I. Enter the names and symbols of the following elements:
1，O，O，H，H，N，N，Cl，C，C，P，P，S，S。
2. Potassium, potassium, calcium, calcium, sodium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, aluminum, zinc, zinc, iron, copper, mercury, silver, manganese, manganese, barium and barium.
Second, memorize the chemical formulas of the following substances:
1, simple substances: H2, H2, O2, O2, N2, N2, carbon, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, iron, copper, mercury and mercury.
2. Compounds
(1) oxide:
H2O, H2O, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide, SO3, SO3, phosphorus pentoxide and phosphorus pentoxide.
Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe3O4, Fe3O4, CaO, MgO, MgO, CuO, CuO, ZnO, FeO, FeO, MnO2, MnO2 and Na2O, sodium oxide.
(2) Acid:
Hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, bicarbonate, sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid and sulfurous acid.
(3) Alkali:
NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide Cu(OH)2 copper hydroxide Fe(OH)3 iron hydroxide Fe(OH)2 ferrous hydroxide Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide.
(4) Salt:
NaCl sodium chloride Na2CO3 sodium carbonate ZnCl2 zinc chloride CaCl2 calcium chloride KCl potassium chloride Na2SO4 sodium sulfate CuSO4 copper sulfate AgCl silver chloride FeCl3 ferric chloride FeCl2 ferric chloride AlCl3 aluminum chloride FeSO4 ferrous sulfate Fe2(SO4). 3 ferric sulfate ZnSO4 zinc sulfate CaCO3 calcium carbonate BaCl2 barium chloride BaSO4 barium sulfate KClO3 potassium chlorate KMnO4 potassium permanganate K2MnO4 potassium nitrate KNO3 potassium nitrate Cu(NO3)2 copper nitrate Hg(NO3)2 mercury nitrate NH4Cl ammonium chloride NH4NO3 ammonium nitrate (NH4)2SO4 ammonium sulfate NH4CO 3 ammonium bicarbonate NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate Cu2(OH)2CO3 basic copper carbonate.
(5) Organic matter:
CH4 methane C2H5OH ethanol (alcohol) CH3OH methanol CH3COOH acetic acid (acetic acid) CO(NH2)2 urea
Three, memorize the valence of the following elements in the compound:
+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +3 +2 +3
Potassium, sodium, silver, calcium, magnesium, zinc, barium, copper, aluminum and iron (iron oxide)
-2 - 1 -2
O Cl S
+ 1 - 1 - 1 -2 -2 -2 -3 - 1
NH4 OH NO3 CO3 SO4 SO3 PO4 HCO3
Four, memorize the following chemical equations:
(a) chemical reaction A+B→C
1. Charcoal burns in oxygen: C+O2= ignition =CO2.
2. Sulfur burns in oxygen: S+O2= ignition =SO2.
3. Magnesium burns in air: 2Mg+O2= ignition =2MgO.
4. Iron burns in oxygen: 3Fe+2O2= ignition =Fe3O4.
5. Phosphorus burning in oxygen: 4P+5O2= ignition =2P2O5.
6. Copper is heated in air: 2Cu+O2=△=2CuO.
7. Hydrogen burns in oxygen: 2H2+O2= ignition =2H2O.
8. Carbon monoxide burns in air: 2CO+O2= ignition =2CO2.
9. Incomplete combustion of carbon: 2C+O2 (insufficient) = ignition =2CO.
10, carbon dioxide passes through the burning carbon layer: CO2+C= high temperature =2CO.
1 1. The reaction between carbon dioxide and water: CO2+H2O=H2CO3.
1 1', sodium oxide soluble in water: Na2O+H2O=2NaOH.
1 1'', quicklime and hydration: CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2.
1 1'', sulfur trioxide is soluble in water: SO3+H2O=H2SO4.
(2) Decomposition reaction: C → A+B.
12, potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide * * * heat (O2 made in laboratory): 2kclo3 = (MnO2 = △ = 2kcl+3o2 =
13, heated potassium permanganate: 2kmno4 =△ = k2mno4+MnO2+O2 =
14, heating basic copper carbonate: Cu2 (OH) 2co3 = △ = 2cuo+H2O+CO2 =
15, electrolyzed water: 2H2O= energized = 2h2 =+O2 =
16, unstable decomposition of carbonic acid: H2CO3 = H2O+CO2 =
17. Calcined limestone at high temperature: CaCO3= high temperature = Cao+CO2 =
18, copper sulfate crystal loses crystallization water when heated: CuSO4? 5H2O=△=CuSO4+5H2O
18', copper hydroxide is decomposed by heating: Cu(OH)2=△=CuO+H2O.
(3) Displacement reaction A+BC→B+AC
19, reaction of zinc with dilute sulfuric acid (made by H2 Laboratory): Zn+H2SO4 = ZnSO4+H2 =
20. The reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid: Zn+2hcl = zncl2+H2 =
2 1, iron and hydrochloric acid: Fe+2 HCl = FeCl 2+H2 =
22. Iron and dilute sulfuric acid: Fe+H2SO4 = FeSO4+H2 =
23. Reduction of copper oxide by hydrogen: H2+CuO=△=Cu+H2O.
24. Reduction of copper oxide with charcoal: C+2CuO= high temperature = 2cu+CO2 =
25, carbon reduction of iron oxide: 3C+2Fe2O3= high temperature = 4fe+3co2 =
26. ferric sulfate and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4=Cu+FeSO4.
27. Copper and mercury nitrate solution: Cu+Hg(NO3)2=Hg+Cu(NO3)2.
28. Reduction of iron oxide by hydrogen: 3H2+Fe2O3=△=2Fe+2H2O.
29. Aluminum and dilute sulfuric acid: 2al+3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3+3H2 =
30. Reaction of sodium with water: 2na+2h2o = 2nNaOH+H2 =
(4) Double decomposition reaction AB+CD→AD+CB.
3 1, marble and dilute hydrochloric acid (CO2 made in laboratory): CaCO3+2hcl = CaCl2+H2O+CO2 =
32. Sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate: 2NaOH+CuSO4=Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4.
33. Sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid (fire extinguisher principle): Na2CO3+2HCl = 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =
34. Potassium carbonate (plant ash) and hydrochloric acid: K2CO3+2HCl = 2kCl+H2O+CO2 =
35. hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide (neutralization reaction): HCl+NaOH=NaCl+H2O.
36. Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution: H2SO4+2NaOH=Na2SO4+2H2O.
37. sulfuric acid and barium chloride solution: H2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4↓+2HCl.
38. hydrochloric acid and silver nitrate solution: HCl+AgNO3=AgCl↓ (white) +HNO3.
39. Sodium hydroxide and ferric chloride solution: 3NaOH+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3↓ (reddish brown) +3NaCl.
40. Barium carbonate and dilute nitric acid: baco3+2hno3 = Ba (NO3) 2+CO2 =+H2O.
4 1, sodium sulfate and barium chloride: Na2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4↓+2NaCl.
42. Sodium chloride and silver nitrate: NaCl+AgNO3=AgCl↓+NaNO3.
43. Sodium carbonate and limewater: Na2CO3+Ca(OH)2=CaCO3↓+2NaOH.
44. Aluminum hydroxide and hydrochloric acid: Al(OH)3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O.
45. Ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide: NH4NO3+NaOH = △ = nano3+H2O+NH3 =
46. Iron hydroxide and sulfuric acid: 2Fe(OH)3+3H2SO4=Fe2(SO4)3.
47. Derusting with hydrochloric acid: Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O.
48. Copper oxide and sulfuric acid: CuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2O.
(5) Others:
49. Carbon dioxide makes clear limewater turbid: CO2+Ca(OH)2=CaCO3↓+H2O.
50. Introduce carbon dioxide into sodium hydroxide solution: CO2+2NaOH=Na2CO3+H2O.
5 1. Absorb sulfur dioxide with sodium hydroxide solution: SO2+2NaOH=Na2SO3+H2O.
52. Reducing copper oxide with carbon monoxide: CO+CuO=△=Cu+CO2.
53. Reduction of iron oxide by carbon monoxide (ironmaking): 3CO+Fe2O3= high temperature =2Fe+3CO2.
54. Methane burns in air: CH4+2O2= ignition =CO2+2H2O.
55. Ethanol burns in air: C2H5OH+3O2= ignition =2CO2+3H2O.
56. Combustion of methanol in air: 2CH3OH+3O2= ignition =2CO2+4H2O.
Two. List of metal activities: potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, tin, lead (hydrogen), copper, mercury, silver and platinum.
———————————————————————→
The metal activity gradually decreases from strong to weak.
Summary: 1. Only metals before H can replace hydrogen in acid.
2. Only the front metal can displace the back metal from the salt solution.
Fourth, memorize the scientific names, common names and corresponding chemical formulas of certain substances.
Hg mercury (mercury) CO2 carbon dioxide (dry ice) CO carbon monoxide (gas) CH4 methane (biogas natural gas) CaO calcium oxide (quicklime) Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) CaCO3 calcium carbonate (limestone, marble) NaCl sodium chloride (salt) KMnO4 potassium permanganate (lime manganese oxide) C2H5OH ethanol (alcohol) CH3COOH acetic acid (acetic acid NaOH sodium hydroxide (caustic soda, caustic soda) Na2CO3 sodium carbonate (soda ash, soda) NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) HCl hydrochloric acid (hydrochloric acid 5H2O copper sulfate pentahydrate (sulfuric acid, blue alum) NH4HCO3 ammonium bicarbonate (ammonium bicarbonate) Cu2(OH)2CO3 basic copper carbonate (verdigris))