The ancients strung 10 abacus beads into a group, arranged them in groups, put them in boxes, and then quickly set aside the abacus beads for calculation.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Yue recorded in "Numerology Legacy" that when his teacher Liu Hong visited the hermit Mr. Tianmu, Mr. Tianmu explained 14 calculation methods, one of which was abacus, and the calculation tools used were very close to modern abacus.
Each abacus has five active beads, the upper 1 is equivalent to 5, and the lower four are regarded as 1 respectively.
With the use of abacus, people have summed up many formulas to make the calculation faster.
This method of calculating with abacus is called abacus.
By the Ming Dynasty, abacus could not only add, subtract, multiply and divide, but also calculate the land area and the size of things of various shapes.
Because the abacus is simple to make, cheap, easy to remember and calculate, it is widely used in China and spread to Japan, North Korea, the United States and Southeast Asia.
Now, it has entered the era of electronic computers, but the ancient abacus still plays an important role.
In China, there are a group of abacus experts in all walks of life.
The use of abacus is not only convenient to operate, but also has the function of exercising thinking ability, because abacus needs the close cooperation of brain, eyes and hands, and it is a good way to exercise the brain.
[Edit this paragraph] The existing abacus of external structure is different in shape and material.
Generally, abacus is made of wood (or plastic). The abacus is composed of a string of equal number of beads arranged in a rectangular wooden frame, and a beam divides the beads into upper and lower parts. Counting beads run through a straight column, commonly known as "gear", which is generally 9, 1 1 or 15.
There is a beam in the middle of the file with two beads (1 bead for accounting, 5 for each bead; 5 beads under the beam (4 beads accounting), each bead is 1.
Abacus is called abacus, and abacus has corresponding rules for four operations, which are collectively called abacus rules.
Compared with general operation, skilled abacus calculation is not inferior to calculator, especially addition and subtraction.
When in use, you can dial the abacus up and down according to the mouth shape to calculate.
Abacus is simple and quick, and is widely used in shops in China.
[Edit this paragraph] The origin and popularization of abacus. Who invented the abacus can't be investigated now.
But its use should be very early.
Mathematicians in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the legacy of mathematical art, said: "abacus controls the four seasons, and latitude and longitude are three talents." In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Zhen Luan wrote a cloud: "The stereotyped writing is divided into three parts, each with five beads. The upper bead is different from the lower four beads. There are five upper beads with different colors and one lower four beads. " It can be seen that there was an abacus in the Han Dynasty, but its shape has been different recently.
But as in modern times, one bead above the center beam is five, and each bead below the center beam is one. According to Xu Yue, his teacher Liu Hongzeng asked the Taoist Tianmu for advice, and Tianmu taught him the method of abacus, which shows that abacus appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest.
Some historians believe that the name of abacus first appeared in the Collected Works of Mr. Jing Xiu written by Liu Yin in Yuan Dynasty (1249-1293).
This abacus is also mentioned in Yuan Qu Xuan, Anonymous and Pang Jushi's Wrong Debt in His Next Life.
There is a saying in the play: "Idle hands, use abacus and dial my age." In A.D. 1274, Yang Hui recorded the nine-division of abacus in his book Multiplication and Division and Zhu Shijie's book Arithmetic Enlightenment in 1299.
In A.D. 1450, Jason Wu described the usage of the abacus in detail in Chapter 9 Analogy Algorithm, and Zhang Zerui drew an abacus in The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. Visible, as early as the Northern Song Dynasty or before, abacus was widely used in China.
China's abacus evolved from the ancient "calculation".
"Calculation" is to use a bamboo stick as a bargaining chip.
The multiplication and division method was improved at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and the formula for calculating division was produced in the Song Dynasty.
/kloc-In the middle of the 5th century, Luban Mu Jing had a standard for making abacus.
Due to the popularity of abacus, books on abacus came into being. The most popular book of abacus calculation is the Arithmetic Unified Sect compiled by Cheng Dawei in Ming Dynasty on 1593.
Arithmetic Unity is a book based on the application of abacus.
The book * * * has 17 volumes and 595 application problems, most of which are calculated by other books, but all calculations are abacus.
The book contains abacus schema and abacus formula, and gives examples to illustrate how to calculate on abacus according to the formula.
Among them, the square root and the square root algorithm were first proposed by Cheng Dawei.
At the end of the book, the appendix "The Origin of Mathematical Classics" records 5 1 mathematical titles since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, most of which have been lost, and this appendix has become a valuable mathematical historical material.
Because the abacus formula is easy to remember and use, it is widely used in China, and also spread to Japan, Korea, India, the United States, Southeast Asia and other countries and regions.
The appearance of abacus, known as a major reform of calculators in human history, still plays its unique role today with the popularization of electronic calculators.
With the use of abacus, people have summed up many formulas to make the calculation faster.
This method of calculating with abacus is called abacus.
By the Ming Dynasty, abacus was quite popular, and many books about abacus were published. Among them, Cheng Dawei (1533 ~ 1606)' s Introduction to Arithmetic (1592) has the greatest influence.
The appearance of abacus, known as a major reform of calculator in human history, still plays its unique role in the popularization of electronic calculators today.
Now, it has entered the era of electronic computers, but the ancient abacus still plays an important role.
In China, there are a group of abacus experts in all walks of life.
The use of abacus is not only convenient to operate, but also has the function of exercising thinking ability, because abacus needs the close cooperation of brain, eyes and hands, and it is a good way to exercise the brain.