Poincare: The Last French Psychologist Binet.Alfred. Alfred and Simon, an educator, designed a scale for measuring IQ that was popular all over the world in 1905. However, after this scale test, there is actually an excellent master of mathematics-Poincare, known as the "encyclopedia of mathematics".
Poincare was born in France in April 1854. His childhood was extremely unfortunate, and his father with superb medical skills could not bring him health. He has suffered from a strange motor nervous system disease since childhood, and it is difficult to write and draw. At the age of five, he suffered from severe diphtheria, which led to delayed language development and severely impaired vision. Fortunately, he has a talented and well-educated mother, who has received a good family education since he was a child, so Poincare's talent began to emerge through family education and self-exercise. When he can't see the teacher's blackboard clearly in class, when he can't remember it, he listens attentively and writes it in his mind. The following short story can fully reflect the learning characteristics of this legendary figure:
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/864, in the classroom of a middle school in France, a famous local astronomer told the students about the movement of planets. Most students who are not interested in astronomy are absent-minded, either expressionless or yawning, which obviously annoys the thankless teacher. At this time, he once again found that a little boy in the back row had never looked down at the blackboard and seemed to be absent-minded, so he strode over.
"Classmate, what are you doing? Why don't you look at the blackboard? Do you understand everything? " The teacher asked angrily.
"I am used to listening with my ears, and I understand, thank you!" The little boy stood up and answered respectfully
"Really? Then please tell everyone! " Teachers who are not true believers deliberately make things difficult.
"The operation of the planet ..." The little boy completely repeated what the teacher had just said.
"Oh, my God! It's amazing, you will never forget it! " The teacher was dumbfounded and felt incredible: "then why don't you look at the contents on the blackboard?" This is more convenient to understand! " "The teacher is still puzzled.
"Teacher, his eyes are so nearsighted that he can't see the words on the blackboard clearly." The students next to me quickly explained.
"Oh, that's right. It seems that God is fair, your concentration makes up for the defect of vision, and you already have a pair of' inner eyes'! "
This boy with extraordinary memory is the later mathematics master Poincare. Because of visual impairment, Poincare can only rely on hearing and memory, which means that he has to make more and greater efforts than ordinary people, but at the same time he has gained an amazingly developed brain, especially his ability of understanding and memory. His memory of things is quick, accurate and lasting, and he is highly focused when thinking about problems, especially mathematics, and can complete complex operations and reasoning in his mind. That kind of highly concentrated attention, no matter how much external interference, can't interrupt his thinking, and these qualities are exactly what a mathematician must have. At that time, senior students often tested him on math problems, and Poincare gave the answer almost instantly. On the contrary, those who tested him took a long time to verify his answer. Therefore, he was nicknamed "Mathematical Monster".
1873, 19-year-old poincare took the entrance examination of the Paris institute of technology, which is famous for its strict examination. At this time, Poincare's mathematical ability has emerged. In order to test his ability, the examiners deliberately postponed the examination time for 45 minutes. They used this time to carefully design several math problems for him. The humble young man didn't write, but easily completed the calculation in his mind. When he reported the answer, the examiners were ecstatic because of the short time and ingenious method. Although Poincare's painting ability is poor, he got zero on the geometric drawing problem, but after heated discussion, the examiners who didn't want to learn finally broke the routine and gave him the first place.
During his college years, Poincare became more obsessed with mathematics. Weakly, he threw himself into the wonderful and magical ocean of mathematics. Through diligent thinking and study, in 1878, his "unusual" paper on the general solution of differential equations amazed the professors of the French Academy of Sciences, and he was awarded a doctorate in mathematics by the French Academy of Sciences. Soon, he was hired by Kahn University as a lecturer in mathematical analysis, and two years later, he was hired as a professor by Paris University to teach mechanics and experimental physics, and he began his scientific career as a professional mathematician.
Poincare is quick-thinking, good at discussion, quick-thinking as a spring, and writing papers as fast as running water. An academic paper with tens of thousands of words can be conceived quickly in your mind, and you don't need to modify a word when writing it. What is more rare is that his research and contributions involve various branches of mathematics, such as function theory, algebraic topology, Abelian function and algebraic geometry, number theory, differential equations, mathematical basis and so on. Many topics in contemporary mathematical research can be traced back to his work. Since the 20th century, the development of mathematics has changed with each passing day, and it has entered a multidisciplinary and difficult modern stage. It is remarkable that an outstanding mathematician can master one or several branches of mathematics, and it is rare to master mathematicians in almost all fields of mathematics. Today's mathematicians can't make the first-class research results like Poincare in the four basic fields of mathematics: arithmetic, algebra, geometry and analysis. Since the 20th century, mathematical circles have only recognized "two and a half" all-around mathematicians in the true sense. The first is Poincare, and the other is von Neumann. Half-finger Hilbert shows Poincare's lofty position in the field of mathematics, so it is not an exaggeration to call him19th century, which can be compared with mathematical Gauss. In fact, Poincare not only made extraordinary contributions in the field of mathematics, but also made outstanding achievements in the fields of celestial mechanics, physics and philosophy of science, so he was evaluated as "the last mathematical generalist with comprehensive knowledge of mathematics and its application" by authoritative figures in the history of mathematics.
Poincare's pioneering research work in the field of physics can be compared with Madame Curie's discovery of radium and Einstein's discovery of relativity. He successfully solved the mutual motion between three bodies such as the sun, the earth and the moon. He is the ideological pioneer of relativity and quantum mechanics, two pillars of modern physics. His research on the basic law of "unanimous emphasis on the analysis of human rational knowledge" put forward by philosophy of science has attracted more and more attention from contemporary philosophers. During his 34-year research career, he published 500 papers and more than 30 books, not including a series of natural philosophy masterpieces published by him as a natural science philosopher. Because of his outstanding contributions, he won all the honors that the French government can give, won awards from Britain, Russia, Sweden, Hungary and other countries, and was hired as an academician of the Academy of Sciences by more than 30 countries.
1904, Poincare gave one of the most conjectures in mathematics-Poincare conjecture, which is one of the seven century puzzles in mathematics. This is a central problem in topology. Any closed and flexible three-dimensional space can be blown into a three-dimensional sphere if all closed curves can be shrunk to one point. Generally speaking, curves are one-dimensional manifolds, surfaces are two-dimensional manifolds, and connected geometric figures are called connectivity (connectivity can also be subdivided). Poincare conjecture: a smooth and compact n- 1 connected N-dimensional manifold in n+ 1 dimensional space must be homeomorphic to an N-dimensional sphere. The so-called homeomorphism of two graphs means that one graph can be continuously transformed into another. The case of n= 1 and n=2 has long been known. Smale proved to be right in 1960 for everything with n≥5. 198 1 year, Friedman proved that n=4 is also true, but the case of n=3 is still unsolved.
Poincare is not only brilliant, but also diligent. 19 1 1 year. At the age of 57, he was unwell and his energy declined. Poincare, who had been ill all his life, had a premonition that his days were numbered. He didn't want many new ideas bred in his mind to go with him, so he began to step up his research. 1965438+On June 26th, 2002, Poincare gave his last public speech. He said from the bottom of his heart: "Life is a constant struggle. If we occasionally enjoy relative peace, it is precisely because of the tenacious struggle of our ancestors. If our energy and vigilance are relaxed for a while, we will lose the fruits that our ancestors worked hard for us. " Poincare said this and did the same. 19 12, 17 In July, Poincare's thinking brain stopped working forever because of the sudden attack of cerebrovascular disease, but he is famous as a master of mathematics who has made great achievements in all fields of mathematics.
As a master of mathematics, Poincare is an out-and-out leader in mathematics. Obviously, his IQ will not be "stupid" in the test conclusion, or even the opposite. It can be seen that people's intelligence can't be absolutely judged by a table, and tables and data can't accurately predict people's future development. Poincare used his unremitting life to tell us the fact that it is one-sided to measure a person's intelligence and ability only by IQ. A person's lack of one aspect can greatly stimulate the potential of other aspects. Poincare is such an example!