As early as the 5th century BC, our people began to use calculation as a calculation tool, which was widely adopted in the 3rd century BC and has a history of 2000 years. Later, people invented the abacus, which was widely used in the15th century, replacing calculation. It is invented on the basis of calculating financing, which is more convenient and practical than calculating financing, and at the same time makes the algorithm formulaic, thus speeding up the calculation. Later, it was found that the abacus has a strong mathematical education function for human beings, so it has been used since then and spread overseas, becoming an international computing tool. In addition to China, other medieval countries also invented various computing tools, such as Roman abacus, ancient Greek tablet computer, Indian sand table and British engraving film. The principles of these calculation tools are basically the same, and they also represent numbers through a specific object and perform operations by mechanical operations on the object. The development of modern science has promoted the development of computing tools: proportional gauge: Galileo invented the "proportional gauge", which looks like a compass and has scales on both feet and can be opened and closed at will. It is a tool to calculate the ratio of multiplication and division by using the principle of proportion. Napier Chip:/kloc-After 0/5th century, "grid algorithm" became popular in Central Asia and Europe. Napier chip is based on the principle of "grid algorithm", but it is different from the grid algorithm in that it engraves grids and numbers on the "chip" [long bamboo or wood chips], which can be pieced together and calculated as needed. Slide rule: 16 14 years. After the invention of logarithm, multiplication and division can be converted into addition and subtraction, and the logarithmic slide rule is designed according to this feature. 1620, Gunter used logarithmic slide rule to calculate multiplication and division for the first time. 1632, Oughtred invented the slide rule and made it into a circular slide rule. 1652, R Pisa became a slide rule, with a fixed rule and a sliding rule. 1850, V Mannan installed a cursor on the slide rule, which was widely used by scientists at that time, especially engineers and technicians. Mechanical computer: Mechanical computer and slide rule appear at the same time, which is a great invention in computing tools. Sikard [1623] was the first to conceive a mechanical computer 194 1 years ago. German Chuze used relay to make the first general program control computer, which realized Babbage's ideal of 100 years ago. 1944, Aiken of America also made a program-controlled automatic digital computer in the same way. At the beginning of the 20th century, the appearance of electron tube made the computer reform have a new development. Due to the urgent military needs of World War II, the University of Pennsylvania and relevant units in the United States manufactured the first electronic computer-"Electronic Digital Integrator and Computer" [ENIAC] in 1946, which was mainly designed by JW Morley and JP eckert, and J von Neumann also participated in the improvement work. ENIAC uses electronic tubes 18000, with an area of170m2 and a power of 150 kW. Before ENIAC appeared, Amturing in Britain had put forward the theory of "ideal computer" and discussed the possibility of manufacturing general digital computers. 1943, a computer for deciphering passwords was actually made, but the details are unknown to outsiders because of military secrecy. Electronic computers [also known as computers] have developed rapidly in more than 40 years, and the components used have also undergone four generations of changes. Include the first generation electron tubes, the second generation transistors, the third generation integrated circuits and the fourth generation large scale integrated circuits. By the end of 1983, China had built the Galaxy computer one hundred million times, which indicated that China had entered the ranks of developing supercomputers. At present, the function of electronic computer is not only a calculation tool, but also has penetrated into the field of human activities, changed the face of the whole society and brought human society into a new stage.