After the founding of New China, the Party and the government attached great importance to the management and development of the Yangtze River, established river basin institutions, carried out comprehensive utilization planning of the Yangtze River, and initially established flood control, irrigation, hydropower generation, shipping, soil and water conservation and water resources protection systems, which made great contributions to protecting people's lives and property and ensuring the economic and social development of the Yangtze River.
However, with the development of economy and society and the change of river basin conditions, new situations, new problems and new tasks emerge one after another, which must be carefully analyzed and solved in time, so as to push forward the great cause of Yangtze River management and development and let the Yangtze River play a greater role in the historical process of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
(1) Strengthening the construction of flood control and security system is still the primary task for the development of the Yangtze River.
First, we should speed up the completion of the recent Yangtze River flood control project.
After completing the task of dike construction in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River as planned, we will continue to strengthen the standard construction of dikes in Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake area and tributaries and the river regulation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Necessary dredging and dredging shall be carried out for the four spillway of Jingjiang River, Dongting Lake area and its four water tails, Poyang Lake area and its five river tails, so as to clear the flood obstacles and keep the flood unblocked.
Study targeted measures, tap the potential, and give full play to the flood control functions of large reservoirs such as Danjiangkou and Wuqiangxi. The flood control capacity of the Three Gorges Project and its application are of great significance to the flood control in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. According to the outline of the flood control dispatching scheme of the Three Gorges Project approved by the Ministry of Water Resources, the flood control capacity of the reservoir is actively checked, and the flood control dispatching scheme of the Three Gorges Project in different operation stages is compiled.
According to the principle of combining far and near, emphasizing key points and the idea of building towns by immigrants, the construction of flood diversion areas will be arranged step by step to realize planned flood diversion and minimize flood diversion losses. In the near future, the construction of flood diversion area near Chenglingji will be mainly implemented.
The second is to further strengthen the construction of the Yangtze River flood control project system. In order to further improve the flood control standard and reduce the use probability and scope of flood diversion and storage areas, it is necessary to build trunk and tributary reservoirs with greater flood control effect. In order to adapt the flood control system of the Yangtze River to the changes after the completion of the Three Gorges Project, it is necessary to study the physical and mathematical models of flood control in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the impact on the flood control situation and ecological environment in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River after the completion of the Three Gorges Project, and on this basis, put forward corresponding countermeasures.
Third, we should attach great importance to the construction and application of non-engineering flood control measures. The natural characteristics of the Yangtze River flood show that even if the flood control engineering system is further improved, it is impossible to completely eliminate the flood disaster.
We must vigorously strengthen the construction of non-engineering measures, and human activities should change from disorderly and uncontrolled competition for land with floods to orderly and sustainable coordination with floods. In particular, the development and utilization of land must be moderate, so as to provide sufficient storage and discharge places when floods of different magnitudes occur in the Yangtze River and avoid devastating disasters that affect the overall situation. It is necessary to speed up the construction of the Yangtze River flood control command system, actively carry out the research and revision of the Yangtze River flood control plan, and strengthen the research and implementation of flood insurance and other related policies and regulations.
It is necessary to strengthen the flood control management functions of river basin institutions, strengthen flood control risk research and risk management, strengthen the management of rivers, lakes and flood storage areas according to law, and prohibit new reclamation and occupation of rivers, lakes and beaches.
(2) Accelerating the development and utilization of water resources is an important strategic move of the Yangtze River in the new century.
1. Pay close attention to the implementation of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project and realize the overall pattern of "four horizontals and three verticals" in water resources allocation in China as soon as possible.
2. Accelerate the development of hydropower resources in the Yangtze River basin to provide high-quality energy for the national economy.
(3) Strengthening soil and water conservation in the upper reaches and speeding up river regulation and sediment control in the middle and lower reaches are major problems that need to be solved urgently in the management and development of the Yangtze River.
1. Further strengthen soil and water conservation in the upper reaches to curb man-made soil erosion.
2. Strengthen the prototype observation of sediment, and give full play to the role of upstream reservoirs in blocking sediment.
3. Strengthen the observation and analysis of river bed evolution in the middle and lower reaches, speed up the implementation of key river regime control projects, and maintain the stability of the river regime in the middle and lower reaches.
4. Thoroughly study the complex and changeable relationship between rivers and lakes, and scientifically adjust water and sediment.
5. Strengthen the comprehensive management, development and utilization of the Yangtze River estuary, and promote the economic and social development of the Yangtze River Delta.
(D) Strengthening the protection of water resources is the basic requirement to realize the sustainable development of the Yangtze River basin.
First, adhere to the urban water resources strategy of "throttling first and pollution control second". More than 70% of urban industrial water will be converted into sewage. "Throttle priority" is the most reasonable choice to reduce water supply investment, reduce pollution emissions and improve resource utilization efficiency, and it is also the development direction of urban water use in developed countries in the world. It is predicted that in 20 10, the unit investment of water supply facilities will be about 8 yuan /m3, sewage treatment will be about 10 yuan /m3, and water saving will only be about 3 yuan /m3. Reducing sewage discharge by saving water is the most economical means. "Pollution control" is an inevitable requirement for protecting water quality and improving water environment.
The treatment rate of urban sewage and industrial wastewater in the Yangtze River basin is not high. It is predicted that the development trend of urban water pollution will be basically curbed before 20 10, the urban water source will be protected, and the water environment will be obviously improved before 2030. In 20 10 and 2030, the effective treatment rate of urban sewage must reach 50% and 80% respectively.
The second is to adhere to the comprehensive pollution prevention and control strategy based on source control. Due to the unreasonable industrial structure and traditional development model, the water pollution load caused by industrial wastewater accounts for more than 50% of the total water pollution load, and most of the toxic and harmful substances are brought into the water body by the discharge of industrial wastewater. It is necessary to take industrial pollution control as the focus of source control, vigorously promote clean production, eliminate products and processes with large energy and water consumption and backward technology, improve resource utilization and reduce pollution emissions in industrial production.
At the same time, it is necessary to combine ecological agriculture with water-saving agriculture construction, make full use of various rural wastes and livestock and poultry breeding wastewater through rational use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and reduce non-point source pollution to a minimum. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of drinking water sources and ensure the safety of drinking water.
The third is to insist on using various means. Vigorously promote the legal system construction of water resources protection. It is suggested that we should seize the favorable opportunity of the revision of the water law, add a special chapter on "water resources protection", establish a specific water resources protection system, strengthen the legal responsibility for violating the law, and increase the provisions on river basin management.
Specific to the Yangtze River basin, according to the actual needs of water environment protection in the Three Gorges reservoir area, water resources protection in the water source area of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, water resources protection in the Yangtze River estuary ecosystem, water resources protection in the western development and wetland protection and utilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, laws and regulations suitable for the characteristics of the Yangtze River basin should be formulated, and water resources protection in the basin should be guaranteed through legal systems. Strengthen the supervision and management of water resources protection in the river basin, incorporate the water function zoning and water resources protection planning in the Yangtze River basin into the national economic and social development plan as soon as possible, and take effective measures to strengthen the supervision and management of planning implementation.
Increase investment in water resources protection and implement a number of water resources protection projects in key waters such as Chaohu Lake.
Comprehensive measures such as water diversion, sewage interception, dredging, non-point source biological control and pollution source control are taken to provide reliable guarantee for water safety and ecological water use. Actively explore the use of tax, finance, credit, subsidies, incentives, fees, compensation, fines and other economic levers to adjust the relationship between human activities and water environmental protection in the basin, and control pollution through economic means. Pay close attention to the basic work of water resources protection and vigorously promote the application of new technologies.
Conduct a comprehensive and systematic investigation of water quality, sewage outlets into rivers, inshore waters, fish residues and sediments in major cities; According to the specific situation of the Yangtze River basin, we will actively carry out research on key technologies such as water resources protection planning, water saving and pollution prevention, water eutrophication control, and basin water environment management model development.
Pay close attention to the construction of decision support system for water resources protection in the Yangtze River basin, popularize the application of aquatic biological environmental diagnosis technology, and gradually study and adopt automatic monitoring, remote sensing monitoring and other technical means to provide strong technical support for the supervision and management of water resources protection. Formulate appropriate environmental technology policies to encourage low-pollution and pollution-free production.
(5) Persisting in system, mechanism and scientific and technological innovation is the fundamental driving force to promote the governance and development of the Yangtze River.
The current management system and operation mechanism of institutions in the Yangtze River basin are not suitable for their mission and the new requirements of developing the socialist market economy.
The most prominent problem is: according to the current water law, soil and water conservation law and other water laws and regulations, the status of river basin institutions as the main body of law enforcement is unclear? It is difficult to meet the needs of administration according to law; It is difficult for river basin organizations to punish and correct illegal water use, and most of the key controlled projects in the river basin have no direct management right and dispatching right, so they cannot play a unified dispatching role.
River basin management lacks stable investment guarantee and effective financing mechanism; There are also problems of overlapping functions of government and enterprises and unclear responsibilities and rights. The public welfare fund, which has not been compensated for a long time by the main enterprises such as Hanjiang Group and Lushui Administration, has a heavy burden and lacks vitality.
To complete the arduous task of harnessing and developing the Yangtze River in the new century, we must work hard on system reform, mechanism and scientific and technological innovation.