Please also refer to the following answers:
Foreign art schools in the 20th century.
The major events in the world in the 20th century are: World War I; The great influence of Russian socialist revolution led to the rise of the East. Unprecedented cruel World War II and the Soviet-American Cold War; The welfare brought by the development of industry and technology and the new problems caused by it; Completely deny the possibility brought by tradition to the development of human culture and the serious crisis caused by it; All kinds of philosophical and artistic thoughts enliven people's thinking and bring great confusion. The artistic creation under the banner of "revolution" is unprecedentedly active, but at the same time it has lost its unchanging judgment standard. Modernism has become the mainstream in the west, and realism has continued to develop after adjustment.
Western modern art in the 20th century can be roughly divided into two stages. The first stage is from the beginning of the 20th century to the end of World War II 1945; The second stage is from 1945 to today. In the first stage, modernism dominated, and in the second stage, since 1950s, there has emerged an artistic trend of thought and school which is both related and different from modernism, and people call it postmodernism. In the later period, modernism was still very active, but it was traditional and academic, so that other non-mainstream arts excluded by modernism also showed signs of recovery.
The western modern art before the Second World War-generally called "modernism" or "modernism" art-includes all kinds of artistic thoughts and schools with avant-garde characteristics since the beginning of the 20th century.
There have always been two tendencies in European traditional art-attaching importance to rational spirit and emotional expression, which are also manifested in modern art. Post-impressionist painters Cezanne (emphasizing rationality) and Van Gogh (emphasizing emotion) have become pioneers of the two major trends of modernist art respectively.
Fauvism-At the Paris Autumn Salon in 1905, a group of young artists led by Matisse (1869- 1954) exhibited their oil paintings. This group of artists was absurdly called "Beasts" by critic Luis wasser, hence the name "Beastism".
The more important painters in the Fauvism circle don't always adhere to the painting style around 1905. The portraits and landscapes of De 'an (1880- 1954) in the period of 1905- 1907 have distinct shades, and most of them are contrasting blocks. 1907 was obsessed with cubism, and later he loved to use silver-gray tones, and his painting style returned to classical realism, similar to Connor's painting style. Maurice Flamengo (1876—— 1958) was infatuated with Van Gogh in his early days, and was later influenced by cubism. His painting style is rougher than Matisse's, giving people a sense of oppression. Du Fei (1877—— 1953) insisted on the beast painting style for longer than other artists. His works contain more oriental flavor and decoration, and his later painting style tends to be abstract. Luo (1871-1958) often uses thick black lines to sketch characters, and his works contain religious feelings.
Cubism-Cubism's name appeared in 1908, and Braque exhibited his works in Carnival Gallery. Commentator Louis wasser commented in Jill Brass magazine: "Mr. Braque reduced everything to a cube." This painting style is named after cubism. Cubism is an artistic school full of ideas. It mainly pursues the beauty of a geometric form and the aesthetic feeling produced by the arrangement and combination of forms. It denies the traditional method of observing and expressing things from one viewpoint, and simplifies the three-dimensional picture into a plane and a two-dimensional picture. The interest of light and shade, light, air and atmosphere gives way to the outline formed by straight lines and curves, as well as the rapid surface accumulation and staggered interest and artistic conception. We don't look at things from one angle, but put together the pictures observed and understood by different pilots, thus showing the persistence of time, mainly relying on rational concepts and thinking. Cubism has a long history, but it is regarded as a watershed of modern art. Cubism not only influenced the development of painting in the 20th century, but also strongly promoted the innovation of architecture and design art. ..
The masters of cubism are Picasso and Braque. Also attending cubist club activities are Laurent Sen, Apollinaire, Salmon, renard, Grice, Leger, etc. Leger (1881-1955) is an original painter in the cubist movement. He tried to combine cubism with realism to show the beauty and strength of machinery. Its creation has gone beyond the scope of cubism.
Futurism-Italian futurism is different from animism and cubism, and it is a broader literary activity. Futurism holds that the rapid development of industry, science, technology, transportation and communication in the 20th century has brought about more fundamental changes in the objective world. They regard war, violence and terror as the necessary means to destroy the old world and create a new world, and praise and praise them everywhere. They curse the cultural heritage of mankind and the existing culture as decadent, rigid and worthless. They oppose all forms of imitation, resist harmonious and elegant tastes, and deny the role of artistic criticism. Futurism theory reflects a group of young Italian artists' strong desire for innovation. They are dissatisfied with the stagnation and backwardness of Italian literature and art since 19 century, and hope that their literature and art will rise. In addition, futurism appeared in the case of rising Italian nationalism, which not only reflected the self-awakening and self-rise of the Italian nation, but also reflected the hesitation, instability, nothingness and extreme weakness of the young intellectuals of this nation during the historical turning point.
Futurist artists use cubism to decompose objects to express moving scenes and feelings. Bala (1871-1958) is a painter who turned from neo-impressionism to futurism. One of his masterpieces, Dynamics of Dogs on Chains, depicts the feet of a running dog and a woman, and condenses a series of movements into a picture, giving people the feeling that a running dog has dozens of feet.
Expressionism-Expressionism is also a trend of thought and faction, involving all fields of literature and art. Expressionist artists oppose mechanically imitating objective facts, advocate expressing "spiritual beauty", convey internal information, and emphasize the importance of expressive force and form of artistic language. They use brushes to depict the dark side of social life and the little people struggling on the life line, and their works often reveal pessimism and sadness. The Norwegian painter Monk (1863-1944) directly influenced German expressionism art, and strong expressionism factors have appeared in Monk's works. Most of his works show themes such as disease, death and sex. His screams depict people's fear of loneliness and death. Adolescence depicts people's fear of claustrophobia. Monk reveals the hidden hearts of his contemporaries and shows the bitterness and joy of people's inner world. His efforts and unique pursuit of artistic language are generally welcomed and respected by young artists. Monk's exhibition promoted the rise of German expressionism. Rohlfs, Collinder and Nold are known as the pioneers of German expressionism. The first club of German expressionism was the Bridge Club organized in Dresden in 1905, and the second club was the Young Knights Club established in Munich in19/1,with members other than Kandinsky, Marquez, M, Kyle and Tong Pang. After the outbreak of World War I, the green knight stopped his activities. The Young Knights Club has promoted modern painting in Germany and even Europe.
Expressionism is also evident in other European countries. At the end of the 20th century, many conscious people were generally influenced by the youth style. This new style is popular in the fields of painting and arts and crafts, and pays attention to the decorative nature of art. The Vienna Separatist School, which originated in Austria, and its representative Klimt (1862-1918) also made great contributions to the development of symbolism and expressionism in the early 20th century.
Russian supremacism and constructivism-1915-1920. Supremacism, which appears in the painting world, is a geometric abstraction with the characteristics of Russian metaphysics. Supremacism is an artistic trend of thought that gives up depicting concrete objective images and reflecting visual experience. The "new symbols" used by its founder Malevik (1878— 1935) are squares, triangles and circles. Leigh Chisky is also a representative of supremacism. It was he who spread the concept of supremacism to Germany and even Europe, and Moholy Nodi also spread supremacism to Bauhaus.
Constructivism is a great contribution of Russian artists to modern art, and Tatlin is a representative figure who only appeared in the form of collage at first.
De stijl in the Netherlands ——1917, a school of geometric abstraction in the Netherlands, was named after Style magazine. The founders are Dusberg and Mondriaan (1872—1944). De stijl refuses to use any concrete elements and advocates using pure geometric abstraction to express pure spirit. Under the slogan of abstraction and simplification, de stijl advocates the spirit of mathematics. The unique creations of de stijl and mondriaan have exerted great influence on modern western abstract art and architectural design art.
Paris School-The "Paris School" here refers to artists who were active in Paris in the early 20th century and did not participate in modernism. They didn't form a club, and their styles were different. They basically adopt realistic methods, and are more or less influenced by beastism and futurism. Many of these artists come from other European countries, foreign vagrants and local artists in Paris. They live in poverty, are depressed, often drink and take drugs, make friends with all kinds of people, and also associate with artists with avant-garde tendencies. The works of these talented artists have strong emotional expression. Outstanding figures include Modigliani, Utrillo, Xia Jiaer, Sudina and others. The style of "Paris School" painters is between realism and realism.
Dadaism and surrealism, two modernist thoughts that appeared in European countries at the beginning of the 20th century, are generally critical of traditional moral concepts and aesthetic concepts, among which Dadaism's concepts and behaviors are the most concentrated expression of this critical spirit. Dadaism abandoned the pursuit of aesthetics and artistic language of other schools and faced social reality and existing values with a cynical attitude. Dadaism is not so much a literary school as a social trend of thought. Dadaism came into being in1915-1916. A group of rebellious young people moved to Zurich, Switzerland. This group of young people who are tired of war and satisfied with the existing social values, while resisting and mocking society, can't see the future of society and are infected with strong nihilism. They advocate aimless idealistic life and literature and art, and they occasionally look up the word dada in the French-German dictionary and decide to use it as the name of the club. Dadaism has influenced American art, and the purpose of Dadaism is not to create but to destroy and challenge, so collage and ready-made things are widely used. The most famous representative of Dadaism is the French artist Toussaint (1887- 1968).
Surrealism, developed on the basis of Dadaism, absorbs Dadaism and the ideas of tradition and automatic creation, abandons the nihilistic attitude of Dadaism's total negation, and has relatively positive beliefs and programs. Deeply influenced by Freud's subconscious theory, surrealism is devoted to exploring the transcendental level of human beings, trying to break through the concepts of logical reality and practical reality, integrating reality with instinct, subconscious and dream experience, and reaching an absolute surreal situation. This aesthetic concept, which is not bound by rational and moral concepts, urges artists to express their original impulses in different ways and release their free will. Spanish painters Dali and Miro are masters of surrealism.
Italian painter Cirico (1888— 1978) who participated in surrealism exhibition cooperated with Carla in 19 17, which promoted the formation of "metaphysical painting". Metaphysical painting was formed in the active period of futurism. Metaphysical painting opposed the disintegration and dynamic expression of futurism and advocated that painting should return to a clear and definite image to express silent artistic conception. His works seem concrete, but in fact they are full of unrealistic dreams. Kiriko's metaphysical paintings are welcomed by many surrealist painters.
Western Modern Art after World War II-Since 1950s, the artistic activities in new york, USA have become increasingly active, and the symbol of American modern art leading the western painting world is the rise of abstract expressionism.
Abstract expressionism-Abstract expressionism is actually an artistic trend of thought, with no unified style characteristics. It emphasizes the freedom and aimlessness of the author's actions, and promotes the creative behavior itself to an important position. The important masters of abstract expressionism are Toby, De Kunin, Crane, Roscoe, motherwell and Pollock (19 12- 1956). Pollock's action painting got rid of the limitation of wrist, elbow and shoulder, which made it convenient for the painter to express his uncontrollable inner consciousness and action with full body movements, and set a precedent for the later western action art.
Pop art-the name of pop art first appeared in Britain after 1950s, and then it was widely used in American art, becoming a popular artistic phenomenon. Just as modern art, such as abstract expressionism, hates industrialization and avoids urban and mechanical civilization, pop artists use the materials and media in their living environment to create images that the public can understand, thus combining art with industrial mechanical civilization and popularizing them through mass media (TV, newspapers and printed matter). In order to achieve effective publicity, these popular and popular arts must have novel, lively and sexy contents to attract the attention of the audience and stimulate their consumption desire, thus becoming a civilization of consumer art, and one of the most famous pop artists is andy warhol.
Postmodernism is the general name of avant-garde artistic thoughts in European countries and after modernism since 1950s. These include minimalist art, environmental art, earth art, accidental art and performing art. Conceptual art, which appeared in the United States in the 1960s, has influenced countries in Europe and Asia, holding that artists' ideas and ideas are the first in artistic activities. Real works of art do not need artists to create material forms, but mainly convey the formation and development process of ideas to the public through various media. Conceptual art pays special attention to audience participation.
There is also "photographic realism" or "surrealism" that appeared in the 1970s, using modern scientific and technological achievements for artistic creation. Its main feature is to describe objectively and truly by using photographic achievements. Photographic realistic works often give people a sense of seriousness and indifference, reflecting the alienation, indifference and inhumanity between people in contemporary western society. The artistic trend of thought that arose in the United States in the 1980s deserves our attention, which is "new expressionism".
The artistic phenomenon known as postmodernism has the following characteristics: 1 trying to break through the aesthetic category and break the boundary between art and life; Query the mainstream artistic trend of thought, pay attention to the art of ethnic minorities and remote areas, advocate pluralism and recognize polycentricity. 3. Turn from the morphological category of traditional art and modernist art to methodology, and express various ways of thinking with art; 4 from emphasizing subjective feelings to the objective world, the pattern or hostility to personality and style; 5. The combination of anti-feeling to industrial and mechanical society and industrial machinery; 6. Advocate popularization and widely use mass media.
The famous postwar artist in Europe is the French artist du bois (1901-1985), who is good at creating new language symbols, giving people a visual and spiritual shock. Matthew (1922——) is a famous lyric abstract painter, while Buli (1915 ——1995) in Italy and Tabiz (1923——) in Spain are important post-war artists who pay attention to language expression. The former once created works by arranging linen bags and bloody clothes according to his tragic experience in the hospital during the war; The latter mixes glue, hydrated lime and sand to create a deep, stable and rich relief painting.
In the 1960s, "new realism" appeared in France. Among these neo-realistic artists, Christopher is famous for binding objects. Klein 1960 "Painting Ceremony" in Paris made naked women with paints squirm on the canvas laid on the ground. Accompanied by music and video. Arman used the method of "set product" to make a complex collection of the same article; Cezard is famous for inventing compression method. He used a hydraulic compressor to compress the waste car body and engine into pieces of metal objects with strange surface structure.
Powys (1921-1986) is an important representative of western concept and performance art, and his art has a sense of social criticism and a strong sense of religious mystery.
Hehe, I can't find anyone in China at home for the time being. How about foreign ones?
Thanks for watching! ! !