Zhang heng
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Zhang Heng (78 BC to 65438 BC+039 BC) was born in Xi 'e, Nan Yang, Eastern Han Dynasty (now Shiqiao, nanzhao county, Henan). I have developed a good habit of reading and thinking carefully since I was a child. He is well-read in poetry, proficient in six arts (etiquette, music, archery, bending, calligraphy and mathematics), and his talent is very high.
In BC 1 165438, 34-year-old Zhang Heng was recommended to be a doctor in Beijing. Because he was good at astronomical calendar calculation, he was later appointed as Taishiling. Zhang Heng often observed the sun, moon and stars, and explored their operating laws, and wrote important astronomical theoretical works.
-"Lingxian". The names of equator, ecliptic, South Pole and North Pole were put forward, 2,500 stars were recorded, and the first complete star map of China was drawn. He created the world's first automatic astronomical instrument, the armillary sphere, according to the movement law of the sun. In the era when Zhang Heng lived, earthquakes were frequent. After years of painstaking research and continuous exploration, a seismograph was finally invented and manufactured in A.D. 132, which can determine the time and direction of earthquakes. He also invented a meteorological instrument to test the wind direction, a three-wheeled automatic car, an automatic wooden bird that can fly for miles, an instrument to measure the shadow of the sun, and so on. In addition, there is a mathematical work, computational theory. He also made achievements in geography, and his topographic maps have been circulated for hundreds of years. In literature and art, he was a famous writer and one of the six painters in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and a philosopher of simple materialism and dialectics.
Monk and his party
Monks and their entourage, whose real names are Zhang Sui, were born in Changle, Weizhou (now Nanle County, Puyang City, Henan Province) in the fourth year of Xianheng, Tang Gaozong (AD 673). Become a monk when you are young, and act in a legal name. As a teenager, he studied hard and mastered profound knowledge. He once went to Du Yuan, a city rich in books, to borrow books and read. Later, in order to learn mathematics knowledge, he traveled thousands of miles and visited celebrities for advice. This learning spirit made this group famous for its mastery of astronomy and calendars when it was young.
In the fifth year of Kaiyuan (AD 7 17), a group of people came to Chang 'an, Kyoto, from Dangyang Mountain Buddhist Temple, where Jingzhou lived in seclusion, to serve as a consultant to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. This group of people lived in Chang 'an for ten years and died in the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan (AD 727). Over the past ten years, our party has devoted itself to astronomical research and calendar reform and made outstanding contributions.
In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (AD 72 1 year), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered his party to preside over the revision of the new calendar. On the issue of calendar revision, the delegation inherited the fine tradition of astronomy in China, and advocated compiling a new calendar based on the measured operation of the sun, moon and five stars. To this end, together with Liang Lingzan, a mechanical expert, and relying on a group of craftsmen, he created large-scale astronomical observation instruments and demonstration instruments, such as the Zodiac Patrol Instrument and the Waterborne Astrologer, which prepared material and technical conditions for revising the new calendar.
Zodiac is an astronomical instrument used to observe the position and operation of the sun, moon and stars, and it is a kind of armillary sphere. The water-borne armillary sphere (elephant) is an instrument driven by water, which can imitate the movement of celestial bodies, similar to the modern celestial sphere. This kind of water transport almanac regularly demonstrates the movement of the sun, moon and stars, which is more delicate and complicated than Zhang Heng's water transport almanac. In addition, there are two wooden figures on the water-borne armillary sphere, driven by gears. One automatically beats the drum every moment (in ancient times, it was 100 minutes a day and night), and the other automatically rings the bell every morning (within two hours). It can be said that it is the ancestor of modern clocks, six centuries earlier than the wicker clock that appeared in the west in 1370, which fully shows the intelligence of the working people and scientists in ancient China.
After the instrument was made, in the 12th year of Kaiyuan (AD 724), the team initiated and organized a large-scale astronomical survey. The measurement contents include the length of the sun shadow at noon on the equinox (vernal equinox, autumnal equinox) and the second solstice (winter solstice, summer solstice), the height of the North Pole (elevation angle of the celestial pole), the length of day and night, and so on. In order to measure the elevation angle of the North Pole, we designed a measuring tool called "moment superposition" and drew 24 "moment superposition diagrams" according to the observed data. At the same time, according to the measured data, the line also calculates that the height difference of the North Pole is one degree, and the north-south distance is 35 1 80 steps, that is, 15 1.07 km. This data is essentially the length of the meridian of the earth (that is, the meridian). Although it is not very accurate, it is the beginning of large-scale meridian measurement in the world. In foreign countries, the earliest longitude measurement was carried out by Arabian astronomer Al-Khwarizmi and others in 8 14, 90 years later than in China.
On the basis of large-scale field observation and absorption of previous research results, the group began to formulate a new calendar in the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan (AD 725), and completed the first draft in the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, named Dayan Calendar. Unfortunately, in this year, the party passed away. His posthumous works were edited and arranged by Chen and others, with a total of 52 volumes.
The most outstanding contribution of Dayan Calendar is to correctly grasp the changing law of the apparent speed of the sun on the ecliptic. Ancient astronomers always thought that the speed of the sun was uniform. They divide the ecliptic into three degrees, six degrees, five degrees and twenty-five degrees, and think that the sun passes through one degree at a constant speed every day. Through calculation, it is pointed out that the sun runs fastest in winter solstice, then slows down gradually, and runs slowest in summer solstice. The situation after the summer solstice is opposite to that before the summer solstice. The understanding of lines is more realistic. According to the calculation of a group of people, from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox, the sun runs a quarter of 365.25 degrees, about 9 1.3 1 degree, and it takes six solar terms and * * * 89 days. From the vernal equinox to the summer solstice, the sun also passed 9 1.3 1 degree, which took * * * 93.37 days. The situation around the autumnal equinox is the same as that around the vernal equinox. This is illustrated by concrete data, which shows that the degree on the ecliptic between every two qi is the same, but the time interval is not equal. A line further creates a quadratic interpolation formula with unequal spacing, which is not only of great significance to astronomical calculation, but also of certain significance in the history of world mathematics development.
Dayan Calendar was compiled on the basis of a comprehensive study and summary of ancient calendars. It summarizes the China calendar without a unified format in the past into seven parts: one is to calculate the solar terms and the average time of the first month (step by step); Second, calculate the seventy-second phase (the first phase is calculated in five days, and the climate change is described by the change of bird and animal vegetation) (gradual convergence); Third, calculate the movement of the sun (step method) (sound entanglement, Chá n); Fourth, calculate the movement of the moon (step-moon separation); Fifth, calculate the time (track leakage); Six, the calculation of solar eclipse and lunar eclipse (step intersection); Seventh, calculate the five-element operation (step five-star technique). This writing method is systematic in content, reasonable in structure and strict in logic, so it has been used until the end of the Ming Dynasty. It can be seen that Dayan history plays an important role in the history of China. Although Dayan Calendar was the most superior calendar at that time, it was opposed by the old school soon after its promulgation. Later, it was calculated by Linde calendar, nine calendars introduced from India and Dayan calendar respectively. Results Dayan calendar was accurate seven or eight times, Linde calendar was accurate three or four times, and nine calendars were accurate only once or twice ten times. In the face of facts, the Dayan calendar can continue to be used.
In a word, he and his party have made great achievements in astronomy, calendar, instrument manufacturing, mathematics and so on, and are famous astronomers with outstanding achievements in the history of science and technology in China.
Zhu Zaiyu (1536 ——161year), a native of Qushan Mountain, Jiufeng Mountain, also known as Kuangsheng, an alcoholic in Yang Shan, died in the Qing Dynasty and was born in Huaiqing Prefecture, Henan Province (now Qinyang City, Jiaozuo). Zhu Zaiyu was deeply influenced by his father, Gong Zheng Wang Xiude. His father gave lectures, dressed in clothes and vegetables, was able to read and write, and was thrifty and eager to learn. In the 29th year of Jiajing (1550), Wang Gongfei was imprisoned in a high wall. Zhu Zaiyu, who was only 15 years old, was extremely eager to learn. He built a mud room outside the palace gate and started the indifferent life of mugwort alone. In the long years of 19, Zhu Zaiyu worshipped Tessa, went out of common sense, pursued the spirit of the sun and the moon, devoted himself to the study of temperament and calendar calculation, and opened up a broad frontier subject field. Zhu Zaiyu went beyond the ancestral rules and regulations, broke the old habits, paid attention to practice and experiment, and worked hard to seek truth all his life, and worked hard to complete more than 20 masterpieces, such as New Theory of Law, New Theory of Arithmetic, Book of Jia Liang, Music and Law, and Words to Wake the World. He calculated the square root and square root in abacus, obtained the solution of geometric series, initiated the law of twelve averages, put forward the theory of "variable diameter tube", and designed and manufactured the chord quasi-sum tube; He founded "Dance Learning" and drew a lot of dance scores. He invented the fixed-length method, accurately calculated the geographical position and geomagnetic declination of Beijing, and also accurately calculated the length of the tropic year and the proportion of Mercury. "His theory is a great revolution in musicology and music physics, and also a great invention in the history of world science and technology." He is an encyclopedic scholar born in the soil of China traditional culture. He is a musician, musician, instrument manufacturer and dancer. He is also a mathematician, physicist and astronomer. He has also made great achievements in art, philosophy and literature. As early as the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zaiyu won many world firsts for China. Chinese and foreign scholars revere them as "saints of the Eastern Renaissance". Zhu Zaiyu is a real "world historical and cultural celebrity".
Zhu Zaiyu was deeply influenced by his father Gong Zheng Wang Zhu Houan Xiu De. He taught, dressed, grew vegetables, could read and write, and was a thrifty and studious person since he was a child. When he was five years old, that is, in the twenty-ninth year of Jiajing (1550), due to the power struggle between the royal family, his father was acquitted and imprisoned in a high wall. Zhu Zaiyu, who was only 15 years old, was extremely eager to learn. He built a mud room outside the palace gate and started the indifferent life of mugwort alone.
In the long years of 19, Zhu Zaiyu took Tessa as his teacher, stepped out of common sense, pursued the spirit of the sun and the moon, devoted himself to studying music and calendars, and opened up a broad frontier subject field. At the age of 24, Zhu Zaiyu wrote his first academic monograph "Thule". Later, he successively wrote a series of works on music theory, such as The Complete Book of Music Method, The Truth of Law and Lu, and The Query and Doubt of Law and Lu.
Zhu Zaiyu went beyond the ancestral rules and regulations, broke the old habits, paid attention to practice and experiment, and worked hard to seek truth all his life, and worked hard to complete more than 20 masterpieces, such as New Theory of Law, New Theory of Arithmetic, Book of Jia Liang, Music and Law, and Words to Wake the World. He calculated the square root and square root in abacus calculation, obtained the solution of geometric series, initiated the twelve-average law (or twelve-equal-diameter law and new secret ratio), put forward the theory of "variable diameter", and designed and manufactured the chord quasi-sum law tube; He founded "Dance Learning" and drew a lot of dance scores.
Zhu Zaiyu is not only good at music research and dance design, but also has made great achievements in astronomy and mathematics. In astronomy, in the nine years of Wanli, he completed the book "Harmony of Law and Calendar". Since then, on the basis of summarizing the historical experience of predecessors, two new calendars have been written: Huang Lizhong and Master Wanli.
Arithmetically, he worked out the square root with beads for the first time, worked out the equation of series, and solved the decimal conversion of different decimals, some of which are still in use today.
He invented the fixed-length method, accurately calculated the geographical position and geomagnetic declination of Beijing, and also accurately calculated the length of the tropic year and the proportion of Mercury.
"His theory is a great revolution in musicology and music physics, and also a great invention in the history of world science and technology." He is an encyclopedic scholar born in the soil of China traditional culture. He is a musician, musician and musician, and he is also very successful in music. As early as the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zaiyu won many world firsts for China. Chinese and foreign scholars revere them as "saints of the Eastern Renaissance". Zhu Zaiyu is a real "world historical and cultural celebrity".
Modern Wang Yongmin
1. The inventor of the keyboard input of Wang code Chinese characters.
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1. Wang Yongmin, Han nationality, professor-level senior engineer.
1943 12 was born in a poor peasant family in nanzhao county, Nanyang district, Henan province. 1962 He was admitted to the Department of Radio Electronics of China University of Science and Technology with the first place in Nanyang College Entrance Examination to study microwave antenna and laser technology. Poetry, calligraphy, seal cutting, music knowledge.
1978- 1983, with five years' efforts, he researched and invented the "five-stroke font" (Wang code) which was evaluated by experts at home and abroad as "its significance is no less than movable type printing". Using, integrating and creating the latest achievements of many disciplines, he put forward the "three principles of shape and code design", pioneered the "Chinese radical periodic table" and invented 25 keys.
After 1983, it was promoted with the power of 15, covering more than 90% users in China; He was invited to give lectures at the United Nations for five times, and won honor for the motherland with the extensive influence and application of "Five strokes" in the world. 1984 won the titles of "May 1st Labor Medal", "National Expert" and "National Excellent Scientific and Technological Worker". 1April 1988 became one of the ten "national model workers" specially named by the State Council. 1993 was elected as the top ten outstanding party member in Beijing.
After 1994, five pioneering patent technologies, such as "98-King Code", "Reading Speech Translator" and "Business Card Manager", were successively invented. 65438+1studied in the United States in August 1995, and1returned to China in May 1997.
1February, 998, "grinding one key in ten years" invented the first "98 standard king code" in China, which conforms to the national language and writing norms, can handle Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters at the same time, and has the world leading level. At the same time, it launched the world's first "comprehensive solution" for Chinese character keyboard input and its series of software, which became a milestone in the development and application of Chinese character input technology in China.
Since 1996, Professor Wang Yongmin has studied the method of inputting Chinese characters with numeric keys, initiated the "code selection method for the first part and the rest", completed the patented technology of digital five-stroke Chinese character input in August 2000, and developed two sets of finished software, namely "six keys are king codes" and "nine keys are king codes".
He is currently the vice chairman of China Private Technology Industrialists Association and the president of Beijing Wangma Computer Company and Beijing Wangma Network Company.
Self-description is "a scholar, half a farmer", motto is "science is a book that can never be read", and code of conduct is "patriotism, pragmatism and innovation".