The inventor of the world's first computer was an American scientist, Vaneva Bush.
1930, American scientist Vaneva Bush built the world's first analog electronic computer.
Computer, commonly known as computer, is an electronic computer for high-speed calculation, which can be used for numerical calculation, logical calculation and memory storage. It is a modern intelligent electronic device that can automatically process massive data at high speed according to program execution. It consists of hardware system and software system, and a computer without any software is called bare metal. It can be divided into five categories: supercomputer, industrial control computer, network computer, personal computer and embedded computer. More advanced computers include biological computers, photonic computers and quantum computers.
John von neumann, the inventor of the computer. Computer is one of the most advanced scientific and technological inventions in the 20th century, which has had an extremely important impact on human production and social activities, and has developed rapidly with strong vitality. Its application field has expanded from the initial military scientific research application package to all social fields, forming a huge computer industry, promoting the technological progress all over the world, thus triggering profound social changes. Computers have spread all over ordinary schools, enterprises and institutions, entered the homes of ordinary people and become an indispensable tool in the information society.
The application of computers is becoming more and more common in China. After the reform and opening up, the number of computer users in China has been increasing, and the application level has been improving, especially in the fields of Internet, communication and multimedia. From 1996 to 2009, the number of computer users increased from 6.3 million to 6,765,438+million, and the number of networked computers increased from 29,000 to 59.4 million. The number of netizens has reached 30160,000, and there are 670 million mobile users of wireless Internet, among which1170,000 are mobile Internet users, ranking first in the world.
Development history
For example, the development of computing tools has gone through different stages from simple to complex, and from low to advanced.
ENIAC computer
For example, from the knot in Knot Notes to calculation, abacus slide rule, mechanical computer and so on. They have played their respective historical roles in different historical periods, and also inspired the development and design ideas of electronic computers.
From 65438 to 0889, herman hollerith, an American scientist, developed a spreadsheet based on electricity to store calculated data.
1930, American scientist Vaneva Bush built the world's first analog electronic computer.
1On February 4th, 946, the world's first electronic computer "ENIAC electronic numerical value and calculator" customized by the US military came out at the University of Pennsylvania. Eniac (Chinese name: ENIAC) was developed by Oberding Weapon Test Range to meet the needs of trajectory calculation. This calculator uses 17840 electron tubes, with a size of 80 feet ×8 feet and a weight of 28t (tons). Its power consumption is 170kW, its operation speed is 5000 times per second, and its cost is about 487,000 dollars. The advent of ENIAC is of epoch-making significance, which indicates the arrival of the era of electronic computers. In the next 60 years, computer technology will develop at an amazing speed, and the cost performance of any technology can be improved by 6 orders of magnitude within 30 years.
1 generation: electronic tube digital machine (1946— 1958)
In terms of hardware, the logic element adopts vacuum tube and the main memory adopts mercury delay line.
Electron tube digital computer
, cathode ray oscilloscope tube electrostatic storage, magnetic drum, magnetic core; External storage uses magnetic tape. The software uses machine language and assembly language. The application fields are mainly military and scientific computing.
Its characteristics are large volume, high power consumption and poor reliability. It is slow (usually thousands to tens of thousands of times per second) and expensive, but it lays the foundation for the future development of computers.
The second generation: transistor digital computer (1958— 1964)
Hardware-side operating system, high-level language and compiler. The application fields are mainly scientific calculation and transaction processing, and begin to enter the field of industrial control. It is characterized by smaller size, lower energy consumption, higher reliability, faster operation speed (generally 654.38+ million times per second, up to 3 million times) and higher efficiency than the 654.38+0 generation computer.
Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Digital Machine (1964— 1970)
In terms of hardware, small and medium-sized integrated circuits (MSI, SSI) are used as logic elements, and the magnetic core is still used as main memory. There are time-sharing operating systems and structured and large-scale programming methods in software. It is characterized by faster speed (usually millions to tens of millions of times per second), significantly improved reliability, further reduced price, and products moving towards universality, serialization and standardization. The application field began to enter the field of word processing and graphic image processing.
The fourth generation: large-scale integrated circuits (1970 to present)
In terms of hardware, the logic components are large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSI and VLSI). In software, database management system, network management system and object-oriented language have appeared. Its characteristic is that 197 1 year, the world's first microprocessor was born in Silicon Valley, USA, which opened a new era of microcomputers. The application fields are gradually moving from scientific calculation, transaction management and process control to family.
Due to the development of integration technology, semiconductor chips are more integrated, each chip can accommodate tens of thousands or even millions of transistors, and the arithmetic unit and controller can be concentrated on one chip, so there is a microprocessor, which can be assembled into a microcomputer with large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, that is, we often say a microcomputer or PC. Microcomputer is small, cheap and easy to use, but its function and operation speed have reached or even surpassed that of large computers in the past. On the other hand, various logic chips made of large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits are made into giant computers, which are not very large, but the operation speed can reach 100 million times or even billions. In China, after 1983 successfully developed the Galaxy I supercomputer with 1 billion operations per second, 1993 also successfully developed the Galaxy II universal parallel supercomputer with1billion operations per second. This period also produced a new generation of programming languages, database management systems and network software.
With the change of physical components and equipment, not only the host has been upgraded, but also its external equipment is constantly changing. For example, external storage, from the initial cathode ray display tube to the magnetic core and drum, and then to the universal disk, now has a smaller, larger and faster optical disk.
The first electronic computer in the world is actually ABC(Atanasoff-Berry Computer), and the second one is ENIAC. Previous data claimed that the first electronic computer was called ENIAC (Chinese name: ENIAC) (short for electronic digital integrator and computer in English), which was born in the United States in February 1946. Moore's team, which undertakes the development task, consists of four scientists and engineers, namely eckert, Moakley, Goldstein and bocks. Chief engineer eckert was only 24 years old.
Who invented the first computer in the world? The world's first electronic computer was named "Eniac", which was successfully developed by eckert of the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.
Who invented the first steam engine in the world? The first steam engine in the world was the spinning ball invented by Herod of the ancient Greek mathematician Alexander in 1 century.
Who was the inventor of the first electric motor in the world? 1834 DC engine invented by jacoby.
1888 Tesla, a Yugoslav-American, invented the AC motor.
182 1 year, the British scientist Faraday first proved that electricity can be converted into rotary motion. The first person to make an electric motor is said to be jacoby. 1834, it became a simple device: a six-arm wheel was installed between two U-shaped electromagnets, and two bar magnets were installed on each arm. After electrifying, the mutual attraction and repulsion between the bar magnet and the U-shaped magnet drives the axle to rotate. Later, jacoby made a big device. Installed on a small boat, powered by a 320-Daniel battery, the boat sailed on the Elbe River for the first time in 1838, with a speed of only 2.2 kilometers per hour. At the same time, Davenport of the United States has also successfully built a motor to drive the printing machine, printing electromagnetic and mechanical information, a sentence of the American electricity semester. However, these two kinds of motors are of little commercial value, and it is too expensive and impractical to use batteries as power supply.
It was not until the first practical DC engine came out that the motor was widely used. 1870, Belgian engineer Gram invented DC generator, which is similar to motor in design. Later, Gram proved that the rotor of DC engine will rotate like a motor when current is input. As a result, this kind of dynamoelectric machine was mass-produced. Efficiency is also constantly improving. At the same time, Siemens in Germany made better generators and began to study vehicles driven by electric motors, so Siemens made the world trams. 1879, Siemens' smokeless tram won applause from the audience at the Berlin industrial exhibition. Siemens electric locomotive was only 3 horsepower at that time. Later, the electric locomotive tested by American inventor Edison reached 12- 15 horsepower. But the engines at that time were all DC cars, which were limited to driving trams.
1888, Tesla, an American inventor born in Yugoslavia, invented the AC motor. It is made according to the principle of electromagnetic induction, also known as induction motor. This kind of motor is simple in structure, uses alternating current, does not need rectification and has no spark, so it is widely used in industrial household appliances. Alternating current motors are usually driven by three-phase alternating current.
1902 Swedish engineer Danielson first put forward the idea of synchronous motor.
The working principle of synchronous motor is the same as that of induction motor. The stator produces a rotating magnetic field, so the rotor winding is powered by DC, and the speed is fixed and is not affected by the load. Therefore, synchronous motors are especially suitable for clocks, record players and tape recorders.
The DC motor is DC-excited, and its working characteristics are different due to the connection mode of the excitation winding. Series motor has large starting torque and is suitable for traction and hoisting. The speed of parallel motor changes little with the load, which can be adjusted and can be used for constant speed or speed regulation. The compound motor has the characteristics of the above two kinds of excitation engines.
AC commutator motor, that is, AC motor with commutator rotor. Because it can be used for both AC and DC, it is called AC -DC dual-purpose motor or universal motor, which is mostly used in household appliances.
Who invented the first air conditioner in the world? American Carrier invented the world's first air conditioner in 1902. In the long history, human beings have been passive, depressed and unhappy in high temperature weather. They can only pray that the hand of God will drive away the heat as soon as possible and bring coolness. In a sense, Carrier's works can best show the great ambition of human beings to replace God. Carrier is not only the inventor of air conditioning, but also founded one of the largest air conditioning companies in the world: Carrier Company. At the conference commemorating the 0/00th anniversary of Carrier's invention of air conditioner/KLOC-,a sentence was strongly repeated: without air conditioner, the world's work efficiency would be reduced by 40%.
Who invented the first computer in the world? The first digital electronic computer in the world is a computer named ENIAC (Electronic Digital Integrator and Calculator), which was developed by physicist John Moakley and engineer J- Presper eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.
Mokley, who taught at the University of Pennsylvania from 65438 to 0942, put forward the idea of using electronic tubes to form computers, which attracted the attention of Goldstein, the US Army Ballistics Institute. At that time, it was World War II, and the trajectory problem in the development of new weapons involved many complicated calculations. Manual calculation alone could not meet the requirements, and automatic computers were urgently needed. So with the support of the United States War Department, 1943 began to develop ENIAC, and 1946 was completed. At that time, its function was really outstanding. For example, it can complete 5000 additions in one second and one multiplication in three milliseconds. Compared with manual calculation, the speed is greatly accelerated, and the trajectory calculation time of 60 seconds range is shortened from 20 minutes to 30 seconds. But it also shows that the main memory is flawed. It's huge. There are about 18800 electron tubes, 1500 relays, 70000 resistors and various other electrical components in the machine. In this way, ENIAC's car body is 8 feet high (about 2.44 meters), 3 feet wide, 100 feet long, weighs 30 tons, and consumes electricity 140 kW. In addition, its storage capacity is very small, and it can only store 20-bit decimal numbers with the word length of 10, and the program is wired, so it is necessary to manually change the wiring every time you solve a problem, and the preparation time greatly exceeds the actual calculation time.
Nevertheless, the successful development of ENIAC provides an opportunity for the development of computer science in the future, and every shortcoming of ENIAC will have a great impact on the development of computers, and the most important one is the adoption of "program storage". Von Neumann, an American mathematician, established the idea of program storage as a system. His idea is to set a memory in the computer, store the symbolic calculation steps in the memory, and then take out the stored contents in turn for decoding, and calculate according to the decoding results, thus realizing the automation of computer work.
Who was the inventor of the first electronic game machine in the world? Ralph Bell, a Jew born in Germany in 1966, designed the world's first electronic game machine called BROWN BOX. The seventh prototype of 1972 was officially named ~ Odyssey by MAGNAVOX Company. Because Bell owns the invention patent of the game machine, many game companies, including Nintendo and Sega, have to pay some royalties to Bell in the following decades. In 2006, President Bush personally awarded ralph baer the National Medal of Technology.