Gauss was born in poverty, as if he were the reincarnation of Archimedes, the "God of Mathematics". Gauss showed great talent in mathematics since he was a child. Because of poverty, his father is heavily in debt. When Gauss was three years old, his father was a foreman, and he was checking the weekly wages of workers. After a glance at the ledger, Gauss was able to help his father correct the mistakes in the accounts.
At the age of eight, this well-known story fully showed Gauss's powerful mathematical talent. At the age of seven, Gauss first entered the class studying mathematics, where he met his second Bole and his teacher, the class's math teacher Butner. One day, he assigned a question, 1 to 100.
Such a problem is already very difficult for a 7-year-old child now. In fact, Butner is not friendly to students. He just wants to kill students' time by asking such questions. Who knows, Gauss soon came up with the answer. At first, Gauss's teacher Butner didn't believe that Gauss had worked out the correct answer, but Gauss listed his own calculation method: 1+100 =10/,2+99 = 50 from100.
When Butner first saw this calculation method, he vaguely felt that Gauss would be a mathematical genius with infinite achievements in the future. He went to Hamburg specially to buy the best math textbook for Gauss. Although Butner didn't teach Gauss anything, he really took Gauss to the road of mathematics. And this algorithm is now also named "Gaussian algorithm".
Gauss's first bole and teacher were actually his mother and uncle. Although his mother is only the daughter of a poor stonemason, she is smart, open-minded and far-sighted. She firmly believes that Gauss will have different achievements in the future, instead of hoping that Gauss can get a stable job like her husband. Flier Ritchie, Gauss's uncle, is as smart, enthusiastic and intelligent as his sister.
He found his sister's son clever, so he devoted part of his energy to Gauss, enlightened his wisdom, broadened his thinking, and often encouraged Gauss to embark on the road of scholars. It was because of his uncle's support that Gauss was not allowed to embark on the road of bricklayers. Gauss has always been grateful for his uncle's contribution and thinks that his uncle is a "genius".
Gauss's life is smooth and smooth. Although he was born in poverty, he has always had Bole, so that his life can be very dull and he can freely and happily contribute to the mathematics kingdom with his own thoughts. However, decades later, Galois, who was ignored by him, died at the age of 2 1 because of lack of Bole, and there was a bright star missing in the mathematics kingdom.
When Gauss 1 1 was years old, he came to a liberal arts school. Because of his own cleverness, his teacher and his mother recommended Gauss to Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of zwick, and he met the third Bole in his life. During his decades of life, the Duke helped Gauss selflessly. It is precisely because of the existence of the Duke that Gauss's mathematical research can be carried out carefree. . Without him, Gauss's road to mathematics would be very bumpy.
Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick.
Later, the Duke not only allowed Gauss to continue studying at his Caroline College, but also funded him to be admitted to the University of G? ttingen. Until Gauss got his Ph.D., and later when Gauss didn't have a job, the Duke still supported Gauss selflessly, so that Gauss could refuse the professorship offered by St. Petersburg and engage in mathematics research with peace of mind. How selfless is the Duke to Gauss?
Not only paid for the printing of his doctoral thesis, but also gave him a house, printed many of his own research results for Gauss, and paid most of his living expenses. . . I'm closer than my own son. . . Gauss also thanked the Duke in particular. In his doctoral thesis and arithmetic research, he wrote a sincere dedication: "To the Duke", "Your kindness freed me from all troubles and enabled me to engage in this unique research".
Well, the success of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, goes down in history only because he is connected with Gauss, and he is still studying the names that Gauss can't get around. The money is well spent.
You will find that every genius, whether Newton, Euler or Gauss, these godlike figures in history, regardless of their origins, can finally meet Bole and make their life bright. As long as you are a genius, no matter what kind of environment you are in, others will always find you, burn yourself or provide a platform for your light to be discovered by all the people in the world. Even Galois, who was born without Bole, met Bole after his death.
Gauss image in movies
Of course, the duke is so selfless because Gauss is really excellent, which makes him believe that such a person is a genius in a million. When Gauss 18 years old, he discovered the prime number distribution theorem and the least square method. Based on this discovery, he created a set of measurement data processing methods. According to this new method, he obtained a measurement result with probability property, and plotted this measurement result as a curve. This curve function distribution is later called Gaussian distribution diagram, also called standard normal distribution.
At the age of 0/9, Gauss/Kloc-discovered the regular drawing of regular heptagon.
At that time, Euclid put forward the regular drawing method, but there are still many problems, such as the regular drawing method of regular polygons, which have puzzled many mathematicians for more than 2000 years. In his sophomore year, Gauss got the regular drawing of regular heptagon, and gave the conditions for drawing regular polygon with regular drawing, which solved the outstanding problems since 2000. He is also the first mathematician in the world who successfully solved geometric problems by algebraic methods. Only 19 years old, you can think about what you were doing when you were 19 years old. Only gauss can go down in history.
But this is only the beginning of Gauss's life. 19 years old proved the law of quadratic reciprocity, which is at the center of the development history of number theory. Even Euler did not give a strict proof. Gauss not only gave the first strict proof, but also proved the law of quadratic reciprocity, and later gave seven proof methods. Put forward one who can already be regarded as a great mathematician, and put forward eight kinds to keep other mathematicians alive!
When Dr. Gauss graduated, he also discovered the famous basic theorem of algebra. He believes that any unary algebraic equation has roots. This paper shocked the whole world. Later, after Gauss died, many mathematicians proved the truth of the basic theorem of algebra. Gauss was also the first mathematician in the world to discover this theorem. It is also the most glorious part of Gauss's life experience.
However, at the age of 29, the Duke died in the French army against Napoleon, which gave Gauss a heavy blow. He is heartbroken and has long been deeply hostile to the French. Without financial aid, they can only find jobs by themselves. Gauss's idea of finding a job set off a battle for talents between Germany and Russia.
Gauss image in movies
Because Gauss became famous at the age of 19 by solving the regular drawing method of regular heptagon, the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg constantly hinted that since leonhard euler died in 1783, Euler's position in the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg has been waiting for a genius like Gauss. Germany can't do it at first sight. How could such a talented person be taken away by you Russians?
Petersburg academy of sciences
Humboldt, a famous German scholar, immediately joined other scholars and politicians to win Gauss the privileged positions of professor of mathematics and astronomy at the University of G? ttingen and director of the G? ttingen Observatory. In addition, when the duke was alive, he strongly discouraged Gauss from going to Russia. He was even willing to increase his salary and set up an observatory for him. Gauss stayed in G? ttingen.
Humboldt and Gauss in Film and Television
This kind of noise directly raised Gauss's status and fame to a higher level. How can the super talent robbed by Russia not be nice to him? What if we leave again! Therefore, Gauss lived a very good life and almost never left G? ttingen in his life. After all, he gave such a generous reward that he didn't have the courage to ask for money and give it to the whole.
But it was well used by Gottingen, which created conditions for the establishment of Gottingen Institute of Mathematics and Germany to become the world center of science and mathematics. Since then, Gottingen has been an academic center, not only for mathematics, but also for physics. Gottingen School led by physicist Sommerfeld has been one of the centers of physics in the early 20th century.
Of course, one of Gauss's most legendary life experiences is to infer the position of Ceres. At that time, a middle school teacher named Dionysus found that each item in a series of numbers was related to the distance ratio of the six known planets (namely, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) to the sun (the distance from the earth to the sun was defined as 1 unit).
Later, Herschel discovered Uranus according to this series, which proved the correctness of this series, but there is still an asteroid between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter that has not been discovered. At that time, a priest named Piazi had observed it, but later it disappeared. Gauss is very interested in this matter. After hard calculation, Gauss founded a brand-new theory of planetary orbit calculation with his outstanding mathematical ability. According to Piaz's observation data, he used this method to calculate the orbital shape of Ceres in only one hour, and pointed out when it would appear in which sky.
Piazi
On the nights of 180 1, 65438+2, 3 1, German astronomer Olbers aimed his telescope at the sky within the time predicted by Gauss. As expected, Ceres miraculously appeared again. This new theory of planetary orbit calculation was later considered by astronomers as the simplest and most scientific method to measure the orbit of planets. Gauss later used him to calculate the celestial trajectory of Shen Zhixing.
Olbers observed Ceres and Pallas Athena according to Gauss's method.
In Europe before, geometry was dominated by Euclidean geometry school, but Gauss thought that this Euclidean geometry school could not solve some problems. Later, he and other mathematicians proposed non-Euclidean geometry. Non-Euclidean geometry has influenced the development of modern natural science, modern mathematics and mathematical philosophy.
In addition, Gauss, known as the "prince of mathematics", has also made outstanding achievements in other fields. He is also a man who blooms everywhere. For example, since he calculated the trajectory of celestial bodies by mathematical methods, he has published a book called "The Theory of the Operation of Celestial Bodies". Today, Gauss's research is still the cornerstone of astronomical calculation.
1833, Gauss and physics professor wilhelm weber invented the first electromagnetic telegraph. At the University of G? ttingen, they have been cooperating in the field of magnetism. They built the first telegraph connecting the Observatory and the Institute of Physics. This system can send eight words per minute. Later, Weber, the unit of magnetic flux in the international system of units, was named after wilhelm weber.
Weber and Gauss
Gauss also invented a simple version of the GPS system-the sunlight reflector, which is an instrument that greatly improves the long-distance land survey. Sunlight reflector uses a mirror to reflect sunlight to a far place, which can reach hundreds of kilometers and can mark the position for surveyors. Unfortunately, this instrument needs sunny weather to have good effect. In 1980s, GPS technology replaced it.
It can be said that Gauss contributed to number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, mechanics, electrostatics, astronomy, matrix theory and optics.
There are 1 10 items named after him, which are the most among mathematicians, such as Gaussian distribution (normal distribution), Gaussian fuzzy, Gaussian integral, Gaussian integer, Gaussian elimination, Gaussian curvature, Gaussian filter and Gaussian gravitational constant. It can be said that there are Gauss in great events, Gauss in high numbers and Gauss in geometry ... You close your eyes and pick one of the science and engineering (technical) books. You can definitely find the name Gauss in it ... You just need to open an app and look at the code. Generally speaking, there must be more than one formula related to Gaussian (or the formula of the contents in the bag).
You finally learned a graphic design, which has Gaussian ambiguity. . . It can be said that Gauss is everywhere.
Gauss tomb
This is still the case that Gauss has not published all his research results. Gauss is a very cautious person, probably afraid of hitting his face. His attitude towards his work is to strive for perfection, and he is very strict with the research results. He himself once said: I would rather publish less, but I publish mature results. Many contemporary mathematicians asked him not to be too serious, and to write and publish the results, which is very helpful for the development of mathematics.
Euclidean geometry has three founders, namely Gauss,
Lobachevski, Bolyai. Among them, Bolyai's father is a classmate of Gauss University. He tried to prove the parallel axiom. Although his father opposed him to continue this seemingly hopeless research, Bolyai Jr. was addicted to parallel axioms. Finally, non-Euclidean geometry is developed, and the research results are published in 1832 ~ 1833. Old Bolyai sent his son's grades to his old classmate Gauss, but Gauss wrote back: I can't praise him, because praising him means praising myself. As early as several decades ago, Gauss had obtained the same result, but he was afraid that this result would not be accepted by the world and was not published.
Bolyai
The basic idea of fast Fourier transform FFT was not known until after 1965. But it was later discovered that the two authors who actually discovered this idea just re-invented the algorithm that Gauss had proposed in 1805. It is conceivable that Gauss was 160 years ahead of his contemporaries.
Mathematician jacoby lived almost at the same time as Gauss, but he was nearly thirty years younger than Gauss. Jacoby himself has done a lot of work in the field of elliptic functions. He visited Gauss many times to explain his latest progress in elliptic functions, but every time Gauss took out a stack of manuscripts more than 30 years ago from his desk and proved to jacoby that "I found what you just said." ......
After experiencing such things several times, jacoby wrote to his brother, in which he wrote: "If a giant like Gauss didn't devote his energy to astronomy in his later years, today's mathematical world would be completely different."
Gauss, Archimedes, Newton and Euler are tied as the four greatest mathematicians in the world. Like Euler, many of his achievements were destroyed by fire, while Gauss's achievements were scattered in letters and notes with friends and were not published. If these two masters can publish all their achievements to the public, then the development of mathematics must be at least one world ahead of schedule.
Gauss is "the pride of mankind". Genius, precocity, high yield and lasting creativity ... almost all the praises in the field of human intelligence can be said to be excessive for Gauss. Einstein once commented: "Gauss's contribution to the development of modern physics, especially to the mathematical basis of relativity (referring to surface theory), is beyond everything and unparalleled."
Bell once commented on Gauss: Only after Gauss died did people know that he had foreseen some mathematics in the19th century, and had predicted that they would appear before 1800. If he can reveal what he knows, he is likely to be half a century or more advanced than today's mathematics.
The last sentence: Goss is really awesome!