.
When Paul Kausuke arrived there on the summer solstice of 194 1, he happened to observe that the sun had just set at the end of these red bars. This wonderful phenomenon, in his view, is the largest astronomical document in the world.
Maria Reincher, a German scholar, put forward the same theory after more than 30 years of painstaking research. She explained that these straight lines and spirals represent the movements of planets, while those animal figures represent constellations.
Among all the theories, the most famous but far-fetched one is the explanation given by eric feng Denken in his book "Chariots of God": These are entrance marks for aliens to visit. Another equally whimsical story is that in ancient times, people here left such residues on hot air balloons. This conjecture is based on the fact that these patterns can only be seen clearly in the air, and some people say that many of them seem to be traces left by burning substances when the balloon flies off the ground. However, George von Bruening claimed that this was the track left by the race.
Archaeologist Josie Rancio explained all this more directly and simply with a map, which shows some passages leading to important places, such as underground canals and so on. There is much less debate about the formation time of these patterns.
The latest estimate of archaeologists appeared around 1 century, earlier than the original estimate. However, whether experts or non-professional analysts, it is undoubtedly hard to resist its charm. In order to keep them alive, some protective measures were taken today. For example, tourists are not allowed to walk or drive there. Twenty kilometers north of Nazca, a watchtower was built, which provided an opportunity for tourists who were not suitable for flying to look at three of the patterns obliquely. If you stand on a flat ground and watch, these wonderful patterns will lose all their charm at once, because they are so large and varied that they are difficult to be detected.
Nazca Valley, a vast archaeological fertile ground, also gave birth to a series of Kawasaki conical towers. There are many adobe buildings and buildings bound together with wooden strips, rattan and bamboo. And covered with mud), although they are unremarkable, there are several buildings and canals that are unusual. They may be places for public gatherings to hold commemorative activities. The most prominent is the Great Temple.
This is a tower-shaped temple with stone steps, which is built on a slope and gradually rises to 20 meters with the slope. In front of the temple and at the highest place, there are rectangular walls made of adobe. There are earthen houses and some squares around the temple foundation, the largest of which is 45×75 meters. In the early period of Nazca culture (A.D. 100-800), priests occupied a place. But little is known about religious activities there. But later generations can infer from the animal patterns on pottery and textiles there that several animals were regarded as sacred at that time, such as cats. In addition, there are some tombs in different periods. From some unknown caves, people also unearthed some pottery and food used by Nash scholars at that time.
Many museums in Peru store many ceramic products showing Nazca culture in different periods, the most famous of which is a fine product stored in Lima. Early pottery pots are characterized by their realistic descriptions, as well as various birds and animals (vultures, camels, hummingbirds and other animals) and crops (corn, peppers, Lima beans, etc.). ) is painted in various colors. The patterns in the later period are abstract, while the pots themselves are stupid.
What are Nazca lines used for? It is generally believed that ancient Nazca people distributed water resources, and those patterns were the national emblems of different families. It was found that there were a lot of canals under the ground covered with those patterns. This statement is easier to accept, because Nazca Plain is a very desolate plain with almost no rainfall. What are Nazca lines used for? It is generally believed that ancient Nazca people distributed water resources, and those patterns were the national emblems of different families. It was found that there were a lot of canals under the ground covered with those patterns. This statement is easier to accept, because Nazca Plain is a very desolate plain with almost no rainfall. What are Nazca lines used for? It is generally believed that ancient Nazca people distributed water resources, and those patterns were the national emblems of different families. It was found that there were a lot of canals under the ground covered with those patterns. This statement is easier to accept, because Nazca Plain is a very desolate plain with almost no rainfall. What are Nazca lines used for? It is generally believed that ancient Nazca people distributed water resources, and those patterns were the national emblems of different families. It was found that there were a lot of canals under the ground covered with those patterns. This statement is easier to accept, because Nazca Plain is a very desolate plain with almost no rainfall. The gobbledygook found that two Americans came to the Nazca Plateau in southern Peru and looked at a sign that stretched for miles. It looks like it was painted on a huge and mysterious piece of paper. Thousands of pale lines point in all directions on the vast desert. They were deeply attracted by the lines such as the airport runway in the Nazca desert. "We have thousands of questions about these strange relics, and suddenly we found that the sunset landed almost at the end of a long line. After a while, we remembered that it was June 22, the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere, with the shortest day in a year. " They said they found the largest gobbledygook in the world. The discovery of the Kosok couple shocked the world archaeological community. Archaeologists came to Nazca Plateau one after another. They not only found more straight lines and curved patterns, but also found huge animal shapes on the desert floor and adjacent hillsides, which made those patterns even more confusing: a slender-waist spider with a length of 45 meters, a hummingbird with a length of about 300 meters and a capuchin monkey with a length of 108 meters. Today, archaeologists have found thousands of such lines, some of which are 8 kilometers long, and there are dozens of figures, including 18 birds. Nazca and Jumana Prairie are about 400 kilometers south of Lima, located on the arid grassland on the coast of Peru, covering an area of about 450 square kilometers. These line paintings were carved between 500 BC and 500 AD, and they are one of the most difficult mysteries in archaeology in terms of their quantity, natural state, size and continuity. Some line drawings depict living animals, plants, imaginary images and geometric figures several kilometers long. These objects are considered to be used for religious ceremonies related to astronomy. Nazca line drawing appeared in about 1 century. In the vast desert, some people etched the patterns of giant birds and beasts with reticulate patterns. Nazca line painting is a giant, carved in the Pambanianio desert of Nazca Valley. There are straight lines, geometric figures, birds and beasts and other figures. On the ground, they look like winding paths on crimson gravel. Only by looking down from the air can these lines show the huge figures of various animals. Since 1926 discovered these patterns, people have different opinions, but the intention of these patterns is still a mystery. Alfred krupp and Migia Axby, who first noticed these patterns, thought these were irrigation canals. Later, Axby thought that these paths were similar to the "sacred road" of the Inca Empire, and those circular pyramid-shaped stone piles were the "focus" (that is, the intersection of these lines), and they might also be places for holding ritual activities. It seems that people's exploration has come to an end. The answer to the question may be behind these magical lines, but it has been lost in time now. However, the enthusiasm of human exploration has not stopped. If we can't explain how these lines are made, maybe we can go back and examine the meaning of these mysterious lines, which will help us to study their manufacture. Von Daniken gives Nazca lines a mysterious aura. In the book Chariots of the Gods, the hotel manager proposed that the Nazca Line is a runway used by alien planes. He believes that unidentified angels landed on the Nazca Plateau at some time in ancient times, where they built runways for their planes. His evidence is the lines that look like airport runways. Von Daniken's works became international bestsellers immediately after they came out in 1968, which also made Nazca lines gain higher popularity. However, scientists abandoned his view without thinking. They think that this madman has no scientific knowledge at all, because not only does the spacecraft need a runway, but the soft sand of Nazca is not suitable for any heavy aircraft to land. In that case, I'm afraid these space pilots will get stuck in the soil and can't get their feet out. Although von Daniken's "Alien Hypothesis" was widely ridiculed by the scientific community, it inspired some people. People turned their attention to the sky. Will ancient Nazca people draw patterns on the ground with reference to the constellations in the sky? It can be seen from archaeological discoveries that ancient people worshipped astronomical phenomena extremely. The Big Dipper pattern made of shells was unearthed in a Neolithic tomb in Puyang, China. But the astrology is constantly changing, and it is impossible to produce projection under the starry sky. 1983, an Italian archaeological team came here. They found an ancient city called Kawachi at the southern end of Nazca. There are wide squares, magnificent stone steps and dozens of pyramids about 30 meters high. However, what puzzles archaeologists is that the bustling town center and the remains of military activities have not been found in Kawachi City. On the contrary, the city seems to be used only for religious ceremonies and festivals. After the news of the hidden giant pattern of Nazca Line was announced, this release location clip attracted experts from all over the world to carry out research work. Experts found that most lines and figures are distributed in a complete area in southern Peru, with an area of 200 square miles, starting from the Enio River in the north and reaching the Rionasca River in the south. Because the pattern is very huge, you can only see the whole picture of the pattern at an altitude of more than 300 meters, so most people can only see the irregular pits at the horizontal angle of the ground, and they can't recognize these irregular lines at all, but they present a huge pattern. According to the researchers' findings, these patterns scraped off the surface of the brown rock layer on the ground by several centimeters, thus revealing the light-colored rock layer below. The average width of each tunnel line formed is about 10 to 20 centimeters, and the longest is about 10 meter. Therefore, the patterns composed of these lines with different lengths have different areas. For example, one of the animal patterns is 200 meters long. After experts made a detailed study of the pottery fragments embedded in the line, the natural barrier editor confirmed that the "Nazca Line" had existed for many years. They speculate that these "patterns" were completed in two stages, the shortest of which is at least 1400 years old. These giant patterns can be preserved for thousands of years without being destroyed by nature, which is actually related to the climate of Nazca Plain. Nazca Plain is an arid and barren plateau. Because the rubble all over the plateau absorbs and retains the heat energy of the sun, it emits a warm air and forms a protective barrier in the air, which makes the wind on the plateau not as strong as that on the flat land. Coupled with the dry climate without rain for many years, Nazca Plain has become one of the driest areas on earth. Some experts concluded that due to this climatic condition, this vast plateau with no wind and no rain and an area of 200 square miles was the ideal place to draw the "Nazca Line" that year. Maria reiche, a German mathematician, devoted her life to the Nazca Line. As a mathematician, she especially wants to know whether those Nazca people used geometric principles when designing and drawing lines. She found that many lines climbed over the valley, but they could keep a long distance straight. It is very likely that drawing wires between stakes is the standard for drawing lines. As long as the three stakes keep a straight line in the visual range, the whole line can keep a straight line. In the 1980s, students from Nazca Town, led by Lai Xie, demonstrated how the ancients made the Nazca line: first, mark a straight line with posts and ropes, then take away the black stones on the surface, and the shiny white sand leaked out below, reflecting the rocks rich in iron ore around, and a line appeared. Maybe this is the true face of Nazca lines. Lexie spent her whole life solving the secret of Nazca. At the end of her life, she finally found the most suitable answer. Those arcs can be drawn by fixing one end of the line and rotating the other end on the ground, just like drawing with a compass. Reicher's research also shows that ancient Nazca people would design patterns on a small piece of land about 1.8 meters in advance. She found these clay sketches next to several larger designs. The designer determined the proper proportion of arc, center point and radiation line on the sketch, and then enlarged it appropriately. The core of Lai Xie's life is the still desert and its inhabitants. Gradually, this thin and sturdy woman wearing simple cotton clothes and rubber slippers became a hero in Peru. The whole town of Nazca celebrated her birthday and named a school and a street after her. Until the 1980s, the old lady was obsessed with the secret of NASCAR before her death. Although Reicher gave a detailed demonstration, her explanation of how giant lines were carved was not generally accepted. A fatal problem of Reichel's theory is that it can't explain how those irregular patterns are formed. Like Okumo and the amazing shepherd. Obviously, the patterns of spiders and shepherds were not randomly or unintentionally drawn by ancient Nazca people on the vast ground. They must have a blueprint before they can be made. In this section 1983, an Italian archaeological team found a large number of pottery in Nazca area, decorated with some animal patterns. These patterns are repeated on a large scale in the desert. The similarity of these patterns makes people believe that the mysterious lines were made by ancient Nazca people.
According to the different pottery styles of Nazca, archaeologists divide Nazca civilization into five periods. Archaeologists found pottery in the stratum where the line was located. Being in the same stratum, the age of Nazca lines is very close to that of pottery. Through the determination of pottery carbon 14, people get the age of pottery, and indirectly conclude that the production age of Nazca lines is from 200 BC to 300 AD.
The most common in Nazca Plain are yellow sand and clay, which are covered with a thin layer of volcanic rocks and gravel, blackened and darkened by long-term wind and sun. Drawing lines on these so-called natural blackboards is nothing more than the ancient Nazca people scraping off a few centimeters thick rock layer to expose the pale soil below. In another climate, severe external erosion may wear away these lines in a few months, but Nazca is one of the driest areas on earth, where there is almost no strong wind, so the wind erosion is minimal. The barren Nazca Plateau is so barren and isolated. All these have provided conditions for the preservation of Nazca lines to this day.
However, the lines of Nazca are so huge that people can't recognize them on the ground, so that they were not discovered from the plane until the 1940s. However, these lines were created 2000 years ago, when people could not master modern flying technology. So, how did the ancient Nazca people design and manufacture these huge lines, arcs and animal patterns when they couldn't see the whole picture at all?
Maria reiche, a German mathematician, devoted her life to Nazca lines. As a mathematician, she especially wanted to know whether those Nazca people followed geometric principles when designing and drawing lines. She found many lines crawling across the valley and keeping a long distance. It is likely that drawing lines between stakes is the standard for drawing lines. As long as the three stakes keep a straight line in the visual range, the whole line can keep a straight line.
In the 1980s, students in Nazca Town, led by Lai Xie, demonstrated how the ancients made Nazca lines: first, mark a straight line with posts and ropes; Then, the black stone on the surface was taken away, and shining white sand leaked from below, which set off against the surrounding rocks rich in iron ore, so a line appeared. Perhaps this is the true face of Nazca lines.
Although Reicher's experiment vividly verified her hypothesis, there is one thing that her experiment can't explain, that is, Nazca not only has a large number of straight lines, but also many patterns composed of arcs, for example, monkeys with a length exceeding 100 meters. Today's Nazca people still worship Lai Xie, the water editor, who devoted her life to answering the secrets of Nazca. At the end of her life, she finally found the most suitable answer. Those arcs can be drawn by fixing one end of the line and rotating the other end on the ground, just like drawing with a compass. Reicher's research also shows that ancient Nazca people would design patterns on a small piece of land about 1.8 meters in advance. She found these clay sketches next to several larger designs. The designer determined the proper proportion of arc, center point and radiation line on the sketch, and then enlarged it appropriately.
The core of Lai Xie's life is the still desert and its inhabitants. Gradually, this thin and sturdy woman wearing simple cotton clothes and rubber slippers became a hero in Peru. The whole town of Nazca celebrated her birthday and named a school and a street after her. Until the 1980s, the old lady was still obsessed with the secret of Nazca before her death. ...
Although Reicher gave a detailed demonstration, her explanation of how giant lines were carved was not generally accepted. A fatal problem of Reichel's theory is that it can't explain how those irregular patterns are formed. Like Okumo and the amazing shepherd. Obviously, the patterns of spiders and shepherds were not drawn on the vast ground by the ancient Nazca people randomly or unintentionally, but they had to have a design blueprint before they could be made. However, our problem comes back to the front again. How did the ancient Nazca people enlarge the appearance on the drawings to 10000 square meters or more? How do they ensure that the pattern will not be deformed or out of shape during the construction process? You know, people can't recognize the shapes of these lines on the ground!