What is the earliest calendar in history?

Question 1: What are the earliest calendars in China? They are summer calendar, lunar calendar, weekly calendar, Huangdi calendar, Zhuan Xu calendar and Luli calendar in turn. Therefore, the earliest is the summer calendar.

Question 2: What is the earliest calendar in the world? The Mayan calendar preceded the Babylonian calendar.

Question 3: What is the earliest calendar in human history, the Mayan calendar?

Maya calendar is a system composed of different calendars and yearbooks, which was used by Maya civilization in Central America before Columbus.

These calendars are synchronized and closely integrated with each other in a complex way, forming a broader and longer-term cycle.

The Mayan calendar system itself is based on the prevailing local calendar system, which can be traced back to at least the 6th century BC and enjoys many characteristics similar to those used by other Central American civilizations. Although the Central American calendar did not originate from Mayan civilization, its subsequent extension and the method of removing weeds and preserving seeds are the most sophisticated.

Besides the Aztec calendar, the Mayan calendar is also the calendar with the most complete literature and understanding.

Question 4: The earliest calendar in China, the summer calendar, is the lunar calendar.

China's calendar and calendar years adopt the three-in-one calendar of Yin and Yang; In ancient times, according to the needs of different agricultural and animal husbandry production, the solar calendar and the lunar calendar were produced respectively. As a traditional calendar in China, the lunar calendar has its earliest origin, and there are many records in ancient books, as well as in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and China. At present, it is generally believed that the calendar rule of the integration of yin and yang originated in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. There were 102 calendars in the history of China from the Huangdi calendar to the opening of the solar calendar in the late Qing Dynasty. Some of these calendars have had a great influence on China's culture and civilization, such as Xia calendar, Shang calendar, Zhou calendar, taichu calendar in the Western Han Dynasty, Dayan calendar in Sui and Tang Dynasties and Emperor calendar. Although some calendars are not officially used, they are of great significance to health, medicine, ideology and astronomy. Before the Han Dynasty, the ancient calendar in China took 366 days as a year, and the leap month was used to determine the end of the four seasons and the year. There are already time units of day, month, ten-day and hour, and the technology of yin-yang calendar is available; The motion laws of the five planets and the sun and the moon were observed, and the time difference was adjusted by leap month subtraction. The implementation of this law has become a major event. One of the main contents is to determine the age and positive leap surplus at four o'clock in leap month, that is, to determine the position of leap month and how to subtract the extra days (without missing days), so as to determine the end and beginning of age. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the decline of the royal family in the Zhou Dynasty, the governors went their own way, so a multi-track calendar appeared, that is, the governors and local tribes also had their own local calendars; The Qin Dynasty was the last calendar in the history of China to set the leap month at four o'clock.

At the beginning of Han Dynasty, there was a major turning point in China calendar, and the national unified calendar became a relatively independent science and technology. Emperor Wu instructed Sima Qian and others to write taichu calendar, and then Liu Xin wrote three calendars. The important feature of these two calendars is the integration of calendar and year. The whole number of days in a year is 365 days instead of 366 days in the previous calendar. The time difference is adjusted by adding the difference instead of subtracting it. The beginning of the age cycle is quite fixed, leap month can be determined by mathematical calculation, and five elements can be established without looking up ephemeris. At this point, Yin-Yang and Five Elements basically withdrew from the calendar. Since then, the calendars promulgated by China in past dynasties have been similar to the taichu calendar law. After the founding of the Republic of China, the Gregorian calendar or the calendar year of the Republic of China was adopted.

Question 5: Who first invented the calendar in China? Huangdi calendar is the earliest calendar in China. A large number of historical records show that the calendar was made by people after the Yellow Emperor defeated Chiyou and unified the world. The rules of the original calendar have been lost. We know something from some ancient books: The Yellow Emperor calendar is a combination of yin and yang, which began in the month of the founding of the People's Republic of China (Beidou bucket handle refers to the child, including the winter solstice). The starting point of observation time is to create ten heavenly stems and twelve earthly branches (forming sixty earthly branches) to represent yin and yang and five elements, and set four o'clock in leap month as adulthood. Almost all the calendars in China have followed this calendar basis, which has been passed down to this day, that is, today's lunar calendar.

Question 6: What is the earliest calendar in China? Fuxi calendar is also called Shangyuan calendar, taichu calendar calendar or Kerry calendar.

"Shangyuan" refers to "ancient times" and is also the initial era of the Chinese nation. This is an era of a special astronomical phenomenon that began during the reign of Fuxi, the ancestor of China.

History records: "At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, it coincided with the winter night to the sun, and seven prostitutes gathered to divide cattle, and the night was like a pearl combination." Because Jiazi is the starting point of heavenly stems and earthly branches; Midnight is the starting point of 1 day (midnight); Shuodan is the starting point of 1 month; The winter solstice is the starting point of the 24 solar terms. That is to say: taichu calendar's Shangyuan election was held on the night of Jiazi, which is the solstice and the northern day of winter; Moreover, the sun, the moon and the five stars (seven stars) all converge at the dividing point between Dou (one of the twelve stars) and Petunia. The night is like a combination of time and the moon, and the five stars are like beads. [ 1]

Zu Chongzhi, a famous mathematician in ancient China, used the method of "seeking the first solution" to calculate the starting point of Shangyuan Jiazi in taichu calendar: from the discovery of Shangyuan Jiazi to the seventh year of Song Daming (AD 463), 5 1939 years have passed. Contemporary scholars, such as Zuo Quanru of the School of Mathematical Sciences of Yangzhou University, used Qin-Zuo table to find the multiplication rate in the project funded by the National Natural Science Foundation (A02240 13), improved the ancient method of seeking a skill by taking a big derivative with modern mathematical methods, and proved this conclusion again by solving indefinite equations [2]. There is a saying in the Emperor's Century written by Huangfu Mi in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Tai Hao (that is,' Fuxi') reigned for one hundred and ten years, with fifty-nine descendants and handed down from generation to generation for more than fifty thousand years". Xie Shouhao wrote in the Southern Song Dynasty's "A Brief History of Taishang Laojun's Mixed Yuan Dynasty": "Fuxi Mude, the first calendar, ... descendants come down in one continuous line for 45,600 years". Both of them are similar to the results of mathematical calculation. Yan Chaoke, a contemporary scholar, also proved the measurability of this time point through archaeological and cultural relics research. (See "Eight Hard Evidence of Yan Di's Hometown of Lianshan Shennong". )

In addition, Fuxi is also called buxi. Wang Songying's Jade Sea? The calendar says: "At the beginning of Fuxi, Yang was the law, five qi were established, five permanents were established, and the five elements had a calendar and five luck". "Ancient Three Graves" is also called: "Fu, Mu Wangyue's life minister, Long Qian's family, make calendars." In the legend of China, Fuxi was also the ancestor who taught people cooking and animal husbandry, and also the ancestor who taught people astronomical calendars. Archaeological findings show that the era when humans started animal husbandry and attached importance to astronomy happened to be 50,000 years ago. Therefore, Fuxi chronology is well-founded [3].

Specifically, the conversion relationship between Fuxi calendar and Gregorian calendar is:

Fuxi calendar year = Gregorian calendar year +5 1477 (year).

For example, Gregorian calendar 1984 is Jiazi year, which happens to be Fuxi 5346 1 year. Fuxi calendar takes 60 years as a Jiazi, so Fuxi calendar in Jiazi year must be:

Years of Jiazi = n× 60+ 1

and:5346 1 = 89 1×60+ 1。

The Fuxi calendar used in this book is a pure solar calendar and a prototype of the dry calendar, both made by Fuxi, an ancient saint in China.

Fuxi calendar takes the day in the tropical year of the sun that includes the solar term winter solstice (hereinafter referred to as winter solstice) as the first day of the first month (5), and calculates the month and date by the method of uniform gas period. The specific method of gas balance method is:

Suppose there are twelve weather months every year (because this division is based on solar terms and twelve earthly branches, and it is close to the first lunar period of the moon, so it is customarily called "weather month" or "branch month"), and the number of days in each month is one twelfth of the total number of days in a year in the month where perihelion is located, and then rounded off, and the number of days in each month is one twelfth of the total number of days in a year in the month near apohelion. Then use this method to allocate all the days in a year and get the number of days in a month. That is to say, if the winter solstice includes 365 days, and the perihelion is between the winter solstice and slight cold, then 1, 2, 3, 9, 10,1,12 is thirty days per month. April, May, June, July and August 3 1 day per month. If the winter solstice includes 366 days and the perihelion is between the winter solstice and the slight cold, then 1, 2,3, 10, 1 1 and 65438+. Because this calendar is based on the solar terms under the fixed gas method, it will make an average simplification every month on the basis of the changes of solar terms, so it is called "gas averaging method"

It should be said that the Fuxi calendar used in this book has obvious advantages over other calendars owned by human beings (for example, the current Gregorian calendar in China and the western era law, which is usually called "AD").

First of all, it has been more than 50,000 years since the first year of Fuxi, and these 50,000 years are the period of the formation of new human beings. Most human civilizations were formed during these 50,000 years. Until then ... >>

Question 7: Who first proposed the ancient calendar in China? The first time to reform the calendar was the 8 1 minute calendar proposed by Luo et al. during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. As Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the creation of a new calendar in the seventh year of Yuanfeng (BC 104), the seventh year of Yuanfeng was changed to the first year of Taichu, and the end of December was defined as the end of Taichu Yuan, that is, from the first month of Meng Chun to the end of December. This kind of calendar is called the original calendar. The length of this calendar is 29 43/8 1 day, so it is called eighty-one, or eighty-one calendar.

Question 8: What calendars have been used in the history of China? The summer calendar is one of the traditional calendars in China, also known as lunar calendar, lunar calendar, lunar calendar, ancient calendar and old calendar. The summer calendar is a kind of lunar calendar. The moon revolves around the earth for one month, and the average length of the month is equal to the first month of the lunar calendar. This is the same as the lunar calendar, so it is called "lunar calendar". On the other hand, the setting of leap month makes the average length of each year as close as possible to a tropical year, and the setting of 24 solar terms reflects the characteristics of seasonal changes. Today, almost all Chinese in the world, as well as countries such as the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam, still use the summer calendar to calculate traditional festivals such as Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Dragon Boat Festival.

There were 102 calendars in the history of China from the Yellow Emperor calendar to the solar calendar in the late Qing Dynasty, some of which had a great influence on the culture and civilization of China.

For example, the Xia calendar, the Shang calendar, the Zhou calendar, the taichu calendar in the Western Han Dynasty, the Dayan calendar in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the Emperor calendar. Although some calendars are not officially used, they have played an important role in medical care, medicine, ideology, astronomy, mathematics and so on. , such as the three-way calendar in the late Western Han Dynasty and the emperor calendar in the Tang Dynasty. The ancient calendar of China before the Han Dynasty took 366 days as a year, and the "leap month" was used to determine the four seasons and the end of the year. There are already time units of day, month, ten-day and hour, and the technology of yin-yang calendar is available; The motion laws of the five planets and the sun and the moon were observed, and the time difference was adjusted by "leap moon" and "subtraction". The implementation of the calendar has become a major event, and one of the main contents is to determine the four-hour age by leap month and the positive leap surplus, that is, to determine the position of leap month and how to subtract the extra days (without missing days), so as to determine the end and start of the age.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the decline of the royal family in the Zhou Dynasty, the governors went their own way, so a multi-track calendar appeared, that is, the governors and local tribes also had their own local calendars; The Qin Dynasty is the last calendar in the history of China, which takes the four seasons of leap month as the calendar year.

At the beginning of Han Dynasty, the calendar took a major turning point, and the national unified calendar became a relatively independent science and technology. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Liu Xin to write three calendars. The important feature of these two calendars is the integration of calendar and year. The whole number of days in a year is 365 days instead of 366 days in the previous calendar.

Using "addition" instead of "subtraction" to adjust the time difference, the beginning of the age cycle is quite fixed, and leap months can be determined through mathematical calculation, without the need to "check the calendar and establish five elements" At this point, Yin-Yang and Five Elements basically withdrew from the calendar. Since then, the calendars promulgated by China in past dynasties have been similar to the taichu calendar law. After the founding of the Republic of China, the Gregorian calendar or the calendar year of the Republic of China was adopted.

The summer calendar, lunar calendar and weekly calendar start with different months: silver moon is the first month of the summer calendar, the second month (now lunar calendar 1 1 month) is the first month of the lunar calendar, and the ugly month (now lunar calendar1February) is the first month of the weekly calendar.

Calendar of past dynasties:

Ancient six calendars

Zhuan Xu calendar-Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty (? -BC 104)

Taichu calendar (three calendars)-Western Han Dynasty, New Dynasty and Eastern Han Dynasty (65438 BC+004-84 BC)

Four-year calendar-Eastern Han Dynasty (85-220), Cao Wei (220-236), Soochow (222), Shu Han (22 1 year -263).

Dry Calendar-Wu Dong (223-280)

Calendar of the beginning of the scene-Cao Wei, Western Jin, Eastern Jin, (237-444) and Northern Wei (398-45 1).

Yuan Jiali-Liu Song, Nanqi and Nanliang (445-509)

Daming Calendar-Nanliang and Chen Nan (5 10-589)

Three-year calendar at the end of Qin dynasty (384-5 17)

Xuanshili-Beiliang (4 12-439) and Northern Wei Dynasty (452-522)

Li Zhengguang-Northern Wei (523-534), Eastern Wei (535-539), Western Wei (535-556) and Northern Zhou (556-565).