Oral decision of junior middle school chemistry mathematics memory

Junior high school chemistry formula

1, basic reaction type:

Compound reaction: changeable reaction

Decomposition reaction: one becomes more.

Replacement reaction: one order for one order.

Double decomposition reaction: exchange ions

2. Valence of common elements (positive):

Univalent potassium, sodium, hydrogen and silver,

Bivalent calcium magnesium barium and zinc,

Trivalent metal element aluminum;

157 variable valence chlorine,

245 nitrogen, 46 sulfur,

Three or five have phosphorus, two or four carbons;

One or two copper, two or three iron,

2467 manganese is special.

3, the steps of making oxygen in the laboratory:

"Tea (stop), tea (bag), tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea,

Check the air tightness of the equipment.

"package" the medicine and connect the equipment.

The "fixed" test tube is fixed on the iron frame.

Light the alcohol lamp to keep warm.

Collect gas

"Close" the catheter out of the water.

Turn off the alcohol lamp and stop heating.

4. Experimental steps of reducing copper oxide with CO:

"One pass, two points, three extinctions, four stops and five treatments"

"A mobile phone" is connected with hydrogen first,

After "two o'clock", light the alcohol lamp to keep warm;

After the "three extinctions" experiment, put out the alcohol lamp first.

"Four stops" wait until room temperature before stopping introducing hydrogen;

"Five treatments" to control tail gas and prevent carbon monoxide from polluting the environment.

5, the experimental phenomenon of electrolytic water:

"oxygen positive hydrogen negative, oxygen one hydrogen two":

The anode releases oxygen and the cathode releases hydrogen;

The volume ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is 1: 2.

6. Elements that make up the earth's crust: adopted sons (oxygen, silicon, aluminum).

7. Relationship between outermost atoms and ions and valence formation:

"yang loss is positive, yin gain is negative, and the value remains unchanged":

The outermost atoms lose electrons to form cations, and the valence of elements is positive; The outermost layer of atoms gains electrons to form anions, and the valence of elements is negative; Number of electrons gained or lost = number of charges = valence.

8, chemical experiment basic operation formula:

Solids need spoons or paper slots, one free, two vertical and three elastic;

It is best to use a block or tweezers, one horizontal and two vertical.

The liquid should be put in a flask, labeled by hand, and then poured out.

The reading should be flat with the section, with the head down low and the head down high.

The dropper has a pinch head and is hung vertically without pollution.

Don't forget to clean up when it is uneven.

The balance of the tray should be flat and the screw should be centered;

Put things left and right, and clamp the tweezers first big and then small;

The test paper should be cut down first, and the glass rod is immersed in liquid for the best test effect.

Wet the test paper first, stick it on a stick and lean against the air.

The outer flame of the heating wine lamp is two-thirds of the boundary.

Sulfuric acid is stirred in water and injected slowly to prevent boiling and splashing.

In the experiment, the air tightness is checked first, and the cups and bottles are heated through the net.

After drainage and gas collection, remove the conduit first, and then move the lamp.

9, metal activity sequence:

The order of metal activity from strong to weak is: K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb (H) Cu Hg Ag Pt Au (described in turn).

Potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, tin, lead (hydrogen), copper, mercury, silver and platinum.

10, "cross method" to write the formula of chemical formula:

"Positive price left negative price right, cross subtraction, write right to test right and wrong."

1 1, filtering operation formula:

The funnel angle of the glass rod and filter paper of the beaker of the bucket frame is the same;

Let stand before filtering, don't forget to tilt three times and two times.

12, the law in the experiment:

(1) When solid is heated to produce gas, potassium permanganate oxygen generator (solid-solid heating type) is selected;

The device for preparing O2 from hydrogen peroxide (solid-liquid unheated type) is used to prepare gas by solid-liquid reaction without heating.

(2) When heating the test tube solid, it should be preheated first, and the test tube mouth is slightly inclined downward.

(3) Any generated gas that is insoluble in water (does not react with water) can be collected by drainage.

Any gas with higher density than air can be collected by exhausting upwards.

Any gas whose density is less than air can be collected by downward exhaust.

(4) When doing gas experiment, first check the air tightness of the device, the rubber plug 1-2ml should be exposed on the catheter, and the iron clip should be clamped at the distance from the nozzle 1/3.

⑤ When making gas with a long-necked funnel, the nozzle at the end of the long-necked funnel should be inserted under the liquid surface.

⑥ When igniting combustible gas, you must first check its purity.

⑦ When doing experiments with toxic gases, the tail gas must be finally treated.

⑧ When reducing metal oxides with reducing gas, "one pass, two points, three extinguishes and four stops" must be achieved.

13, reaction law:

Displacement reaction:

(1) Elemental metal+acid → salt+hydrogen

(2) simple metal+salt (solution) → another metal+another salt

(3) metal oxide+charcoal or hydrogen → metal+carbon dioxide or water

Double decomposition reaction:

① Alkaline oxide+acid → salt ++H2O ② Alkali+acid → salt +H2O

③ Acid+salt → new salt+new acid ④ salt 1+ salt 2→ new salt 1+ new salt 2.

⑤ salt+alkali → new salt+new alkali

14, metal+acid → salt+++H2↑ =

(1) metal reacts with enough acid to release hydrogen in the order of Al > Mg > Fe > Zn.

② Different acids with equal mass react with enough metals, and the smaller the relative molecular weight of the acid, the more hydrogen is released.

③ The same acid with the same mass reacts with enough different metals to release the same amount of hydrogen.

(4) After the reaction of metal+acid → salt +H2 ↑, the solution becomes heavier and the metal becomes lighter.

Metal+salt solution → new metal+new salt:

(1) When the relative atomic mass of the metal is greater than that of the new metal,

After the reaction, the mass of the solution becomes heavier and the metal becomes lighter.

(2) When the relative atomic mass of the metal is less than that of the new metal.

After the reaction, the mass of the solution becomes lighter and the metal becomes heavier.

15, catalyst: one change and two unchanged (a substance whose chemical properties and quality are unchanged by changing the reaction rate of a substance is a catalyst).

Oxidant and reductant: oxygen is reduced and deprived (the substance that takes oxygen is reductant, and the substance that loses oxygen is oxidant).

16. Impurity removal connector of gas washing cylinder: long inlet and short outlet.

Connection between drainage and gas collection and washing tank: short in and long out.

Connection between exhaust gas gathering and gas washing cylinder: low density means short inlet and outlet, while high density means long inlet and outlet.

17, experimental impurity removal principle: remove other things first, and then remove water vapor.

Experimental inspection principle: water first, then water.

Junior high school mathematics formula

Addition operation of rational numbers

Two numbers with the same sign are added, and the absolute value is added with the same sign.

Different symbols increase or decrease, large numbers determine and symbols.

Add up the opposites of each other, and the result is that zero must be remembered well.

Note that "big" minus "small" refers to the absolute value.

Subtraction operation of rational number

Negative is equal to plus negative, and reducing the burden is equal to plus positive.

Symbolic law of rational number multiplication operation

The sign of the same sign is negative and the product of a term is zero.

Combine similar terms

When it comes to merging similar projects, don't forget the rules.

Only the algebraic sum of the coefficients is found, and the letter index remains unchanged.

Rules for deleting and adding brackets

The key to deleting brackets or adding brackets depends on the connection number.

The expansion symbol is preceded by a plus sign, and the bracket invariant symbol is added.

Parentheses are preceded by a minus sign, and when you add parentheses, they change sign.

solve an equation

Known unknowns lead to separation, and separation must be completed by moving.

Shift addition, subtraction, addition, multiplication, division and multiplication.

formula for the difference of square

The sum of two numbers multiplied by the difference of two numbers is equal to the square of the difference of two numbers.

Product and difference are two terms, and complete square is not it.

Perfect square trinomial

The square of the sum or difference of two numbers has three expansions.

The first and last square, the first and last two in the middle.

The squares of sum are added and connected, and the squares of difference are subtracted and added.

Perfect square trinomial

The first square and the last square, the middle is twice that of the first and the last square.

The squares of sum are added and then added, and the squares of difference are subtracted and then added.

Solve a linear equation with one variable

Remove the denominator first and then the brackets, and remember the sign of the shifted item.

The coefficient "1" is not enough for the merger of similar items.

To obtain the unknown quantity, the value must be checked and replaced.

Solve a linear equation with one variable

Remove the denominator first, then remove the brackets, and merge the items of the same category.

The coefficient of 1 is not ready yet, and the calculation is not in vain.

Factorization and multiplication

The product of sum and difference is multiplication, and multiplication itself is operation.

Product sum and difference are decomposition, and factorization is not operation.

factoring

Don't be afraid of factorization just because the square signs of two formulas are different.

Multiply the sum of two cardinality by the difference of two cardinality, and the decomposition result is it.

The square sign of the two formulas is the same, and the product at the bottom is twice that at the center.

Whether factorization can be done, there is an article on the symbol.

The same difference is squared first and signed.

The sign of the same law is negative, and the difference needs to be added with a power sign.

factoring

One mention, two sets, three sets, cross multiplication is also counted.

None of the four methods works, so we have to split the items and add items to reorganize.

It is hopeless to try to find the root, exchange elements or calculate the remainder in recombination.

A variety of methods can be flexibly selected, and the result of continuous multiplication is the basis.

If the same type of multiplication occurs, this ability means remembering.

Pay attention to mention (common factor formula) two sets (formulas)

factoring

One mention, two episodes, three groups, and the roots of cross multiplication are also counted.

None of the five methods can work, so we have to split and add items to reorganize.

The right medicine, slow and steady, and the result of constant multiplication is the foundation.

Factorization of quadratic trinomial

Think completely flat first, then cross.

Neither method works, so try to find a root decomposition.

Ratio and proportion

The division of two numbers is also called ratio, and the ratio of two numbers is equal.

The outer product equals the inner product, and the equal product can be divided into eight proportions.

Internal and external items are exchanged separately, and both items should be called greater than.

The simultaneous exchange of internal and external terms is called inverse ratio.

The ratio before and after the term is constant, which is called the combined ratio.

The difference between the preceding item and the latter item is the ratio.

The sum of two items is not as good as two items, and the proportion is equal.

The sum of the preceding paragraph is equal to the sum of the following items, and the proportion remains unchanged.

Solution ratio

The outer product is equal to the inner product, and the equation is solved.

Find the ratio

There are many ways to find the ratio from the known data.

Flexible use of the nature of the proportion of seven, variable substitution is also very popular.

It's a good idea to destroy Yolanda, and all roads lead to the same goal.

Positive proportion and inverse proportion

The agreed variables are directly proportional and the product variables are inversely proportional.

Positive proportion and inverse proportion

The quotient of the change process is certain, and the two variables are proportional.

The product of the change process is constant, and the two variables are inversely proportional.

Judge that four numbers are proportional.

Whether the four numbers are proportional or not is sorted in ascending and descending order first.

The product of two ends is equal to the intermediate product, and four numbers must be proportional.

Judge that the four formulas are proportional.

Whether the four formulas are proportional or not, the birth or decline of power must be sorted first.

The two-terminal product is equal to the intermediate product, and the four formulas can be proportional.

mean proportional

Among the four proportional terms, the external term is the same.

Sometimes the internal items will be the same, and the intermediate items in the proportion are essential.

The word proportion is very important and will be encountered in many occasions.

Among the four scale projects, many external projects are the same.

Sometimes the internal items will be the same, and the items in the proportion will appear.

The same number, square, different products, there is nowhere to escape in proportion.

Radical and irrational

An algebraic expression represen a square root can be called a radical.

The radical form is different from the irrational form, and its opening mode is not limited.

Only when there are letters in the opened way can it be called unreasonable.

Unreasonable forms are radical forms, which are distinguished by signs.

There are letters on the way to be opened, which can also be called unreasonable.

Find domain name

Four principles should be paid attention to when seeking the domain.

Negative numbers cannot be squared, and zero denominator is meaningless.

Refers to the positive number at the bottom of the fraction, and the number zero has no zero power.

Constraints are not unique and satisfy multiple inequalities.

Four principles should be paid attention to when obtaining the domain through customs clearance.

Negative numbers cannot be squared, and zero denominator is meaningless.

There is a positive number at the bottom of the fractional index, and zero has no zero power.

Constraints are not unique, solve the inequality group.

Solving one-dimensional linear inequality

Remove the denominator first, then remove the brackets, and merge the items of the same category.

The coefficient of "1" is exquisite, and the multiplication and division of the same negative number must change direction.

Remove the denominator first, then the brackets, and don't forget to change the symbol when moving the item.

When similar items are merged, the coefficient is "1".

There is no obstacle to the same multiplication and division, and the same multiplication and division also changes sign.

Solving a system of linear inequalities with one variable

Larger than the head, smaller than the tail, different sizes.

There is no solution to the size, and all four situations are coming.

Take two sides in the same direction and take the middle in the opposite direction.

There is no element in the middle, no solution.

Kindergarten children are responsible, (just like the younger ones)

Nursing homes are proud of being old.

There is no distinction between old and young in the barracks. (Is it big or small)

All schemes, large and small, are empty. (No wow, big and small)

Solve a quadratic inequality in one variable

Firstly, it is transformed into a general formula, which is the second station of the constructor.

If the discriminant value is not negative, the horizontal axis of the curve has an intersection point.

A is opening it. If it is greater than zero, take both sides.

If the algebraic expression is less than zero, the intersection of solution sets.

If the equation has no real root, then the solution of big zero in the mouth is all.

If it is less than zero, there is no solution, and the opening is just the opposite.

Factorization with square difference formula

There is a way to decompose two square terms with different symbols.

Multiply the sum of two cardinality by the difference of two cardinality, and the decomposition result is it.

Factorization of complete square formula

Two square terms are at both ends, and the bottom product is twice that of the middle.

The sum of the same base and the square, the sum of the reciprocal of all negative numbers and the square.

Divided into two base difference squares, the square product should be negative.

Both sides are negative, the middle is positive, and the square of cardinal difference is inverse.

One side after another, the bottom product is twice that of the middle.

Three plus two cardinality and square, all negative and square negative.

Divided into two base difference squares, both ends are positive product negative.

If both sides are negative, the middle is positive, and the square of the base difference is opposite.

Solving quadratic equation with one variable by formula method

To solve an equation with a formula, we must first turn it into a general formula.

Then, adjust the coefficient to make it the simplest ratio.

Determine the parameter abc and calculate the discriminant of the equation.

If there are any real roots, the ratio of discriminant value to zero will be known.

There is a real root setting formula, but there is no real root to talk about.

Solving quadratic equation with one variable by conventional collocation method

First separate the left and right, and then binarize "1".

A series is folded in half and then squared, and the two sides add up.

Divide left and right, and solve the problem directly.

This solution is called a formula, so you should practice more when solving the equation.

Indirect collocation method for solving quadratic equation with one variable

The known unknowns are separated first, and then factorized.

The adjustment coefficient is reciprocal, and the sum-difference product sets the identity.

Complete square constant, indirect formula shows advantages.

Pay attention to identity

Solve a quadratic equation with one variable

The equation has no linear term, so it is ideal to find the root directly.

If there is no constant term, there is no room for discussion on factorization.

B and c are equal to zero, and the root is also zero. Don't forget.

B and c are not both zero, factorization or formula,

You can also set the formula directly and choose a good prescription according to the topic.

Discrimination of positive proportional function

To judge the proportional function, the test is divided into two steps.

One quantity means another quantity,

Junior high school mathematics formula

Shanghai Tongzhou Model School Song Lifeng