Astronomy is a science that human beings use the latest knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics and the most advanced scientific and technological means to study astronomical phenomena such as stars, planets and galaxies in the universe. It is not only a basic subject, but also a comprehensive system that integrates human wisdom. The seven basic disciplines are mathematics, logic, astronomy and astrophysics, earth science and space science, physics and chemistry.

Personally, I think astronomy has little to do with mathematics. . .

On June 3rd, Newton entered Trinity College of Cambridge University. At that time, the teaching of the college was based on Aristotle's theory, but Newton preferred to read some more advanced ideas of modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomers such as Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler. 1665, he discovered the generalized binomial theorem and began to develop a new set of mathematical theories, which is the world-famous calculus. 1665, Newton got his degree, and the university was closed to prevent the great plague in London. In the next two years, Newton continued to study calculus, optics and the law of gravity at home.

From 65438 to 0679, Newton returned to the study of mechanics: gravity and its influence on planetary orbits, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and discussions with Hooke and Flamsteed on mechanics. He attributed his achievement to the book Motion of Objects in Orbit (1684), which contains a preliminary law of motion formed in principle later.

With the encouragement and support of edmund halley, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy was published on July 5th, 687/kloc-0. In this book, Newton expounded three laws of motion, which were regarded as truth in the next two hundred years. Newton named the present gravity with Latin "gravity" and defined the law of gravity. In this book, he also proposed the first method to analyze and measure the speed of sound in the air based on Boyle's law.

Because of his achievements in principle, Newton gained international recognition and won a large number of supporters: Newton established a very close relationship with the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio Diu Lei until their friendship broke down in 1693. The end of this friendship made Newton have a nervous breakdown.

Newton made an in-depth study on the basis of the work of Galileo and others, and concluded that. . .

Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz independently developed calculus and created their own unique symbols for it. According to people around Newton, Newton came up with his method several years earlier than Leibniz, but he hardly published anything before 1693, and didn't give his complete explanation until 1704. At the same time, Newton published a complete description of his method in 1684. In addition, Leibniz's symbol and "differential method" were completely adopted in continental Europe, and this method was also adopted in Britain about 1820 years later. Leibniz's notebook records the development process of his thoughts from the early stage to the mature stage, but only Newton's final result is found in the known records. Newton claimed that he had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he was afraid of being laughed at. Newton was closely related to the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fadio Diu Lei, who was attracted by Newton's law of universal gravitation from the beginning. 169 1 year, Diu Lei intended to compile a new edition of Newton's mathematical principles of natural philosophy, but he never finished it. Some biographers who study Newton think there may be love in their relationship. However, the relationship between them cooled down on 1694. At that time, Diu Lei also exchanged several letters with Leibniz.

At the beginning of 1699, other members of the Royal Society (Newton is one of them) accused Leibniz of plagiarizing Newton's achievements, and the debate broke out in 17 1 1. The Royal Newton Society announced that a survey showed that Newton was the real discoverer and Leibniz was denounced as a liar. However, it was later found that Newton wrote the conclusion of the investigation and comment on Leibniz himself, so the investigation was questioned. This led to a heated debate between Newton and Leibniz about calculus and ruined their lives until the latter died in 17 16. This debate has drawn a gap between British and continental European mathematicians, and may have hindered the development of British mathematics for at least a century.

One of Newton's recognized achievements is the generalized binomial theorem applicable to any power. He discovered Newton's identity and Newton's method, classified binary cubic curves, made great contributions to finite difference theory, and obtained the solution of Diophantine equation by using fractional exponent and coordinate geometry for the first time. He used logarithm to approximate the partial sum of harmonic series (this is the pioneer of Euler's summation formula), and used power series and reduced power series with confidence for the first time. He also found a new formula for π.

Since17th century, the original geometry and algebra have been difficult to solve many new problems raised by production and natural science at that time, such as: how to find the instantaneous velocity and acceleration of an object? How to find the tangent of the curve and the length of the curve (planetary distance), the area swept by the vector diameter, the minimum value (such as perihelion, apohelion, maximum range, etc.). ), volume, center of gravity, gravity, etc.; Although Newton had made some achievements in logarithm, analytic geometry and infinite series before, he could not solve these problems satisfactorily or universally. The greatest influences on Newton at that time were Descartes' Geometry and Wallis' arithmetica infinitorum. Newton unified various special methods for solving infinitesimal problems since ancient Greece into two algorithms: downstream calculus (differential) and countercurrent calculus (integral), which are embodied in the application of infinite polynomial equation in 1669, stream calculus and infinite series in 167 1 and infinite series in 1676. The so-called "flow" is an independent variable that changes with time, such as x, y, s, u, etc. The "flow number" is the speed of flow change, that is, the rate of change, writing, etc. There is a difference between the "differential rate" and the "variable rate" he said. At the same time, he first published his binomial expansion theorem in 1676. Newton used it to discover other infinite series, and used it to calculate areas, integrals, solve equations and so on. 1684, Leibniz introduced and lengthened S as the symbol of calculus from the tangent study of curves, and the calculus founded by Newton was rapidly popularized in mainland countries.

Newton made reflecting telescope in 1672. He used the universal gravitation between particles to prove that the external gravitation of a spherically symmetric sphere can be replaced by particles with the same mass in the center. He also explained various phenomena of tides with the principle of universal gravitation, pointing out that the magnitude of tides is not only related to the phase of the moon, but also related to the orientation of the sun. Newton predicted that the earth was not a right sphere. Precession is caused by the disturbance of the equator by the sun.

Newton was a "primitive deist". The so-called "deism" means that after God created the world, he let the natural laws rule the world, and the world runs under the control of the natural laws. Newton is holding this view of the universe, so Newton's explanation of things is the law of nature plus probability. Of course, he didn't pray for anything. Newton clearly stated in his masterpiece: He believed that celestial bodies moved because God set various natural laws, such as the laws of motion, after creating everything. God pushes them first, and then the celestial bodies keep moving according to the law of "the movers always move", and everything happens naturally according to the laws of nature and probability. God will never do anything again. Newton's cosmology belongs to another branch of religion, also called "mechanical cosmology" or "clock cosmology". Of course, this view is far from the basic teachings of Christianity. No wonder John Welthy, the founder of Methodist Church, doubted Newton's beliefs.

Newton lived from one year before the Ming Dynasty to five years before the Qing Dynasty, and the publication of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy was equivalent to 25 years of Kangxi. From the publication of Newton's Principles to 1840 1687, Newton's knowledge of physics and astronomy hardly reached China. The basic contents of Principles did not spread in China until after the Opium War.

Copernicus's theory of the sun center, Kepler's elliptical orbit and Newton's universal gravitation were introduced to China one after another, which was quite different from the traditions such as "the sky is moving and the earth is still", "the sky is round" and "the yin and yang feel each other" which China regarded as the standard. This cannot but arouse great repercussions from the people of China. The spread of Newton's theory in China not only influenced the academic circles, but also awakened people's understanding of scientific truth. More importantly, it also provided public opinion preparation for the Reform Movement of 1898 initiated by the bourgeois reformists in China (1898). The leaders of this movement, such as Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong, all looked for the basis of reform and political reform from Newton's theory without exception. In particular, Newton's innovative spirit in science inspired all people with lofty ideals who wanted to change society in the Qing Dynasty.