Create new words by using existing materials, such as roots and affixes. basis

This paper will discuss an "inverse word formation" of word formation.

First, the historical origin and reasons of reverse word formation

In the nearly 100 years of modern English, especially since the beginning of the 20th century, English has developed rapidly.

There are a large number of inverted neologisms in English, which is because a brand-new word-formation method has appeared in English.

The emergence of word formation, although a rising star, has sprung up suddenly and came from behind.

Create a large number of English neologisms needed by modern society. This is a reverse word formation.

(anti-formation). The reverse order method really established its position in Britain.

The era of showing off one's talents needs to be traced back to after World War II, when science

The rapid development of science and technology urgently needs more English words to express it. So, in turn,

Word formation should meet the needs of the times and create a large number of reverse new words.

The formation of reverse word formation is due to an instinctive structure of native English speakers.

Text misunderstanding is a wrong and common analogy or overestimation.

In linguistics, overgeneralization refers to language learners.

Expand the use of grammatical rules or language items to an inappropriate range.

Phenomenon. [2] that is, people are influenced by some common language pattern, but this is not the case.

The process or conclusion of changing grammar and vocabulary by analogy.

Fruit. This grammatical error is caused by misunderstanding of word formation caused by excessive analogy.

Phenomenon is an acquisition tendency that linguists constantly warn people to overcome, but

This new word, which originally did not exist in English vocabulary, was fixed after being used many times.

As a result, more people create more new words in the same way. As time goes by,

This misunderstanding of word formation caused by excessive analogy is popular in some regular forms.

And it is fixed, which will eventually lead to the emergence of some language rules occasionally.

Form, this is the reason for the reverse method. For example, according to some well-known

Normal derivative swimmers come from swimming, and drivers come from driving.

By analogy, it is concluded that the prodigal son comes from bread and the liar comes from fraud. human

It is often wrong to put existing longer words such as prodigal son and liar together.

The grammaticalized error affix -er removes the generic noun, while the anti-generic is shorter.

The verb loaf, cheat, therefore, new words are created.

Second, the word formation law of inverse word formation

Reverse word formation is an irregular type of word formation.

Type, that is, deleting fictional words from longer words that already exist in a language.

Affix, thus creating a shorter word [3 ]p329. Take TV as an example, TV 2

Sion (television) existed in language before television (television broadcasting) and television.

The front part of is extracted and analyzed into the root, despite the fact that English is not

There is no such root.

Most negative words belong to verbs, and a few belong to other parts of speech, such as nouns and forms.

Words, and most negative words are composed of nouns including compound nouns, which are composed of English.

Adjectives or adverbs have not been transformed into many negative words. The reverse order method is a middle construction in modern English.

It has become one of the main ways of verbs, and has been consolidated and developed day by day. Form a reverse life

The prototype words of words can be divided into the following categories:

1. Nouns ending in -er, -or, -ar, for example:

Wanderer → Wanderer (wandering, roaming)

Hawker → Hawker (hawking)

Vendors (vendors, communicators) → vendors (vendors, communicators)

Stoker (stoker, burner) → stoker (stoker, fuel)

Prodigal son → bread (prodigal son)

Bulldozers (intimidation, threats; Bulldozer) → Bulldozer (fear

Intimidation, threat; Bulldozer)

Liar → fraud (fraud)

Butler → Butler (room service)

Shoemaker → cobblestone (mending shoes)

Laser → laser (emitting laser)

Helicop ter → helicop t (travel by helicopter; use

Helicopter transportation, etc. )

Edit → Edit.

Sculptor → Sculptor (Sculptor)

Author → Authorization (Creation)

Speaker → Pastor (Speech)

Thief (thief) → burglary (theft)

Beggars → begging.

2. Abstract nouns, such as:

Emotion → emote (expressing feelings)

Aggression → invasion (invasion)

Resurrection → resurrection.

Donation (donation, donation) → donation (donation)

Automation (automation, automatic operation) → automation (make automation)

Automatic operation)

Upgrade → upgrade.

Computer country (computer control) → computer country (startup)

Brain control, computerization)

Advection (horizontal convection) → advection (advection transportation)

Wear (friction; Consumption) → attrit (consumption by friction;

Weakening)

Destroy → destroy (self-destruction)

P reemp (buy first; Preemption; Preempt) → p reemp t (buy first

Acquisition of rights; Preemption; Preemptive strike)

Transfection → transfection.

Memory → memory (memory)

Harmony (harmony, consistency and coordination) → Harmony (harmony and unity)

To, coordination)

Enthusiasm (enthusiasm, enthusiasm) → enthusiasm (enthusiasm)

Diagnosis → diagnosis.

Calligraphy → Calligraphy (Writing)

Wanjin (weight loss therapy) → bant (dieting to lose weight)

3. Compound nouns, such as:

Caretaker (temporary caretaker; Temporary exercise of authority) → custody

(temporary custody; Temporarily exercise authority)

Nanny → Babysitter

Babysitting service)

Bookkeeper → Bookkeeper (Bookkeeper)

Account)

Butler → butler.

Housekeeper → Housekeeper.

Matchmaker → Matchmaker (matchmaking)

Tailor → tailor.

Typewriter (typewriter, typist) → Typewriter (typing)

Daydreamer → daydreamer (daydream)

Vacuum cleaner → vacuum cleaner (vacuum cleaner)

Clean)

Double-headed train (double-headed train: a train pulled by two locomotives)

→ Double-headed (towed by two locomotives)

Free Association → Free Association (Free Association)

Thinking)

Mass production → mass production

Production)

Self-destruction → self-destruction

Eavesdropping → eavesdropping.

Happy manufacturing → happy manufacturing.

Sleepwalking → sleepwalking.

Air conditioning → air conditioning?

Air)

Lip reading → lip reading (lip identification by observing lip reading)

Meaning)

4. Adjectives, such as:

Lazy → lazy (lazy)

Sleepy (sleepy, sleepy) → sleepy (sleepy,

Dozing off)

Gloomy → gloomy (make dark and depressed)

Comfort → Comfort (makes you feel comfortable)

Greed → greed

Calm down → calm down (calm down, calm down)

Irritable; irritable

Frivolity → frivolity (frivolity)

Creepy → grue (fear; Trembling)

Ling Gang (ugly) → Gunle (clumsy and ugly)

5. Words ending with adverb suffix-ling, for example:

Sidling (side; Look sideways) → Walk sideways.

Darken → darken

Crawl (crawl, crawl) → crawl (crawl, crawl)

In addition, the formation of several negative words is unique, namely

Instead of deleting the wrongly recognized suffix, the prefix is deleted to form [4]. For example:

Calm (not easy to panic, calm) → excitable (easy to panic)

Panic, not calm)

Unhappily (ugly, clumsy) → happily (elegant)

Inep t → ep t (smart and capable)

In addition to extracting parts of words as roots, word formation is the other way around.

The law also allows us to create a homonym with a word with a clear part of speech.

And different kinds of words, such as turning the noun white into a verb.

Whitewash (whitewash). But some people like to put this in the past.

Cheng is considered as a part-of-speech conversion.

Derivation, namely affixation and reverse word formation, are two stages.

The process of inverse word formation, that is, inverse word formation, is regarded as the inverse word formation of derivation.

The reverse order method is based on the deduction model, and the existing words are spoken first.

Strengthen the original segmentation, and then reverse analogy to form new words. such

Word formation is also called inverse word formation or inversion word formation [5]. Determination of derivative method

The mode is to add affixes to the existing roots to form new words, and the reverse method is

By forcibly dividing the existing words into two morphemes (root ten suffix) and imitating them

According to the verb act/actor >；; Noun "model, and so on, delete the imagination.

Affixes (usually suffixes) in "Noun"; The verb "constitutes a new one.

134 Journal of Luoyang Normal University 1 2009

Words. The suffix here is not the suffix defined by derivative words, so it is.

It's called "false suffix". Such as: the original form of audit, donation and diagnosis.

Not auditors, donations and diagnostics. Many beginners will mistakenly think that

The former is the original formula, and the latter is their derivative, which is incomprehensible.

Caused by reverse word formation.

Reverse editing is different from reverse word formation.

The difference is that the truncated part of the former can be any word sequence, and then

The deleted part is usually a fictitious affix. Here are some abridged words.

Use the example of tail method to illustrate this difference:

Advertising → ad (advertising)

Mathematics → Mathematics (Mathematics)

Professor → Professor

Dormitory → Dormitory (Dormitory)

Fanaticism → Fans (Fanaticism)

Gentleman → Gentleman (Gentleman)

Bicycle → Bicycle (Bicycle)

Third, the role of the reverse method

The main function of reverse order method is to help us identify the meaning of some new words.

We just need to find the meaning of the source word of the inverse new word from the dictionary, and according to the inverse

Based on the basic rules of word formation, we can infer the meaning of reverse neologisms.

It can be seen that reverse word formation is of great practical value to English learners, and it

It can effectively help us clean up the commonly used dictionaries that we can't find, but it's all over.

A large number of negative neologisms in modern English newspapers and magazines.

Reverse words are often used in spoken or informal situations. Some words have

Humor and humor color [6 ]p50. For example:

Who wrote this?

(Who wrote this? Auth is the opposite of the author)

He decided to engage in this work all his life.

He decided to be single all his life. Bach is the antonym of bachelor)

I compare polygamists who don't believe in polygamy to monogamous people.

Who doesn't sing?

Some people advocate polygamy or polyandry, but they don't practice it.

One kind of people advocate monogamy, but they don't. Between these two kinds of people, I

I think the former is better. Polygamy is formed by the opposite of polygamy; Monog

Monogamy is the reverse. )

We need to know what may happen in the process of forming inverse words.

Meaning change, that is, escape is derived from the original meaning [6 ]p5 1. For example, Walking in the Street 2.

Walker (prostitute) was born backwards, the original meaning is "street joke", and now it is escaped as "milli"

"Go through the motions effortlessly" is often used to refer to an actor's relaxed and casual performance, such as:

Ms. Fonda, perhaps the best film actress in America, has accepted an award.

Part of it is so unnecessary that she just walks in the street.

I can hardly see her talent of combining rigidity with softness. Probably the best in America.

Ms. Fonda, the movie star, accepted an easy role. She didn't act at all.

It's hard, and it's almost impossible to show her talent of combining rigidity with softness. ) Another example: upgrading

It is formed by escalation, which originally refers to the escalation of war, and now it is extended to "expansion" or

"Growing up", such as: the craze for animal books is remarkable, still Escala 2.

The bestselling situation of animal books is really amazing, and the demand is still growing.

Medium. )

Reverse order is a powerful word-formation method in modern English.

With the rapid development of English vocabulary, a large number of words can be produced by using reverse order method.

Reverse neologisms bring unusual convenience to the expression of modern English.

With the consolidation and development of reverse order method, in modern English, many reverse order methods

Neologisms have become members of the core part of English vocabulary [3 ]p330, such as ed2.

It, begging, automation, air conditioning, television, etc. , but the inverse method also

It is far less flexible than affixes, and it is not appropriate to create new words at will. In short supply

When the inflections of negative words and negative verbs change, it is necessary to look up more dictionaries.

Find the exact basis. The English Dictionary has not accepted the inclusion of new words in time.

In this case, mastering reverse word formation can help us learn the shapes of new words.

The state infers its prototype and significance. Of course, the inferred meaning must also be related to words.

The following contents are consistent. In addition, we should pay attention to the language ring used by antonyms.

Generally speaking, these words can promote different styles, some of which are used in politics.

The scientific style [7 ]p82 is mostly used in newspapers and spoken English, which is not suitable for the front.

Type [7 ]p82, so be careful when using it.

Four. Concluding remarks

Word formation, as a new independent discipline, is developing day by day in science and technology.

Today, it shows more and more powerful vitality. The reverse order method is word formation.

A major breakthrough in the world has a short history, but it contains great potential.

Has become an indispensable and important means in modern English word formation, and the structure

Morphology, a new discipline, has made great progress. With that development of modern science and technology,

A large number of reverse neologisms have emerged in an unstoppable trend and become

An important force in English vocabulary. The reverse order method is exactly what we have learned.

We should learn to be good at observing and using the reverse method.

The characteristics of word formation, scientific and correct processing methods, reasonable speculation of word meaning,

So as to effectively overcome the problems that may be encountered in study and work, and get twice the result with half the effort.

The ideal effect.

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20.

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Society, 2005: 329-330.

[4] Lin. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Hefei: Anhui Education Press

She, 1983: 153.

[5] Guo. A comprehensive view of word formation [J]. Journal of Huaihua Normal University Social Science Edition,

1988 (2) : 68 - 78.

[6] Lu Guoqiang. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education in Shanghai

Press, 1999: 50-5 1.

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