When Confucius traveled eastward, he saw two children arguing and asked them why.
A child said, "I think the sun is close to the sky at sunrise and far from the sky at noon." . "
Another child thinks that the sun is far from the sun when it rises, and it is closer to people at noon.
One son said, "The sun rises as big as the hood of a car at first, and rises as a bowl at noon.". This is not for the small ones far away, but for the big ones near? "
A Confucius said, "It's cool to get out of the sky at the beginning of the day, and it's like exploring soup in Japan and China. Isn't this near hot and far cold? "
Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong.
The two children said with a smile, "Who (shú) is more knowledgeable (wise) than you (rǔ)?"
Translation:
Confucius traveled to the East and met two children arguing on the way. I asked them why they quarreled.
A child said, "I think the sun is close to people at sunrise and far away from people at noon."
Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first rises and close to people at noon.
A child said, "When the sun first rose, it was as big as a hood. At noon, it looks like a plate. Isn't it that far things look small and near things look big? "
Another child said, "It's cool as soon as the sun comes out, and it's hot when you put your hand into hot water at noon. Isn't it cooler when it's far away and hotter when it's near? "
Confucius couldn't decide who was right or wrong.
The two children smiled and said, "Who said you were well informed!"
Enlightenment of Japanese Debate
1. The universe is infinite, knowledge is infinite, and learning is infinite. Even the learned Confucius knew something. We should keep learning.
2. Know nature, explore objective things, dare to think independently and question boldly.
3. Knowing means knowing, and not knowing means not knowing. "Don't be too ignorant."
Understanding things from different angles will lead to different results.
Listen to the voices of the children around you, maybe you can make progress.
6. Knowledge has no age and no boundaries.
7. When we explain our own truth, we should be as well-founded as two children and explain the problem with reason.
8. The problem should be considered from many aspects, so that the problem can be considered comprehensively.
2. Seeking the similarity between classical Chinese and translation, I thank Zhang Xuecheng for distinguishing the original text from the heart, which is immeasurable. The speaker's inner voice is good at observing people and only looks at what he says.
People are not all good, but what they say is not good. People who are good at observing people only observe the reasons why they speak well.
Confucius said: "I started with others, I listened to their words and believed in their actions;" Today, I am also a person, listening to his words and observing his actions. "I'm afraid what he said was unintentional, which is true.
If the husband misses the point, such as a ruthless lawsuit, the words are poor and easy to see, and it is not a gentleman's trouble. The trouble with learning is that the same gentleman has the same words and the same person has something to say. It makes sense for him to be the spokesman. There is not much difference between the two.
There are no more words in the world. (Words are ever-changing, with only a few ends, so there are not many words. )
People change all the time. With the constant change of people, I don't say much, but as far as their differences are concerned, they still have to be different.
For example, there are only four doors in the city and there are thousands of people in the city. If you have friends when you go out, there must be more than four roads, and those who go out stop at four doors. However, although the trend is different, when it comes to the origin, it must be different.
I didn't mean to attack each other, nor did I vote for the East and pretend to be the West. This is inevitable. Tree art is food, so it is also food for the people.
Yi Di said, "The five grains must be ripe." When asked what it means to pray for familiarity, he said, "If you are not familiar with it, you will not think that wine is pulp."
Teach people to raise silkworms, so plan for the elderly. Chiyou said, "Silkworm and mulberry must be planted."
If you want to plant it, say, "If you don't plant it, you will feel nonstandard." Husband, instrument and human-god, aren't they just millet and silk? However, with food and clothing, you can't get it and you can't rely on it.
"Yi" says: "The unexpected of Yin and Yang is called God." He also said, "God is also good, and he who speaks for all things is also good."
Mencius said, "Those who change greatly are called saints, and those who are holy and unknowable are called gods." The origin of this deification is also.
Husband, yin and yang are unpredictable and inseparable. Everything is beautiful and inseparable from everything.
Ignorance is inseparable from richness and brilliance. However, those who say "God is wonderful" make people unmoved, that is, what they know and see is what they want to see and what they don't know.
Academic articles are full of fun. After learning, you can learn from it or learn from it. People who know can say it's wonderful, but people who know it can't.
Those who don't learn and don't know are trapped in their hearts and have no access, and their discrimination is poor and they have nothing to say, that is, they know without saying anything. Therefore, a gentleman is like an evil husband, but it is not.
The fool said to Li Yukou, "People will protect you, but you can't stop people from protecting you." However, it can't make people protect themselves, but it can make people go up without protecting themselves, with someone else's guarantee in the middle.
So the world is only in the middle, and it is easy to be different. It's not as good as being in the middle, and it's almost the same. When I first started learning, I couldn't remember it. If I went deeper, my memory would be deeper.
So, if you remember, you will learn. Subsidize boats and cars when people are right; Go to its position and give up the boat and car.
If you can't take a step, you don't have to travel by boat. People who don't have to travel by boat are those who believe they can do the same.
So, you look like a wicked husband, but you're not. (Cheng Zi called Xie Shangcai a plaything when he saw that he was familiar with Confucian classics. After all, it is inconsistent with Confucius. )
At first sight, talk about reason, wisdom, ignorance and virtue, and it will not be far off. If you think about it again, you will be in a trance and unable to rely on it.
Think twice before you act, you will be dazzled, if you take it away. Without repeated efforts, it is better to turn around and start.
At first glance, I stood outside, so I was omnipotent. Then I entered it again and again, but my body had turned from it. You must try your best to turn around, and then you will get the first look, so you can't be afraid to learn.
However, when the body turns from distortion, God does not see everything at a glance, so he must always remember his first sight, thinking that there is no trance and chaotic guide, only a few times can restore his first sight. In my opinion, today's good scholars don't do it at the beginning, but later they didn't expect it. They make a big fuss and overcome difficulties in order to add people to their studies. Although the boat is not tied, how to use it? It is said that study should not be disturbed.
Therefore, a gentleman is like an evil husband, but it is not. Husband's words are so sensible, and between the lines is so inclusive.
Empty cars play a decorative role, but the owners are ignorant. It is not enough to indulge in words. "Yi" said: "Mixed, so it is called Wen."
He also said, "its meaning is far-reaching, and its words are also." "The Book" says: "The political value remains unchanged, but words are still important."
"Poetry" says: "The word arrangement is consistent with the people." "Ji" said: "If you don't restrain it, you will be called the first king."
Chuan said, "It's just words." Zeng Zi said, "If you give up your words, it will be far contemptible."
It is not unreasonable to preach the words of sages and attach importance to literature. Gavin is so solid that he is rational. If the text is not prepared, the reason is unknown.
Moreover, words have their own reasons. Yanji is so ugly that people who see it feel the same way. They don't care about the truth contained in it, that is, the truth of words. Therefore, the most important thing is that words are not what they value, nor are there no words.
And poor Confucianism does not learn, which means that "work and writing are harmful to Tao." Therefore, a gentleman is like an evil husband, but it is not.
Lu said, "Although you are worried, you should worry about others first; Xun is sincere and righteous, although he loves to donate. " People who cover articles are very angry and often afraid of the ancients talking in front of me; If the fruit is like the ancients, it will hurt the integrity. Although cute, it will be cut off.
Han retreated and said, "If the past is ancient, it will come out of itself and cannot be attacked." That's what I'm saying.
A person who makes a statement takes meaning as his religion, and Gai and He are different subjects. People have one heart, and the heart has the same reason.
The universe is expanding in Liao, so it is very chaotic. An Neng can say what the ancients said, but none of them said evil. No one was hurt here. People's hearts are different, such as faces.
Accidentally agreed, it is important, there will be different people, and some people will be proud of it. There are no injured people here.
The purpose of writing a book is not much, but there are thousands of words that have not been written. I am the same as the ancients, but just a little, the difference is almost the same. There are no injured people here.
In my opinion, the person who made the statement today has no purpose at all. They quoted the words of the ancients and made a statement, and the purpose of the statement was what the ancients already had. Although this is what the weak do, people can know at a glance and will eventually be covered up, but it is neither painful nor itchy.
But there are also embarrassed people who tend to look like the ancients, but attack their intentions. At the same time, people have creationists who declare their intentions and keep their mouths shut.
Or listen to people, don't write it in books, and steal its meaning for yourself; He wrote a book for himself, but on the contrary. And its private intelligence is small enough to bridge the gap, making people confused about its details.
If you are not deceived by the stolen person, you will not lose it easily if you are poor in what he has not found. Or the same people try to study the mind again and again, to examine its background and ending, and its hidden beginning can be attacked.
However, it is not a day's work to steal fame and deceive the world. At that time, people said that someone's knowledge was no less than someone's, and someone's industry was better than someone's.
Therefore, a gentleman is like an evil husband.
3. Translate the original text of taboo classical Chinese with Li Heshu (1) and advise He Ju to be a scholar (2).
He Ju Jinshi is famous, and those who contend with He Ju for fame destroy it, saying that He Fu is called Jin Su, not mentioning that Jinshi is right, but persuading the doer to be wrong. The listener does not observe it, but sings it harmoniously (3) and says the same thing.
Master Huang Fu said (4): "Congratulations if you don't understand, and offend if you offend." The more he said, "Of course."
The law said, "The two are impartial." The translator said: "This is also true. If you say' signature', it is not called' presence', and if you say' presence', it is not called' signature '(6)"
The law says, "Don't call a spade a spade." The preacher said, "If Yu Yu, Qiu and Guo are the same (8)."
Today, I congratulate my father's name, Jin Su, on being a scholar. Is it the crime of two names (9)? Is it illegal or criminal? If the father's name is Jin Su, the son can't be a scholar. Father's name is benevolence, but son can't be human. When did the husband taboo begin? The people who make laws to teach the world (10) are not Duke Zhou and Confucius (1 1)? Duke Zhou speaks frankly with poems (12), Confucius is not partial to the second place (13), and the Spring and Autumn Period speaks frankly (14). Kang Wangzhao's grandson is actually Zhao Haoqi (15). Zeng Shen's father's name is Ceng Zi (16).
The Zhou Dynasty (17) had a homogeneous period, and the Han Dynasty (18) had a degree. How should this son be taboo? Will it be anonymous? Who will call a spade a spade? The name of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was all-pass (19), but he didn't smell it and taboo estrus as a certain word. I don't know Lv Hou's name is pheasant (20), but I don't know how to rule the world as a word. This chapter and the imperial edict (2 1), I know nothing about Hu, Shi, Bing and Ji (22).
But neither eunuchs nor concubines dared to speak to the machine (23), thinking that they had violated it. What method should a gentleman follow by example (24)? Today's exam is the classics, the quality is the law (25) and the national code (26). Congratulations to Jinshi. Is it evil? Do evil? If parents have participated in everything, there is no ridicule; Being a man like Duke Zhou and Confucius can also stop (27).
People in this world should not take part in the Duke of Zhou's trip to Confucius (28), but instead of taking part in the Duke of Zhou's trip to Confucius, it is better to avoid the names of relatives and see their confusion. Husband, Duke of Zhou and Confucius are invincible, but they are better than official concubines (29). Are official concubines filial to their loved ones and virtuous? Note (1) Li He (790-816): Chang Ji, a famous poet in Tang Dynasty, was unable to take the exam for fear of his father's jealousy. He has only been a small official like Feng.
He is the author of Long Valley Collection. (2) Jinshi: The imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty was divided into regular subjects and system subjects. Regular subjects are regularly divided into examinations, including scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi and Faming. The system is a temporary and ad hoc imperial examination.
(3) and (hè) sing together: echo each other. (4) Huangfushi: Jinshi in Yuanhe (806-820).
I studied under Han Yu. (5) Law: This refers to a legal provision in the Tang Dynasty.
The Law of the Tang Dynasty is called the Law of the Tang Dynasty, which is divided into 500 articles in 12. There are no provisions such as "two names are not biased" and "speaking frankly does not respect names". "Two names are not taboo" first appeared in the Book of Rites, which means that the names of two characters are not taboo when using one of them.
Part: half. When you say it is partial, it means (all the time), all and universal.
According to the interpretation of the Book of Rites, it seems impossible to make such an explanation. (6) Two sentences: Confucius' mother's name is Zheng Zai, and Confucius said "Zheng" without "Zi" and said "Zi" without "Zheng".
This means that as long as you don't use it together, you don't have to avoid it. If there is a stipulation in the Tang law that "two names are not biased", those two sentences are the interpretation of the law.
This explanation is based on the text of Tan Gong's Book of Rites and Zheng Xuan's Notes on Book of Rites and Quli. (7) Dislike names: refers to words with similar pronunciations used in names.
The sound is similar to the name, so it is called the name. (8) The sentence "If it is called Yu" is also copied from Zheng Xuan's Notes on the Book of Rites and Quli.
Yu, Yu, Qiu and Guo are homophones. Yu is, Qiu is Confucius.
(9) Yes. (10) Legal system: etiquette system.
(1 1) Duke Zhou: Ji Dan, brother of Zhou Wuwang, was a politician in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. He helped destroy Yin, assisted and presided over the formulation of laws and regulations of the Zhou Dynasty. Both he and Confucius were honored as "saints" by rulers of past dynasties.
(12) Poetry: The Book of Songs. Articles such as West and Rhyme in The Book of Songs Zhou Song are said to have been written by the Duke of Zhou, including some sentences, such as Losing Your Temper, Jun Fa, etc., while the father of the Duke of Zhou, Wang Wenmingchang, and the brother of the Duke of Zhou, Wu Wang Faming, said that "the Duke of Zhou wrote poems to express his feelings directly".
(13) Confucius is not partial to two names: Confucius does not avoid using the word "Zheng" or "zai" alone. For example, in Eight Chapters of The Analects of Confucius, Confucius once said that "Qi is not enough to levy ... Song is not enough to levy", while in The Analects of Wei Linggong, he said "One is to be in Si".
(14) Spring and Autumn Annals: A chronicle of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, reportedly compiled by Confucius, is one of the Confucian classics. Scold: to ridicule or blame.
(15) "Kang Wang" is a great general of Zhao, and his grandson succeeded him. Chunqiu did not raise any objection to this.
(16) Zeng Shen (shēn): Zi was born in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was a disciple of Confucius, who was famous for his filial piety. Call a spade a spade in the past: Ceng Zi said in The Analects of Confucius Taber: "My friend used to work in Sri Lanka."
(17) Qi period: Chu people in the Spring and Autumn Period. (18): Born in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Prime Minister of Qi.
(19) Han Ji sentence: The name of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is Liu Che. At that time, in order to avoid taboo, Che Hou was renamed Tong Hou, and ku m 4 I was renamed Kuai Tong. (20) Lv Hou: The name of pheasant was taboo at that time, and later it was changed to pheasant.
Chapter (2 1): The chapter is played, and the minister plays it for the emperor. Imperial edict: imperial edict, a written order issued by the emperor.
(22) Hu () Shi Bingji: The four characters are homophonic with the names of his father Li Yuan (a famous tiger), Taizong, Shizu and Xuanzong. (23) Oracle Bone Inscriptions: homophonic with Dai Yu's name.
(24) Gentleman: refers to bureaucrats and other squires and scholars with social status. Quality: control.
(26) inspection: inspection. National Code: It refers to the taboo of the names of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Lv Hou mentioned above, the memorials and letters of the Tang Dynasty, and the examples of avoiding "seizing the opportunity".
(27) Stop: it means reaching the apex. (28) Service: Committed to implementation.
(29) Proportion: similar. I wrote a letter to Li He to encourage him to take the Jinshi exam.
Li He is going to take the Jinshi exam, which is very eye-catching. People who competed with Li He came out to slander him, saying that Li He's father was called Jin Su, and Li He had better not take the Jinshi exam. It is wrong to encourage him to take the exam. The people who heard this discussion all agreed with one voice without distinction.
Huang Fushi said to me, "If you don't explain this clearly, you and Li He will both be convicted." I will go back.
4. Debate on Classical Chinese ~ ~ We don't advocate writing classical Chinese in a hurry, because we modern people speak modern Chinese and write modern Chinese.
For example, classical English can't be used in the United Nations. Of course, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China should use modern language when making announcements and engaging in business activities.
So we primary and middle school students should focus on learning modern languages. Do you want to learn classical Chinese? I think we should learn a little. The purpose is to understand the literary talent of our ancient culture in China.
Knowing the glory of our ancient culture in China will make them a little interested and have a sense of national pride, but the main time and energy should be spent on learning modern Chinese well. At present, classical Chinese accounts for 50% in high school textbooks, but we spend more than 50% of our time studying and get less than 20%, so we are overwhelmed with learning classical Chinese.
Those rural areas with low cultural level can't even teach modern Chinese well, let alone classical Chinese. I think the basis of learning modern Chinese well is to learn standard modern Chinese well.
Vernacular Chinese is a modern vernacular Chinese, which has always had its own products. It evolved not from classical Chinese, but from modern vernacular Chinese, which evolved from medieval vernacular Chinese. I don't agree with Mr Han. He said that only by learning classical Chinese well can we learn vernacular Chinese well. This is misleading. For example, you get drunk after eating, and you get drunk after drinking. You can't say I'll get drunk, can you? ! Mr. Zhu Ziqing said that vernacular Chinese is much more refined and rigorous than classical Chinese. Why not take the time to learn it? Classical Chinese cannot be regarded as a necessary learning condition for modern Chinese.
I think there is no logical connection between learning classical Chinese and learning vernacular Chinese. For example, Kong Yi is good at talking, but his classical Chinese is not good. We don't need to learn the vernacular by learning classical Chinese, but we can learn the vernacular books we are exposed to now. Lu Xun and Guo Moruo are both literary masters, but they also write vernacular Chinese. They experienced the classical Chinese era and the classical Chinese situation, so in the May 4th period, they proposed to oppose old literature through new culture and advocate new literature.
If every pore of Lu Xun is soaked in the sauce jar of classical Chinese, he can't be Lu Xun. Lu Xun is the main leader of the New Culture Movement. He uses modern ideas, modern concepts and modern thinking. Should I speak classical Chinese, publish articles, engage in negotiations and speak at the United Nations? It is an iron fact that classical Chinese has no vitality so far.
Man has created all the knowledge, and no one in the world can master it all. Therefore, our society must have a division of labor, in the words of ordinary people, beating gongs to sell sugar and doing their own work. In Han Yu's words, there is specialization in the art. After entering the university, it is necessary for those who study the history of Chinese mathematics to master classical Chinese. However, in other words, we do not advocate that all primary and secondary school students devote a lot of energy to learning classical Chinese, because most of them do not necessarily need to be workers, farmers, businessmen and leading cadres in the future.
I can say that in our Chinese Department, ancient Chinese is the most troublesome course for China students. Some of our college students say that reading a few pages of ancient Chinese before going to bed at night can replace taking sleeping pills. I don't think I have been particularly interested in classical Chinese since primary school, because I don't have that kind of learning environment. As a primary school student, when you told him, "Let's straighten my cloudy sail and build a bridge in the deep sea," he didn't understand the meaning at all. He can only shake his head and back. Parents watch their children recite these things all day, and it must be very uncomfortable when their children are struggling to recite them. I think there is another simple reason. Our language is used for communication, so that everyone can understand it first, which means that primary school students must be able to communicate with others first. Besides, in any case, parents now teach their children dialects at birth.
In order to return to nature and apply what they have learned, some people speak both vernacular and classical Chinese. They are all Chinese, and the fundamental function of language is communication. This is spoken and written language, and it is also a tool for thinking. I do admit that classical Chinese is very concise, but sometimes it is difficult for us to understand because it is too concise.
When I was studying Yueyang Tower, I participated in the interpretation of a word. In the textbook, "the second year" means the third year, but our Chinese teacher said that this new textbook had just been revised this year, and then I felt that this made me doubt. The notes in classical Chinese were given by predecessors and later changed. Learning classical Chinese in this way can't grasp its main points at all, and there is no need to learn classical Chinese. I want to ask you a question. On April 22nd, China Education News put forward the view that you can't find your way home without learning classical Chinese. What I want to ask you is, where is our home? Mr. Lu Xun said, I opened the history, which is full of benevolence, righteousness and morality. After watching it carefully for a long time, I saw two words eating people from the cracks. This country is a home full of ethical procedures of monarch, minister and son and strict feudal hierarchy. This family has no human rights, no equality and no law. Should we take the teenagers back? We should inherit the excellent cultural heritage, but we don't have to ask everyone to understand it deeply. Classical Chinese itself has a certain depth and difficulty, and it is impossible for everyone to understand and understand the truth.
Since it is difficult, why not let a few people inherit it like classical music and folk dance, instead of asking everyone? I want to distinguish one of the most basic concepts: learning, appreciation and edification.
What we disapprove of is the proportion of strong classical Chinese in basic education. Instead of opposing the edification of classical Chinese.
The same is contact with classical Chinese, which is the mentality of two different concepts. One is the national historical and cultural tradition accumulated behind me for thousands of years. We can rely on it as a big tree, not as a burden to each of us. Classical Chinese is divorced from our real life, so it is inevitable that vernacular Chinese will replace classical Chinese in primary and secondary school textbooks.
Also, the opposing views don't learn classical Chinese! Reason: Classical Chinese is only useful when learning ancient books, but it has disappeared in daily life, just like we are chatting here.