Andre-Marie Ampere (1775- 1836) is a French physicist and the founder of electrodynamics. When I was a teenager, I mainly followed my father to learn skills and had no formal and systematic education. Ampere was very clever from an early age and had a keen observation of things. He has a wide range of interests and loves all kinds of scientific knowledge. 1799, Ampere began to study mathematics systematically; /kloc-settled in Paris in 0/805 and became a professor of physics at the French Academy; 18 14 years to join the French science society; 18 18 became the president of Paris university; And was elected as a member of the Royal Society on 1827. He is also an academician of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and the Stockholm Academy of Sciences.
Ampere is an outstanding scientist in the history of modern physics. In particular, his contribution to electromagnetism is particularly outstanding. Since 18 14 joined the Science Society, he discovered a series of important laws and theorems in the next twenty years, which promoted the rapid development of electromagnetism. 1827, he first deduced the basic formula of electrodynamics, established the basic theory of electrodynamics, and became the founder of electrodynamics.
Ampere is good at in-depth study of various laws he has discovered, and is good at quantitative analysis by applying mathematics. 1822, in the Science Society, he officially announced the discovery of Ampere's loop theorem. This is one of the important basic laws in electrodynamics. The research work of Ampere put an end to the viewpoint that magnetism is a special substance and put electromagnetism on the road of all-round development. To commemorate his contribution, the unit of current was named after him.
Faraday (michael faraday 179 1- 1867)
Faraday is a British physicist, chemist and a famous self-taught scientist. 1791September 22nd, a poor blacksmith family in Newtown, Surrey. Because his family was poor, he only attended primary school for a few years, and 13 was an apprentice in a bookstore. The work in the bookstore gave him the opportunity to read many science books. After delivering the newspaper for binding, I taught myself chemistry and electricity, and did a simple experiment to verify the contents of the book. In his spare time, he participated in the learning activities of the Municipal Philosophy Society and listened to lectures on natural philosophy, so he accepted the basic education of natural science. Because of his love and dedication to scientific research, he was appreciated by British chemist David. 18 13 In March, David recommended him to be a laboratory assistant at the Royal Institute. This was a turning point in Faraday's life, and he embarked on the road of devoting himself to scientific research. In June 65438+in the same year 10, David went to the European continent for scientific investigation and lectures, and Faraday went with him as his secretary and assistant. A year and a half later, I passed through France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and other countries, and met famous scholars such as Ampere and Guy Lussac. Along the way, Faraday assisted David to do many chemical experiments, which greatly enriched his scientific knowledge and increased his experimental ability, laying the foundation for his independent scientific research. 1865438+In May 2005, he returned to the Royal Institute to conduct chemical research under the guidance of David. 1824 1 was elected as a member of the royal society, 1825 was appointed as the laboratory director of the royal society in February, and 1833- 1862 was appointed as the chemistry professor of the royal society. 1846 was awarded the Renford Medal and the Royal Medal. 1867 died on August 25th.
Faraday is mainly engaged in the research of electricity, magnetism, magneto-optic and electrochemistry, and has made a series of important discoveries in these fields. After Oster discovered the magnetic effect of current in 1820, Faraday put forward the bold idea of "generating electricity by magnetism" in 182 1 and began a hard exploration. 182 1 September, he found that the electrified wire can rotate around the magnet, and the magnet moves around the current-carrying conductor, which realized the transformation from electromagnetic motion to mechanical motion for the first time, thus establishing the laboratory model of the motor. Then, after numerous experiments failed, the law of electromagnetic induction was finally discovered at 183 1. This epoch-making great discovery has enabled mankind to master the methods of mutual transformation of electromagnetic motion and mutual transformation of mechanical energy and electrical energy, and has become the basis of modern generator, motor and transformer technology.
Faraday can persist in exploring electromagnetic induction in 10, and one of the important reasons is closely related to his thoughts on the unity and transformation of various natural forces. He always thinks that there are infinite connections between various phenomena in nature. It is also under the guidance of this idea that he continued to study the electrical characteristics of known photovoltaic cells at that time, such as electricity, triboelectricity, thermoelectric, galvani electricity and electromagnetic induction electricity. 1832, he published the article "the identity of electricity from different sources", which proved the conclusion that "no matter what the source of electricity is, its nature is the same" with a large number of experiments, thus sweeping away people's understanding of the nature of electricity.
In order to explain the nature of electricity, Faraday conducted a series of experiments on the current passing through the solution of acid, alkali and salt, which led to the continuous discovery of the first law and the second law of electrolysis in 1833- 1834, laying the foundation for modern electrochemical industry. The second law also points out that there is an elementary charge and the charge has the smallest unit, which becomes an important conclusion supporting the discreteness of electricity. In order to describe the experimental facts correctly, Faraday formulated many concepts and terms such as mobility, cathode, anode, anion, cation, electrolysis, electrolyte and so on.
After the unity of electricity and magnetism was confirmed, Faraday was determined to find the connection between light and electromagnetic phenomena. 1845, he found that heavy glass without optical rotation produced optical rotation under the action of strong magnetic field, which made the polarization plane of polarized light deflect. This is the magneto-optical effect, and it is the first time that human beings realize the relationship between electromagnetic phenomena and light phenomena. 1846 published the article "Reflections on Light Vibration", and put forward the viewpoint of electromagnetic essence of light for the first time. He has designed and done many experiments without fear of difficulties, trying to find the relationship between gravity and electricity, the influence of magnetic field on spectral lines emitted by light sources, and the effect of electricity on light. Due to the limitation of experimental conditions at that time, although he didn't succeed, his thoughts and viewpoints were completely correct, which was verified by later experiments.
Faraday is the founder of electromagnetic field theory. He put forward the concepts of magnetic lines and electric lines for the first time, further deepened and developed the idea of electric lines in the research of electromagnetic induction, electrochemistry and electrostatic induction, put forward the idea of field for the first time, established the concepts of electric field and magnetic field, and denied the viewpoint of action at a distance. Einstein once pointed out that the idea of field is Faraday's most creative thought and the most important discovery since Newton. Maxwell inherited and developed Faraday's field thought, found a perfect mathematical expression for it and established the electromagnetic field theory.
Faraday's indomitable spirit of scientific exploration, simple and selfless dedication to the progress of human civilization and his outstanding scientific contribution will always be admired by future generations.
3. Galileo (Galileo, 1564— 1642)
A famous Italian mathematician, astronomer, physicist and philosopher, he was the first scientific giant to integrate mathematics, astronomy and physics on the basis of scientific experiments. Galileo was a pioneer of the scientific revolution. Throughout his life, he proved and widely publicized the new world outlook initiated by Copernicus and Kepler, and under the persecution of the church, he used his own sacrifice to arouse people's recognition of Heliocentrism. He made epoch-making contributions in the process of human ideological emancipation and the development of civilization.
More than 300 years later, in June 65438 +0979 65438+10/October 65438 +00, the Pope publicly acknowledged Galileo's unfair trial, and in June 65438 +0980 65438 +00, the World Bishops' Congress once again announced that it would avenge Galileo's injustice.
Galileo 1564 was born in a big family of declining aristocrats in Pisa, Italy. He has been very clever since he was a child. /kloc-When he was 0/7 years old, his father sent him to the University of Pisa to study medicine, but he was not interested in medicine. Inspired by a mathematics lecture, I began to be keen on the research of mathematics and physics. 1585 drop out of school and go home. Since then, he has taught in Pisa University and Padua University, during which he has made many achievements in scientific research. Because of his opposition to Aristotle's world outlook and physics, which ruled the intellectual world at that time, and because he actively advocated Copernicus' sun-centered theory, which violated Catholic teachings, he was constantly excluded by professors and fiercely opposed by priests and popes. Finally, in 1633, he was forced to write a "repentance book" by the Roman Inquisition on the heresy of "I regret my mistake and publicize the earth movement" and was sentenced to imprisonment (later changed to imprisonment at home). This greatly damaged his body and spirit. But he still devoted himself to the study of mechanics. 1637 is blind. 1642 He died of a fever and a cold in loneliness at the age of 78. (After a lapse of 347 years, the Pope redundantly declared in 1980 that it was wrong to suppress Galileo and "rehabilitated" him. )
Galileo's main representative works are two books. One is "Dialogue between Two World Systems" published by 1632, the main purpose of which is to publicize Copernicus' sun-centered theory. The other book is "Talk and Mathematical Proof on Two New Sciences of Mechanics and Local Motion" published by 1638, which is referred to as "Two New Sciences" for short, and mainly states his research achievements in mechanics. Galileo's contribution to science mainly includes the following aspects:
Galileo's homemade telescope
(1) demonstrates and popularizes Copernicus' theory, and convincingly explains the revolution and rotation of the earth and the movement of planets around the sun. He also carefully observed the movements of Jupiter's four satellites with a self-made telescope, and showed a model of the solar system in front of people, which strongly supported Copernicus' theory.
(2) The inertial motion is demonstrated, and it is pointed out that no external force is needed to maintain the motion. This negates Aristotle's dogma that "movement must be promoted". However, Galileo's understanding of inertial motion did not completely get rid of Aristotle's influence. He also believed that the inertial motion of "maintaining the perfect order of the universe" could not be a linear motion, but only a circular motion. This misunderstanding was corrected by his contemporaries Descartes and Newton.
(3) It is proved that all objects fall at the same acceleration. This conclusion directly denies Aristotle's statement that heavy objects fall faster than light objects. More than 200 years later, Einstein's general theory of relativity sprouted from this conclusion.
(4) The uniform motion is studied experimentally. He verified his formula by letting the ball roll down on the inclined plane: the distance from the stationary motion of uniform acceleration is proportional to the square of time, and he also extended this result to the free-falling motion, that is, the motion on the inclined plane with an inclination of 90.
(5) The concept of motion synthesis is put forward, and it is clearly pointed out that the flat throwing motion is the synthesis of horizontal uniform motion and vertical uniform acceleration motion, which are independent of each other, and the trajectory of the synthetic motion is proved to be parabola by mathematics. According to this concept, he also calculated that the amplitude of oblique throwing action is the largest when the elevation angle is 45, and the amplitude is equal when it is greater than or less than 45.
(6) Put forward the idea of relativity principle. He vividly described some mechanical phenomena on the big ship, and pointed out that when the ship moves at any speed, these phenomena are the same, so it is impossible to judge whether the ship is moving according to them. This idea was later developed by Einstein into the principle of relativity and became one of the basic assumptions of special relativity.
(7) It is found that the simple pendulum is isochronous, which proves that the vibration period of the simple pendulum is proportional to the square root of the pendulum length. He also explained the phenomenon of * * * vibration and * * * ringing.
In addition, Galileo also studied the strength of solid matter, the weight of air, tidal phenomena, sunspots, bumps and depressions on the surface of the moon and so on.
In addition to specific research results, Galileo paved the way for the development of modern physics in research methods. He introduced experiments into physics for the first time, gave it an important position, and got rid of the bad habit of drawing conclusions only by speculation. At the same time, he also attached great importance to strict reasoning and the application of mathematics. For example, he explained inertial motion by eliminating the limit of friction, and concluded that the speed at which big stones and small stones should fall together would put Aristotle in a contradictory dilemma, thus denying the conclusion that heavy objects fall faster than light ones. This kind of reasoning can eliminate intuitive errors, so as to understand the essence of the phenomenon more deeply. In the book Evolution of Physics, Einstein and Infield once commented: "Galileo's discovery and his scientific reasoning method are one of the greatest achievements in the history of human thought, marking the real beginning of physics."
Galileo struggled with traditional misconceptions all his life, and his attitude towards authority is also worth learning. He said: "To tell the truth, I agree with Aristotle's works and study them carefully. I only blame those who make themselves completely slaves to him, blindly agree with everything he says, and regard his words as an imperial edict that can never be disobeyed, without delving into any other basis. "
Coulomb (Charles Augustine de Coulomb 1736 ~ 1806)