How many Japanese loan words are there in Chinese? This is a problem that many netizens are entangled in. This is not because the Japanese say "China people feel inferior", but because the Japanese feel inferior. They can't think of anything to say, but they can only struggle with the so-called "Japanese loanwords" in Chinese. In addition, some China people, especially some scholars or public figures, added fuel to the fire, repeatedly slandering China people that "China people can't speak without Japanese loanwords". In fact, they have no idea how many Japanese loanwords there are in Chinese. They are talking nonsense.

In this regard, some netizens once made a vivid metaphor: "Others lent others 1000 yuan, and this person paid back 10 yuan, and said that without this 10 yuan, others could not live." Indeed, the Japanese tried their best to prove that "10 yuan" was earned by him and not lent to him by China people, so he couldn't live without it. But there is no logical relationship between "leaving"10 yuan "and" others can't live ". This mentality of the Japanese is, in our Shanghainese dialect, "poor beggars are still accustomed to luxury [1]", which is a manifestation of inferiority. The Japanese have no knowledge or brains. Are we scholars or public figures, even professors, equally ignorant? But they also boast of being "literate", "knowledgeable" and "smart" and "educate" others in a respectable way.

As the saying goes: "Nothing is difficult in the world, I am afraid that there is a will." The so-called "Japanese loanwords" in Chinese should have been a very common thing, and it is not worth making a fuss about. According to the statistics of Chinese loanwords Dictionary published by 1984, there are 878 loanwords from Japanese, which is less than 8.8% of Chinese loanwords. [2] Chinese characters and Chinese words are widely used in Japan. "From 9,300 words in Shuowen Jiezi to more than 49,000 words in Kangxi Dictionary, almost all of them are used in Japan. In recent years, Dr. Tsuguchi has written The Great Man and His Dictionary with more than 49,000 words and 520,000 words. The "Heart Circle" in Xincun is accompanied by a Japanese character list, which is a Chinese character created by the Japanese, but not by China. Only 134 characters, accounting for 0.2% of Chinese characters used in Japan. " [3] The contrast here is enormous.

I don't know why, Professor Wang Binbin from the Chinese Department of Nanjing University published an article entitled "Japan Separated between China and the West-Japanese Loanwords in Modern Chinese" in the 8th issue of Shanghai Literature 65438-0998. He rashly asserted that "70% of the social and humanistic terms we use today are imported from Japan" and "Left". I happen to write this article about Japanese loanwords, and I must also use a lot of Japanese loanwords, otherwise I can't write it at all. [4] This article was later widely reproduced and quoted, and its significance was infinitely magnified, exaggerating to "According to the research statistics of modern linguists, 70% of scientific terms in modern Chinese come from Japan." [5] From what Professor Wang Binbin called "social humanities" to the whole scientific field including natural science. Some people exaggerate that "70% of modern Chinese words are imported from Japan, and now China people speak and write with Japanese loanwords. "It also extends to the whole language field. Wang Binbin's groundless statement has been infinitely magnified. On August 9, 20 13, the famous musician Gao said in the TV program Xiao Shuo: "As long as you see two words, they are basically imported from Japan. So today's modern Chinese is widely used, and there are a large number of words, more than half of which are disyllabic words, all of which were introduced from Japan. "This is pure nonsense without common sense.

Not to mention, most of the loanwords in the Dictionary of Chinese Loanwords published by 1984 are disyllabic words, and Japanese loanwords account for less than 8.8%. Only from Mr. Ying Min's History of Japanese Studying in China, Mr. Ying Min admits that there are more English loanwords in Chinese than Japanese loanwords. [6] Then if the number of Japanese loanwords in Chinese has exceeded half, and English loanwords have surpassed Japanese loanwords, this arithmetic cannot be counted. Besides, there are other loanwords in Chinese, such as Russian, French, Spanish, Italian and so on, which far exceeds 100%. Even primary school students will think that it is absolutely impossible if he is not hit on the head. What's going on here? Please explain it high.

In fact, there is no need to worry about how many Japanese loanwords are in Chinese. As can be seen from the above, Chinese characters used in Japanese are far larger than Japanese loanwords used in Chinese. Without Chinese characters, the Japanese can't speak or write at all, and they can't name Panasonic, Li Shan, Tian Li, Jingbian and Riverside. The Japanese can only number them, and even Japanese names can only be "embarrassed". For the few Japanese loanwords in Chinese, the numbers can be completely ignored. According to probability, less than 5% of events are small probability events, which can generally be ignored. However, according to recent research by Singaporean scholars and Japanese, there are 2,000 Japanese loanwords in Chinese, accounting for less than 3.6% of the more than 56,000 words in Modern Chinese Dictionary (1979 edition). Many so-called "Japanese loanwords" can be replaced by Chinese proper words, not to mention the polysemy of Chinese vocabulary. It happened that some people took this as an example, and it was "scalp numbness" and "creepy". Then let's discuss how many Japanese loanwords there are in Chinese. Is it because people can't talk without China? Otherwise, we will give the words created by our ancestors to the Japanese, and we will be ashamed to face our ancestors!

It must be explained first that it is unscientific for some scholars' papers to investigate the proportion of Japanese loanwords in a sentence. We can combine all the words that are now considered as "Japanese loanwords" into one sentence, that is100%; We can also completely avoid the so-called "Japanese loanwords" and form a sentence, such as "Have you eaten?" , the possession is 0. Similarly, it is not appropriate to use the words in Japanese dramas commonly used in our youth to explain that Japanese dramas almost don't exist today. Japanese words are "easy to be favored by young people" and "more marketable".

How many Japanese loan words are there in Chinese? According to the Chinese loanwords Dictionary, there are 878 words from Japanese, including "Obasan" (old lady), "Jidi" (clogs), "Cadal" (mucositis), driver (driver), book (memo) and so on. According to "History of Japanese Studying in China" by Mr. Keisuke Ueto, Japan, * * has collected 844 Japanese loanwords [9], unlike the online saying that "Chinese from Japanese is far more than these, and there are countless". Moreover, many words come from ancient Chinese in China. There are 65,438+094 Japanese loanwords in the Dictionary of Chinese Loanwords from Ancient Chinese in China [65,438+00], which are not entirely created by Japanese. Many of them were introduced into Japan from China after the Ming and Qing Dynasties and were mistaken for Japanese loanwords.

Professor Shen Guowei admitted in "A Study of Japanese Loanwords in Modern Chinese —— Preface" that according to the research of Japanese scholars in recent years, 44 Japanese loanwords in the Dictionary of Chinese Loanwords have been frequently used in Chinese-English translation books since Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to its textual research, there are still 43 words (including 15 repetition) that have appeared in Huaying Dictionary [1 1], all of which were imported from China. According to Shen Guowei, according to his collation, there are about 1600 Japanese loanwords [12] in Chinese. But he didn't publish these Japanese loanwords of 1600. I wonder if it includes those words that are no longer used in modern Chinese.

In addition, Professor Chen Liwei of Mubai University in Japan mentioned in his book "The Drift of Words: Knowledge Interaction and Existence between China and Japan in Modern Times" that the words 1 1 are new words from Chinese to Japanese, and seven of them are copies of Shen Guowei. [13] Italian scholar Masini collected 500 new words found in China's books and periodicals in the19th century in his book The Formation of Modern Chinese Vocabulary-A Study of Chinese Loanwords in the19th century, of which 48 were considered as new words from China. [14] Therefore, there are 124 words in the Dictionary of Chinese Loanwords, which should not be regarded as Japanese loanwords in Chinese. With the deepening of scholars' research, more words that are mistaken for Japanese loanwords will be recognized as Chinese words.

In the book A History of Japanese Students Studying in China, Mr. Ying Min quoted many words that Liang Qichao and others thought were Japanese loanwords, such as chemistry, physics, banking, capital, democracy, freedom, rights and obligations. Now they are all new words (not) imported from China. The book quotes Mr. Liang Qichao's comments on neologisms and Xu Ruo's comments on the translation circle in China: "When you open a new book, nine times out of ten it is imported from Japan", which only shows that China people at that time didn't understand neologisms and mistook them for Japanese loanwords, but it doesn't mean that these words really didn't come from China. Moreover, the word "master" has existed in ancient China [15], and there is such a saying in Liu Yuxi's Yina Quci in the Tang Dynasty: "May Lang live a long life and be a master." Cai Hengzi wrote in "Insect Book" in Qing Dynasty: "On the third day of marriage, you actually took the book into the house and recorded it. You actually become your own master. " The meaning here has not changed, but the "master" in the Chinese loanwords Dictionary has been changed to "hero", which is a Japanese loanword.

1958 Shao Rongfen published an article on the study of loanwords in modern Chinese in China Language No.7 +0958, listing obedience, hope, record, naming, bankruptcy, liberation, hypothesis, transaction, function, arithmetic, absoluteness, experiment, dormitory, news and materials. Zheng Dian also wrote an article in the 68th issue of China Chinese, pointing out that Wang Lida borrowed Japanese words in modern Chinese, and mistook such words as "right", "grammar", "history", "ethics", "psychology" and "positive" as Japanese borrowed words. Mr. Xiumin also admitted these, including the word "chemistry". [16] Therefore, these 30 words should be excluded from Japanese loanwords.

There is a doctoral thesis on Douding written by Gu Jiangping of Xiamen University, A Study of Japanese Loanwords in Chinese. By absorbing the previous research results, this paper screened the Chinese dictionaries in the early 20th century, sorted out the original documents such as political articles, lectures, essays and notes, read newspapers and books since the reform and opening up, and collected 2,250 unrepeated Japanese loanwords.

It can be seen from this paper that Japanese loanwords in Chinese only account for 4% of more than 56,000 words in Modern Chinese Dictionary (1979 edition), instead of 70% in modern Chinese. "Without Japanese loanwords, China people would not be able to speak". It must be pointed out that Gu Jiangping's paper does not exclude Japanese loanwords that are not used at all in the Dictionary of Chinese Loanwords, but also does not include all the eight diagrams, protecting others, juxtaposition, juxtaposition system and 19 15 edition of Ci Yuan [65400]. It can be said that Gu Jiangping once appeared in all aspects of modern Chinese.

Professor Shen Guowei's book A Study of Modern Sino-Japanese Lexical Communication: Creation, Acceptance and Use of Chinese Neologisms verified that there are 336 Japanese words and 336 Japanese words in the Etymology 19 15 and its supplement 193 1 version. It seems that Gu Jiangping really counted many words that are not used now in Japanese loanwords.

Moreover, in these 65 entries, Professor Shen Guowei also kept the words such as substitute teacher (substitute teacher), substitute school, branch (semicolon, branch) and (pancreas) which are no longer used. Also, the word "arithmetic" should not be a Japanese word. There was Nine Chapters of Arithmetic in ancient China, and the meaning of the word "Arithmetic" has not changed. "Su Wei" and "detection" should also be removed, and now Chinese is "monosodium glutamate" and "exploration". According to etymological statistics, since the 1930s, Japanese words in Chinese have decreased by about 85%. China people not only can't speak and write, but also speak and write more fluently. China's science and technology has also undergone earth-shaking changes and development, and even China's economy has surpassed that of Japan. Isn't this a fact for swindlers who "can't speak Japanese loanwords"? !

For these 2250 Japanese loanwords, Dr. Gu Jiangping's thesis is divided into three categories: daily life, social science and natural science, with 879 words, 1022 words and 349 words respectively. Divided into 23 specific disciplines, the largest number of disciplines are economics, law and medicine, reaching 3 1 1, 129 and 124 respectively. [ 19]

I consulted the Dictionary of Economics published in September by Liang et al., 1994. , while * * * contains 4288 terms. According to Gu Jiangping's statistics, Japanese loanwords in economics, whether they have been retained or not, only account for 7.25%. Even if all the social science 1022 Japanese loanwords counted by Gu Jiangping are counted in economics, they only account for 23.8%. And that set of social science dictionaries is planned to be published as many as 10, not including philosophy. 1022 Japanese loanwords of "social science" account for less than 3% of Chinese social science terms and terms, far from 70% as Professor Wang Binbin said. It seems that in 1998, Professor Wang Binbin greatly exaggerated the facts in his article "Japan separating China from the West-Japanese Loanwords in Modern Chinese".

Is it true that 70% of scientific terms in modern Chinese come from Japan? I have a copy of 1996 physical terms published by the National Natural Science Terminology Examination Committee, and 8264 terms are included in * * *. Therefore, for a discipline, physics, 349 Japanese loanwords of natural science, whether retained or not, only account for 4.22% of the physical terms, not to mention hundreds of thousands of standard scientific terms (not counting informality and synonyms) in the whole natural science and engineering technology category, while there are only 349 Japanese loanwords, even less than 6,500. Are you afraid to flash your tongue when you say that "70% of scientific terms in modern Chinese come from Japan"? Which modern linguist studies statistics? Can he become a linguist? !

Are there really more than 70% Japanese loanwords in modern Chinese? This is absolutely impossible, because there are a lot of other loanwords in modern Chinese, far exceeding Japanese. Professor Cao Wei of Soochow University also gave a negative answer. Professor Cao Wei thinks: "English is the most open language in the world, and it absorbs the most foreign words directly or indirectly. Even so, nearly half of English vocabulary is inherited by nations; The openness of Chinese is different from that of English. Is it really difficult to agree that Chinese, as the main carrier of Chinese civilization, can form its present state by directly or indirectly absorbing foreign words in modern times? " [20] Hu Yushu also thinks in Modern Chinese: "In terms of absorbing foreign words, due to the richness of Chinese vocabulary and the complexity of construction methods, the proportion of directly borrowing foreign words in Chinese is small." [2 1] As for Gao, in "A Study of Modern Chinese Loanwords", he said: "In the process of the integration of Chinese and Japanese, modern Chinese has absorbed many Japanese vocabulary elements and become loanwords in modern Chinese." Masini, an Italian scholar, once criticized: "Some scholars who study modern Chinese blindly emphasize the second half of the process. They think that Japanese neologisms that entered Chinese were borrowed from Japan. In fact, many of these words were spread from China to Japan and returned to China decades later. " [22] Moreover, Gao, Gao and Gao only listed 450 "Japanese loanwords" in the Study of Modern Chinese Loanwords [23], which is not really "many".

Some people will say that 70% of Japanese loanwords in modern Chinese refer to commonly used words in Chinese, and 70% of the most commonly used words in Chinese are Japanese loanwords. In this regard, Professor Cao Wei's research gives a negative answer. According to the research on the common words of 305 1 determined by Professor Cao Wei according to the Chinese proficiency test of the Office of the National Leading Group for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language, 83 of the most common words of modern Chinese 305 1 first appeared in Qing Dynasty, accounting for 8.2 1. After the May 4th Movement, there was 187, accounting for 18.49%. However, 65,438+0,968 B words first appeared in Qing Dynasty, accounting for 7.42%. After the May 4th Movement, there were 506, accounting for 25.7438+0%. There are still 72 words that are not included in the Chinese Dictionary. [24] In general, less than 3 1% of the 2979 most common words first appeared in the Qing Dynasty and later, so it may be Japanese loanwords, or of course it may be other loanwords or new words created by China people, and ethnic inheritance words account for 69%. In other words, nearly 70% of the most common words in modern Chinese are Chinese inherent words. Then, the so-called "you must use a lot of Japanese loanwords when writing, otherwise you can't write them at all" can't be established.

Some people think that "from ~ transformation, anti ~, ism, pan ~, action, ~ formula, ~ inflammation, ~ society, ~ law, ~ nature, ~ story, ~ boundary, ~ problem, ~ type, ~ era, ~ rate, ~ gland, super ~" but this reason doesn't make sense. In my article Refuting the fallacy that China people can't speak without Japanese loanwords, I cited an example of the word "philosophy", which is obviously a new word composed of the Chinese character "zhe" with the meaning of "wisdom" and the suffix "Xue". In ancient China, it was often used to synthesize a subject name with other phrases, such as "metaphysics". In the late Ming, early Qing and late Qing dynasties, China scholars cooperated with westerners to create modern subject names such as "Mathematics", "Chemistry" and "Botany", which were adopted by the Japanese. According to the above point of view, philosophy, a new subject name formed by the Japanese with the Chinese character "Zhe" and the suffix "Xue", should belong to the Chinese vocabulary imported from Japan, not the Japanese vocabulary imported from China. Not only that, but all Japanese people use "Xue" as the suffix to form new subject names, such as aesthetics and economics. , should also belong to the Chinese vocabulary introduced from Japan. Those who can hold the above views attribute "philosophy" to Japanese loanwords, which leads to unexplained contradictions.

Let me give you another example. For example, the popular new word "Scientific Outlook on Development" in China should be borrowed from Japanese. But in fact, there is no such word in Japanese. How can I borrow it? Did President Hu's "Scientific Outlook on Development" adopt the Japanese viewpoint and borrow foreign words from Japan? Joke! Such a statement simply cannot be established. Besides, usages such as "de", "Xue", "Xie" and "Lun" have existed for a long time in ancient China. How can you be Japanese? ! Are the words "~ de" in Water Margin, The Journey to the West and Romance of Gods all Japanese loanwords? You're kidding! Mao Zedong's poem Xijiang Moon? Jinggangshan: Is the word "Huang Yangjie" in Huang Yangjie Guns Booming also a Japanese loan word? Xunzi's theory of sex in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Jia Yi's theory of crossing the Qin Dynasty in the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing's theory of febrile diseases and Yang Quan's theory of things in the Three Kingdoms Period are all Japanese loanwords? At that time, there were not even Chinese characters in Japan. How can there be "Japanese loanwords"? That's bullshit！ How brazen! Words such as "philosophy", "aesthetics", "affirmation" and "negation" are considered as Japanese loanwords, and all of them are counted as Chinese inherent words. Those who argue that "China people can't speak without Japanese loanwords" don't admit this, and their logic is so contradictory.

It is very inappropriate to use the above "word formation" to identify Japanese loanwords. Because this "word formation" is inherent in Chinese, not Japanese. We can see that those so-called "Japanese loanwords" are all in line with Chinese word formation, so it is impossible to tell whether they are Chinese words or Japanese words. Those words that do not conform to Chinese word formation and can be known as Japanese words at a glance are eliminated. If word formation is used to identify, then those so-called "Japanese loanwords" should all be Chinese vocabulary.

To correct a mistake made by Gao, the word "police" comes from the Golden History. [26] It was not created by the Japanese, who only used the word "police" in the names of special people who maintained social order. The usage of "~ House" has existed in China since ancient times, such as the famous "San Tan Yin Yue", whose horizontal plaque was written by a famous calligrapher during the reign of Ganjia in the Qing Dynasty, and could not be influenced by Japan. The "house" here refers to "a specific place with a narrow space". Whether it's a Japanese "flower house" or a Japanese "coffee house" or "bakery", this meaning does not mean "shop". [27] So we can't use "~ house" to identify Japanese loanwords, otherwise "three pools printing on the moon" will become Japanese loanwords.

Otto Jesper, a Danish linguist, once said: "In many languages, the ingredients are still clearly distinguishable, just like a deck of playing cards can pick out hearts and spades; But in the case of English and Scandinavian, we have a more subtle and intimate mixture, just like putting a piece of sugar in a cup of tea. After a few minutes, it's hard to say which is tea and which is sugar. " [28] The same is true of Chinese and Japanese loanwords. These words are already in your heart and mine. It is very difficult to really figure out which Chinese words are and which Japanese loanwords are. Let me give you an example. For example, the word "organ", which is considered as a foreign word in Japanese, has several meanings: 1. The key part of the whole machine; 2. Mechanical control: institutional scenery; 3. Department dealing with affairs; 4. Careful and clever strategy. Of these four meanings, only three are considered as "Japanese loanwords (meanings)", and the other three are the meanings of Chinese inherent vocabulary, so the word "organ" is considered as "Japanese loanwords", and the other three words with Chinese inherent vocabulary meanings are confused as "Japanese loanwords".

Another example is the word "relationship", 1. The state of interaction and influence between things; 2. Some connection between people or between people and things; 3. Influence or importance on related things; 4. Generally refers to the reasons, conditions, etc. 5. Proof of organizational relationship; 6. Lenovo; Only 1 is involved in these six meanings. It is considered as "Japanese loanwords" and the rest are Chinese words, but the word "relationship" is still considered as "Japanese loanwords". There is "rounding" in arithmetic and "the minority is subordinate to the majority" in democracy. Why does an extended usage of Japanese completely overwhelm several usages of Chinese vocabulary itself, and Chinese inherent vocabulary becomes "Japanese loanwords"?

Some people will say that this is the case, but I have a counterexample. For example, the word "simple" is not an inherent Chinese word, but a so-called "Japanese loan word". The word "simple" has three meanings in Chinese: 1. Simple structure, few clues, easy to understand, use or handle; 2. Ordinary; 3. sloppy; Japanese only means 1. Then after the word "simple" is used in Chinese, it has expanded two meanings. According to the reason of the word "organ" above, "simple" should be counted as a Chinese vocabulary, but it is still a "Japanese loan word".

Some inherent Chinese words have spread to Japan, such as revolution, harmony, economy and society. Its meaning changed and it returned to China, becoming a "Japanese loanword". However, when some Japanese words were introduced into China, their meanings changed, but they were still considered as "Japanese loanwords". For example, "ban" means "control, supervision and management" in Japanese, but it means "explicitly cancel or ban" in Chinese, with completely different meanings, but it is still considered as a "Japanese loan word". Another example is "laborer", which is a new word that combines Japanese and Chinese words such as "labor" and "zhe", meaning "laborer"; But now "laborer" in Chinese refers to "people who take part in labor and take their own labor income as their main source of livelihood, and sometimes refer to people who take part in manual labor." The meaning is much wider than Japanese, but it is still "Japanese loanwords", and so on. Anyway, some people say "yes" means "yes", and there are no rules.

As for the word "* * * and", it is generally believed that the translation of "Republic" into English began with 1886' s The Integration of Ying Ying and the Language Forest, and the Mexican written by Kensuke Okamoto [29] 189 1 year has "* * and politics". China first used the word "* * * and" for Zhang Taiyan in 1903. However, I found that in 1880, Huang Zunxian had already used the word "* * * and" in the Korean strategy book, saying: "Build its democratic country, * * and govern ...". [30] Here, the word "* * * and" should correspond to "republic", which is earlier than 1903 of Zhang Taiyan and 1886 of Japan, so it should be used first. As Huang Zunxian was a counsellor in China in 1877, he was inseparable from Japan, so it is impossible to confirm that he first used the new concept of "* * * and".

It is generally believed that it is Japanese students studying in China who translate Japanese works and bring "Japanese loanwords" into Chinese. China first translated Japanese books in 1899, and Fan Bingqing translated the Outline of Oriental History collected by Sangyuan (Fan Bingqing is not a student studying in Japan). A large number of Japanese books were translated after the 20th century. "During the period of 1902- 1903, the translation tendency of students studying in Japan was very strong", [3653.1000010/06] However, Fu Yunlong's

But why did the Japanese send back so many books translated from China, and their new words were not influenced by China? ! It doesn't make sense! In a word, the Japanese try their best to count Chinese words as theirs, while the China crowd them out, hoping to count all modern Chinese words as Japanese. As a result, senior people have said, "Without Japanese loanwords, China people will not speak." The end of the world,