Analysis:
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, scientific and technological progress was remarkable. The science and technology of this period inherited the achievements of the previous generation and made innovations in mathematics, agronomy, geography, astronomical calendar, machinery manufacturing, smelting technology, medicine and many other aspects.
Mathematics is one of the most remarkable scientific and technological achievements in ancient China, and the calculation of pi is the most remarkable achievement in the development of ancient mathematics. A long time ago, people knew that "one path on Wednesday", that is, pi was 3. With the development of production and scientific progress, people know that it is too inaccurate. The greatest contribution of Liu Hui, a mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties, was to put forward the calculation method of pi ("secant method"), which established quite strict theory and perfect algorithm for the calculation of pi and other related problems. Liu Hui's initial concept of limit and the idea of straight curve transformation are very valuable. Zu Chongzhi calculated pi more accurately, and found that pi was between 3. 14 1.5926 and 3. 14 1.5927, and put forward its approximate ratio of 22/7 and secret ratio of 355/1/kloc. He also wrote seal script, which made great achievements in astronomical calendar and mechanical manufacturing.
Agricultural achievements should be first extended to Qi Yao Min Shu. Since ancient times, agriculture has been the main production department in China, and it is very developed. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, there were nine kinds of agricultural books before the Western Han Dynasty. Sheng Shu is an agricultural book in the Western Han Dynasty, but it has been lost. Only by quoting some agricultural books, especially Qi Yao Min Shu, can we know its residual sentences. Qi Yao Min Shu is the earliest complete agricultural book in China. Jia Sixie's works reflect the achievements of ancient agriculture in China in a concentrated, systematic and comprehensive way, especially summing up the production experience in the North during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Jia Sixie's rigorous research, "taking jùn, learning from the scriptures, using rhymes, asking age and testing lines", finally wrote this scientific work on agronomy.
Geography is also a subject that China attached great importance to in ancient times. During the Western Han Dynasty, people were able to draw accurate maps. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sang Qin wrote Water Mirror. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Pei Xiu in the Western Jin Dynasty and Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty were both geographers who had great influence on later generations. Pei Xiu drew a geographical map of Gong Yu. "With the names of mountains and rivers in Gong Yu, the time has never been long and has changed a lot." Before finishing this work, he made a serious study of historical geography. In Preface to the Geographical Map of Gong Yu, he also put forward six principles for drawing maps, namely the famous "six-body painting method". Notes on Water Classics of Li Daoyuan in Northern Wei Dynasty is a comprehensive and systematic geographical monograph in ancient China. The Water Classic Notes recorded 137 rivers, and the Water Classic Notes added more than 1000 rivers. The text has expanded dozens of times, covering a wider range, and the content goes far beyond rivers and hydrology, including the historical changes of rivers, economic conditions, natural landscapes and many other aspects.
Liu Hui put forward the correct calculation method of pi.
Liu Hui was a famous mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the last years of Cao Wei, he wrote nine chapters of arithmetic notes and put forward the correct calculation method of pi. "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" says: "The diameter on Wednesday is one", that is, the approximate value of pi is 3. Liu Hui thought that this was too inaccurate, and pointed out that "three circumference and one diameter" was not pi, but the ratio of circumference to diameter of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle. Liu Hui found that when the number of sides inscribed in a circle is infinitely increased, the perimeter of the polygon is infinitely close to the perimeter of the circle, thus creating the tangent circle technique. He said: "If you cut it carefully, you will lose less. If you cut it, you will cut it again, so you can't cut it, and there will be no loss." Liu Hui successively calculated the side lengths of regular dodecagon, regular icosahedron and regular 96-sided polygon from the hexagon inscribed in the circle, and calculated the area of regular 192-sided polygon, and got pi of 3? 14. Later, he calculated the area of 3072 regular polygons inscribed with a circle and got a more accurate pi, that is, pi is 3? 14 159。 Liu Hui put forward secant method by using the initial concept of limit, which was the most advanced in the world at that time.
Zu Chongzhi's Major Achievements in Mathematics
According to "Sui Shu Law and Discipline", "In ancient times, there were nine numbers, three pi and one pi, and their skills were sparse. Since Liu Xin, Zhang Heng, Liu Hui, Wang Fan, Pi Yanzong and other disciples, they have each set a new rate, but they have not reached a compromise. At the end of the Song Dynasty, South Xuzhou made a history of Zu Chongzhi, and even opened a secret method. The diameter of one hundred million circles was ten feet, and the abundance (surplus approximation) of circles was three feet, one foot, four inches, one minute, five minutes, nine minutes, two seconds, seven seconds and seven seconds. Three feet, one foot, four inches, one minute, five percent, nine cents, two seconds, six seconds. A positive number is between the surplus and the second limit. Density, circle diameter 1 13, circumference 355. Contract price, circle diameter 7, Tuesday 12. It is also necessary to set the open-difference power, open-difference and vertical, taking the perfect circle as the parameter. Fingers should be precise, and counting is the best. The book written is called Composition, and scholars can't study its profundity, so they ignore it. "
Zu Chongzhi's accurate calculation of pi is nearly a thousand years earlier than Europe's.
Zu Chongzhi (429-500) calculated that the excess approximate value of pi was 3. 14 15927, and the deficiency approximate value was 3. 14 15926. Until the beginning of15th century, the Central Asian mathematician Al? Kathy, break it. He calculated the exact value of pi with 16 digits after the decimal point; /kloc-in the 6th century, the French mathematician Viette also broke the record set by Zu Chongzhi. Are about a thousand years behind Zu Chongzhi. Zu Chongzhi also uses fractions to express pi, the density is 355/ 1 13, and the approximate rate is 22/7. /kloc-After the middle of the 6th century, German mathematician Otto (or translated as Otto and Walter) and Dutch mathematician Antoine successively worked out the secret rate. The western mathematical circle also calls the secret rate "Antuoni rate", but in fact it is later than Zu Chongzhi 1 100 years. So it was suggested that "Antoine rate" should be called "Ancestral rate", and this honor should belong to Zu Chongzhi, a great mathematician in ancient China.
Pei Xiu put forward the principle of drawing maps.
Pei Xiu said in "Preface of Gong Yu Area Map": "There are six methods for drawing: one is to divide the rate, so it is also necessary to distinguish the width of the wheel; Second, we must look forward to it, so we are in each other's bodies; Three times in the Tao, so the mathematics is also determined; The fourth is to be competitive, the fifth is to be evil, and the sixth is pedantic and straightforward. These three things are suitable for different places, so the difference between foreign risks is also revised. If there is an image but no score, there is no difference between distance and distance; If you have scores and no expectations, you will lose to the other side, although you get a corner kick; If there is a quasi-hope and no way, it will be applied to the land where mountains and seas are isolated and impassable; If there is a faction in Tao that is not superior, evil and circuitous, then the number of Tao is contrary to the reality of distance and will be inaccurate. So, take these six as a reference. However, the reality of distance depends on speed; The reality of the other party is set in the Tao; The reality of the degree depends on the calculation of competition, evil and straightness; Therefore, although there are steep mountains and huge seas, the reasons for the twists and turns can be guided by the situation. If the method of aiming is correct, it is straight and far, and there is nothing to hide its shape. " People call his six painting principles "painting six bodies".
Ge hong
Ge Hong (284-364), a famous Taoist theorist, physician and alchemist in Jin Dynasty, was born in Jurong, Danyang (now Jurong, Jiangsu). When I was young, I was awarded the title of Commissioner for Suppressing Peasant Uprising. Later, he became a Taoist priest and went to Luofu Mountain for an alchemy. In Bao Puzi, the inner part talks about "the immortal side becomes a ghost, keeping healthy and prolonging life, but getting rid of evil causes trouble", and the outer part talks about "whether the gains and losses in the world are hidden in the world". Among them, the method of alchemy is clearly recorded in the internal chapter "An Dan Pian". Joseph Needham, an Englishman and an authority on the history of science and technology, said: Alchemy in China is "one of the most important sources of the whole chemistry (if not the only one). Ge Hong also wrote the Prescription for Saving the Nation after Elbow, put forward the method of vaccination, and recorded infectious diseases such as smallpox and scrub typhus at the earliest.
Faxian
Fa Xian (about 337-422) was a famous traveler, translator and monk during the Sixteen Countries Period in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Gong was born in Pingyang Wuyang (now xiang yuan, Shanxi). He was the forerunner of China monks who went west to learn Buddhist scriptures. In the first year of Hongshi in the late Qin Dynasty (AD 399), he set off from Chang 'an to the west, waded through quicksand and green hills, and finally arrived in Tianzhu (present-day Indian Peninsula), where he obtained Buddhist classics such as Maha Monk Law and Fangdeng Nirvana, studied Sanskrit and Sanskrit, and arrived in Cross Country (present-day Sri Lanka) and got some classics. After that, Fa Xian returned to China by merchant ship, and was caught in a storm on the way, drifting to Yepoti (now Java, Indonesia). He lived in the local area for a while, and then transferred to other merchant ships to go to Guangzhou. I didn't expect a strong wind to blow on the way, so the boat drifted with the wind and there was no food on board. In the eighth year of Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 4 12), this merchant ship drifted to the south bank of Laoshan Mountain in Changguang County, Qingzhou (now Laoshan Mountain in Qingdao, Shandong Province). After returning to China, Fa Xian went south to Jiankang and translated Buddhist scriptures in Dojo Temple with Buddha Tuotuo. He also described his trip and wrote The Story of the Buddha. Fa Xian has made great contributions to the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries and the development of Buddhism in China.
Hao Lixing in Cao Cao's Works
The whole poem reads: "There are righteous people in Kanto who fight for the heroes. At the beginning, I met Jin Meng, but my heart was in Xianyang. Dong Zhuo's army came together, each with its own plans, looked at each other and refused to stand out. These two sentences led to the battle of various armies, and then the armies of various armies killed each other. Yuan Shao's cousin Yuan Shu proclaimed himself emperor in Huainan, and the emperor Yuan Shaomou carved the emperor in the north. Armor gives birth to cockroaches, and ten thousand people die. The bones were bare in the field, and there was no one among them, and there was no crowing. There are hundreds of people left behind, and their thoughts are broken. "
The trip of Artemisia (hāo) is the name of Yuefu. According to Bao's Notes on Ancient and Modern Music, "Hao Li gave it to a scholar-bureaucrat to make the coffin bearer sing it, which is called an elegy by the world." This article is intended to mourn the death of Wan's surname in the war.
RoyceWong's Seven Wounded Poems (one of three selections)
"The chaos of Xijing is like nothing (long-term security is not a famous thing), and the wolf and tiger are in trouble. After abandoning China (Central Plains), I devoted myself to a decent life. My relatives are sad for me, and my friends are chasing me. I didn't see anything when I went out, and the bones covered the plain. There was a hungry woman on the road, holding her child in her arms and leaving the grass. Wen Gu burst into tears and cried alone. " I don't know where to die, how to finish it! "I can't bear to listen to this statement. Go south to the Baling River and look back at Chang 'an. People who know the novel Xia Quan are heartbroken. "
Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden (the second of five choices)
one
"No rhyme, sex QiuShan. It took 13 years to fall into the dust net by mistake (the original biography is' 30 years', which is regarded as'13 years'). Tao Yuanming became an official at the age of 29 and served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou until Peng Ze resigned at the age of 4 1 3. Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past. Land reclamation in the south and return to the countryside. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village. Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. After staying in the cage for a long time, I will return to nature. "
third
"Nanshan plants beans, and the grass is covered with bean sprouts. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. The clothes are not covered, but the wish is not violated. "
Seven songs of picking mulberry degrees
Silkworms are born in March and spring mulberry is full of green. Daughter picks spring mulberry, and the song is blown as spring music.
You can swim and pick mulberry girls, full of spring fragrance. Pose in spring should be charming, and makeup elements should be beautiful.
Tie strips of spring mulberry and pick leaves one by one. Picking mulberry without hook will damage the purple skirt.
Yuhuan raises silkworms a little, and raises a hundred ridges at one end. But when it is dark and thin, mulberry leaves are often thoughtless.
When mulberry is picked in spring, the forest is full of joy. If your silkworms are less than 100, you have to embroider them.
When the mulberry leaves are full of sunshine and the moon is full, how can the green leaves be graceful and restrained? Climbing the bar on the tree table will ruin the purple skirt.
Fake silkworms turn into cocoons, and rotten silkworms don't spin silk. In vain, what is the bottom of sericulture?
This is a group of Yuefu folk songs praising the sericulture of women in Jiangnan and Chun Qing, which is quite distinctive in thought. Most of the folk songs in the Southern Dynasties came from cities, reflecting that there were very few productive workers. The first two songs, in clear language, depict a light and lively picture of mulberry picking in spring. The third and seventh songs are mainly sang by Caisang, which shows the unique interest of Caisang girls. The fourth, fifth and sixth songs are different from the other four songs in content, color and atmosphere, which show the difficulty of labor, the unspeakable heart melody of mulberry pickers and the faint melancholy.
Analyzing the whole set of poems, this mulberry picker seems to be the first love. A girl full of Chun Qing's longing for different pity was left out in the cold, and she felt disappointed, annoyed and sad. Folk songs expressing love by picking mulberry and raising silkworms are not uncommon in Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties. There are also many folk songs that show the gap between two feelings. The main feature of this group of poems is to use mulberry picking and sericulture to produce labor, subtly and naturally hint at the unfortunate love story of mulberry picking women, and closely combine labor and love, which is more artistic than folk songs that simply express love. The purpose of the whole set of poems is not to express labor, but mainly to embody a kind of love with a slight rural flavor.
Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting
Wang Xizhi (32 1-379, another way of saying it is 303-36 1), one of the most outstanding calligraphers in China, was praised as a "book saint" by later generations. Linyi people, Lang Xie people, born gentry, was once a general of the right army. People also call him Wang Youjun. In his early years, he studied calligraphy with Mrs. Wei (Master). Later, Zhang Zhi, a cursive script, and Zhong You, a regular script, collected the achievements of predecessors and brought forth the new.
Preface to Lanting, also known as Preface to Lanting Collection, is Wang Xizhi's masterpiece. The Preface to Lanting is a masterpiece, both in writing and calligraphy. On the third day of the third lunar month in the 9th year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (353), Wang Xizhi, Xie An, Sun Chuo and other scribes hosted a banquet and chatted with each other in Yinshan Lanting, Huiji County. These literati wrote many poems on impulse. When the wine arrived, Wang Xizhi was in high spirits and wrote this preface for the poetry collection. This portrait of Mo Bao is a dragon, full of weather. There are 20 words "Zhi" in the full text, all of which are unique and identical, and can be called masterpieces. After the death of Emperor Taizong, the handwriting of Preface to Lanting Collection was "hidden in Zhaoling (the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong, now in Liquan, Shaanxi)" as a sacrifice. The Preface to the Lanting Pavilion, existing in the Palace Museum, was ordered by Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty to be copied by Feng Chengsu.
Gu Kaizhi's Interpretation of Female History
Gu Kaizhi, a famous ancient painter, was born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was born in Wuxi, Jinling (now Wuxi, Jiangsu), and he is knowledgeable and good at drawing characters. His figure painting outlines the outline and pleats of the characters with simple and slender lines, and focuses on depicting the mental state of the characters. "The mind is subtle and unpredictable." A woman's history is his masterpiece. This picture scroll is based on "Proverbs of Women's History" by Zhang Hua, a poet in the Western Jin Dynasty. Zhang Hua's works describe the significance of court women's day, and preach "female virtue". For example, in the fourth section, he accuses people of only grooming their looks and not paying attention to moral cultivation, and emphasizes that people should pay attention to moral cultivation just like washing their faces and combing their hair. The fourth part of Gu Kaizhi's Proverbs of Women's History shows the above contents. The picture in this picture is the image of a lady dressed up, with lines and ink as the main colors and transparent colors. The woman sat quietly, looking at the mirror. The image and manner of the characters in the painting are in line with their respective identities. Gu Kaizhi's A History of Women is not an original. According to legend, the existing scrolls were copied by people in the Tang Dynasty, but they also have both form and spirit, retaining the legacy of the original. They have been handed down as treasures. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, took this rare treasure and hid it in the British Museum in London, England.