1, Confucius
Confucius (55 BC1-April 479 BC 1 1), the founder of Confucianism, one of the most famous cultural celebrities in the world, and China's "eternal sage". Confucius is the greatest thinker and educator in the history of China, a symbolic figure of China culture, and the maker of China people's code of conduct for two thousand years. His thoughts and theories are the long-term ideology and official philosophy of ancient society.
2. Plato
Plato, a great scholar in ancient Greece, was born in 427 BC. In science, Plato clarified the concept of negative numbers and was regarded as a mathematician. He developed Pythagoras' thought about the harmony of the universe and pointed out that the orbit of celestial bodies is circular. He combined astronomy with geometry and laid the foundation for the later establishment of geocentric theory.
He also compared the universe with the human body, and deduced his views on the nature and structure of the universe, as well as on human physiology. His thoughts on the universe of heaven, earth and human body were popular until the end of the Middle Ages, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of biology. He also recorded the legend of Atlantic City for the first time in his works.
3. Aristotle
Aristotle (384 ~ 322 BC), an ancient philosopher and ancient Greek, is one of the great philosophers, scientists and educators in the ancient history of the world, and can be called a master of Greek philosophy. He is Plato's student and Alexander's teacher.
As an encyclopedic scientist, he has contributed to almost every subject. His works cover ethics, metaphysics, psychology, economics, theology, politics, rhetoric, natural science, education, poetry, customs and Athenian law. Aristotle's works constructed the first extensive system of western philosophy, including morality, aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.
4. Copernicus
Mikolaj Kopernik (1February 47319—1May 24, 543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician, doctor of canon law and priest in the Renaissance.
Copernicus put forward Heliocentrism at the age of 40, which changed people's views on nature and themselves. At that time, the Roman Catholic Church thought that his Heliocentrism violated the Bible. Copernicus still firmly believed in Heliocentrism and thought that Heliocentrism was not contradictory to him. After years of observation and calculation, he completed his masterpiece "The Operation of the Celestial Sphere". 1533, 60-year-old Copernicus made a series of speeches in Rome, and finally decided to publish it when he was nearly seventy years old, but it was not until his deathbed that he received a book written by him from the publisher.
5. Newton
Newton (1643 65438+1October 4th-1727 March 3rd1), a great British physicist, was born in Woolsop village, Lincolnshire. From 1685 to 1687, with the encouragement and sponsorship of astronomer Harley, Newton published the famous mathematical principles of natural philosophy, completed the historic discovery-the laws of motion and gravity, and made great contributions to the development of modern natural science. 1727 died in a small village outside London on March 27th.
In mechanics, Newton expounded the conservation principle of momentum and angular momentum and put forward Newton's law of motion. In optics, he invented reflecting telescope, and based on the observation that a prism diverges white light into the visible spectrum, he developed the color theory. He also systematically expressed the law of cooling and studied the speed of sound. In mathematics, he discovered binomial theorem and founded calculus. In economics, Newton put forward the gold standard.
6. Darwin
Charles robert darwin is a British biologist and the founder of the theory of evolution. I once sailed around the world on the ship Beagle for five years, and made a lot of observations and collections on animals, plants and geological structures. He published the Origin of Species and put forward the theory of biological evolution, thus destroying all kinds of idealistic creationism and species invariance.
In addition to biology, his theory has a great influence on the development of anthropology, psychology and philosophy. Engels listed "evolution theory" as one of the three major discoveries of natural science in the19th century (the other two are cell theory and the law of energy conservation and transformation), and made outstanding contributions to mankind.
7.bacon
Francis Bacon (156165438+122 October-19 April 626), the first viscount St. Alben, was an essayist and philosopher in the English Renaissance. British materialist philosopher, founder of experimental science, founder of modern induction and pioneer of logical organization of scientific research procedures. His major works include New Tools, On the Progress of Science and The Great Rejuvenation of Learning.
8. Aquinas (Italian theologian)
Thomas Aquinas (about1225-1March 7, 274) was a philosopher and theologian of scholasticism in the middle ages. He introduced reason into theology and demonstrated the theory of "divine right of monarch" with "natural law". He was one of the earliest advocates of natural theology and the founder of Thomas School of Philosophy, which became an important basis for Catholicism to study philosophy for a long time. After his death, he was also called Dr. Angel (angel saint) or Dr. Almighty.
The most famous work he wrote is The Complete Book of Theology. The Catholic Church considered him the greatest theologian in history and listed him as one of the 33 church saints. He is the highest authority of Christian theology and theocracy theory in feudal society of western Europe, and a master of scholasticism. The systematic and complete theological system he established had an important influence on the development of Christian theology. He himself was regarded as a saint by the Christian church and known as the "king of theological circles".
9. Voltaire
Fran? ois-Marie Arouet (1694165438+1October 21kloc-0/May 30, 778), pen name Voltaire,18th century French enlightenment thinker and writer.
Voltaire was the leader of the French bourgeois enlightenment in the18th century, and was known as "the king of French thought", "the best poet in France" and "the conscience of Europe". Advocating an enlightened monarch and emphasizing freedom and equality. His representative works include Philosophical Exchange, Louis XIV Age, Honest Man, etc. 1778 died on May 30th at the age of 83.
10, Kant
Immanuel Kant (1724-65438 April 22 +65438 February+02,0804) was born in Konigsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia), a German philosopher and writer and the founder of German classical philosophy. His theory deeply influenced modern western philosophy and created many schools such as German classical philosophy and Kant's philosophy.
Kant was the last major philosopher in the Enlightenment and a representative figure in German ideological circles. He reconciled rene descartes's rationalism with Bacon's empiricism, and is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in the West after Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
The above contents refer to Baidu Encyclopedia-Voltaire, Baidu Encyclopedia-Emmanuel Kant and Baidu Encyclopedia-Thomas Aquinas.