The first part of this book-the development of mathematical concepts.
Concept is a component of knowledge, which can be used to organize and classify information and solve new problems in daily life. Early childhood is the stage when children actively acquire basic concepts and learn basic skills.
Children have begun to establish concepts-develop corresponding abilities, enrich existing concepts-and develop new concepts.
Piaget's theory of four stages of conceptual development and thinking stage
1, perceptual motor stage (birth ~ 2 years old) uses their sensory and motor abilities to learn basic skills and concepts.
2. Preoperative stage (2-7 years old)
The early stage of operation is still a period of rapid language development. Children in this period gradually learn to express conceptual knowledge in words. Such as size, weight, Fiona Fang. Sooner or later. The ability to use language. It is one of the landmark behaviors at this stage. Games are an important way for children to understand the function of symbols, and understanding the function of symbols is the basis for children to master abstract symbols such as numbers, letters and characters in the future.
Egocentricity is an important feature of children in preoperative stage. When the shape or spatial arrangement of materials changes, children may think that their quantity has also changed. This is because children in the preoperative stage usually only pay attention to the external obvious aspects. After changing the spatial arrangement of materials, it seems that children in the pre-operation stage can't keep the original image of things in their minds, and their thinking lacks irreversibility. That is, they can't psychologically reverse the process of change, but they can keep the original image of things in their minds and psychologically reverse the process of object change, which is conservation. Not conservative is a key feature of children in the preoperative stage.
3. Specific operation stage (7 years old ~ 1 1 year old)
They began to keep their original images in their minds more and more skillfully. And psychologically reverse this change. 5~7 years old is the transition period to concrete operation. Children have the ability of number conservation, which shows that they can complete abstract symbolic activities. In other words, they can psychologically manipulate the objects represented by digital symbols and form a real understanding of mathematical operations.
4. Formal operation stage (1 1 age to adulthood)
At this stage, children can learn to use scientific methods independently. They learn to solve problems in a logical and systematic way. Begin to understand abstract concepts and solve abstract problems. They can imagine a solution to the problem before they act.
Piaget's view on how children master knowledge.
Children accumulate knowledge through interaction with their surroundings. In other words, children are not waiting for others to tell them what to do, but are constantly exploring, knowing and understanding everything they are exposed to.
Knowledge in three fields: physical knowledge, mathematical logic knowledge and social knowledge. Autonomy and independence are the goals of education.
The theory of the zone of proximal development was put forward by Vygotsky, an educator in the former Soviet Union. He believes that the development of students has two levels: one is the current level of students, which refers to the level of problem-solving that can be achieved when they are independent; The other is the possible development level of students, that is, the potential gained through teaching. The difference between them is the nearest development zone.
Teachers can also judge whether their teaching comes from the children's recent development zone by observing their children, because children will show greater enthusiasm, curiosity and active participation in appropriate teaching.
Learning cycle of children getting up early: cognition-exploration-exploration-application
Learning cycle, a good explanation and application of Piaget and Vygotsky's theory.
Learning takes place in a meaningful and familiar environment. This is just like the "Play Games, Learn Mathematics" or online reading course we watched together before, telling us that children are not instilling our thoughts into him, but gaining experience in the process of exploring their familiar environment, and actively building knowledge and discovering new ideas.
In the current life practice, we should get to know children, understand children, realize the differences of each child, put down our posture, explore life with children, let them experience the fun of life, find interest in learning from fun, and thus stimulate their learning ability.