Thinking is the process of classification and grouping. Imagine why we can't remember what we have learned when we actually use it. Due to the lack of classification and grouping, the knowledge learned is chaotic in the brain. When necessary, it takes too much time and energy to get it back, which may eventually lead to collapse. Anyone who has studied computers knows that the database has a database management system, which is convenient for data management and query. And our brain also stores data, so if we can create a "brain data management system", it will be much more convenient to remember and use what we have learned. "Brain data management system" is not a real thing. It classifies and groups knowledge in the learning process, and creates an "index" for each classification and grouping. With the index, the efficiency of finding data tables is naturally much faster.
In the last paragraph, knowledge is stored in the brain through classification and grouping. When we communicate with others, we not only need to input it into the brain, but also need to go through a series of analysis in the brain, and then re-classify and group it and express it from the brain. The process of brain output also needs to be classified and grouped, such as teaching, discussion, blog and so on. These all need to have a big frame in the brain first, and then subdivide the big frame into one sentence, which is somewhat similar to the recursive idea in computer algorithm design. Let me first talk about two concepts: deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning: In deductive reasoning, every thought comes from the previous one.
Inductive reasoning: In inductive reasoning, different ideas are * * *.
Pyramid structure
Looking back on the mathematical proof problems done in high school, we know that the conditions are ① and ⑤, and we need to prove the conclusion ⑤. The reasoning diagram is as follows:
In the above picture, ① ② ③ the first floor, ④ ⑤ the second floor and ⑤ the tallest building. The relationship between each layer of units is only the relationship between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning, the relationship between ①, ② and ③ is deductive reasoning, and the relationship between ④ and ⑤ is inductive reasoning.
The relationship between layers is a question-and-answer relationship, and the relationship between 34 and 456 is a question-and-answer relationship, such as why, how and how do you know. Because the picture above is similar to a pyramid, it is called pyramid structure.
When we write an article to express our views to readers and elaborate on the basis of our views, it should be from top to bottom (software engineering thought). As shown in the above figure, there is only one sentence or a paragraph at the bottom of the pyramid structure. Only in this way can the ideas and arguments of an article be clearly expressed.
Deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning are two important thinking modes of the brain (the word pattern may be more in line with the taste of software technicians), which is like a pyramid with different perspectives. As we know, the pyramid structure is the most stable and beautiful structure, which is symmetrical and simple. Everything can be observed, deduced and thought from these two angles. -This is the magical "golden pyramid principle".
It can be seen that the "golden pyramid principle" is so common in our work and life. Books are the expression of people's thoughts, the summary of experience and even the embodiment of the author's way of thinking. We should not only understand what is said in the book, but also understand the expression, internal relations and the author's thinking process. Only in this way can we understand the true meaning of reading. If we study according to this idea, then "reading a hundred books" means "its meaning is self-evident", and we understand that everything in the world has many reasons.
Deduction and induction
Usually we understand things in two ways, one is deduction and the other is induction.
Deduction is to deduce specific or individual knowledge from general principles and according to certain logical rules. Generally speaking, the conclusion of deductive reasoning must be true if the premise is true and does not exceed the premise. Therefore, deductive reasoning method is an inevitable thinking activity method. For example:
Everyone will die, Socrates is a man, so Socrates will die.
The first two sentences are the premise, and the statement is set to true. The deductive process is to deduce the third sentence from the first two sentences. In Hume's terminology, effective deductive reasoning belongs to the truth of reasoning.
The above two conditional sentences are uncertain-there may be immortal people somewhere, and Socrates may be life on another planet. Therefore, uncertainty shifts from premise to conclusion. Deduction itself is as certain as logical proposition.
Deductive reasoning is unique in that the specific content in the premise has nothing to do with the reasoning process (as long as the premise is true, the reasoning is true).
We saw a crow; Then I saw some crows, all black. We have never seen a crow that is not black. Thus, it is concluded that "all crows are black", which is inductive reasoning, or that group attributes are derived from individual attributes.
Induction is to induce general knowledge from special or individual facts; Induction is a retrogressive process, which is not based on universal principles and applied to specific occasions; On the contrary, induction draws general principles from specific situations (from individual attributes to overall attributes).
Induction can be divided into complete induction and incomplete induction. In the above example, it is inferred that crows are black by seeing that many crows are black (not all in the world). This is an incomplete induction, because crows all over the world can't see it. The other is complete induction, which means that when all individuals of a thing have certain attributes, it is inferred that this thing has certain attributes.
In most cases, we use incomplete induction in our daily activities, because it is difficult for you to observe all the individuals of something. Thus, incomplete induction is subjective. Francis? Bacon said: "The way to seek and discover truth ... is to derive axioms from feelings and special things. Then it will continue to rise gradually and finally reach the most common axiom. " He drew up the famous three-table method, namely "existence table", "missing table" and "comparison table", trying to eliminate mysterious concepts in the process of induction and obtain "objective" laws. Mill re-established a set of inductive logic system on the basis of Bacon, which made induction reach a certain formalization. Mill thinks that the whole induction is based on causality: one phenomenon is caused by another and will appear frequently in the future. He put forward five inductive methods to explore causality: repetition method, difference method, coincidence difference method, residual method and * * * transformation method. ?
Improve the ability of logical reasoning and improvisation.
1. Develop the habit of understanding things from multiple angles. ?
Logical reasoning is carried out on the basis of grasping the inherent and inevitable relationship between things. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop the habit of understanding things from multiple angles and comprehensively understand the internal and external aspects of things and the various relationships between one thing and another. The first thing is to learn the thinking habit of "seeking differences from the same": compare the same things, find out some differences and distinguish the same things. At the same time, we should learn the thinking habit of "seeking common ground while reserving differences": compare different things, find out the similarities in one aspect and summarize different things. ?
2. Play the role of imagination in logical reasoning. ?
Exerting imagination can greatly promote the improvement of logical reasoning ability. To develop imagination, we must first enrich imagination materials and expand our knowledge. The more solid the knowledge base is, the wider the knowledge is, and the more imaginative it is. Secondly, image processing should be carried out frequently to form a correct representation of knowledge. Knowledge is only the basis of forming imagination, which does not mean that the more knowledge, the richer imagination. The key is whether you have the habit of processing knowledge in the image and forming correct representation. Besides, we should enrich our own language. Imagination depends on language and description that forms new representations. Therefore, language ability directly affects the development of imagination. Only by consciously accumulating vocabulary, reading more literary works, practicing and writing more, and learning to describe people and events in rich languages can we expand our imagination. ?
3. Enrich the theoretical knowledge about thinking. ?
In fact, there are differences in generality, logicality and consciousness in reasoning, and there are also formal differences between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Moreover, the development of reasoning ability follows certain laws. Middle school students should know more about the theoretical knowledge of thinking development and consciously use theory to guide the development of their logical reasoning ability. Generally speaking, middle school students' mastery and application of various reasoning abilities are unbalanced. For example, the results of inductive reasoning show that the correct utilization rate of junior one students has exceeded 60%; Deductive reasoning cannot approach 60% accuracy until the third grade. According to this law, middle school students should learn to consciously take theory as guidance to promote the balanced development of their various logical abilities. ?
4. maintain a good emotional state?
Psychological research reveals that being in a bad mood will affect the speed and accuracy of logical reasoning. Uncontrolled revelry, rage and crying, as well as persistent depression, worry and fear, will have a bad influence on reasoning. Therefore, we should learn to use consciousness to adjust and control our emotions and moods, keep ourselves calm and relaxed, and improve the level and quality of our logical reasoning.
Think more and try more. For example, if you are preparing a speech or organizing an activity, or preparing a debate, it will resonate with the audience or opponents. After you have prepared what you want to say, think about what others will say, and then think about how you should respond or refute. Exercise yourself so much that your adaptability will improve.