Cangzhou Nanyi Temple faces the river, the mountain gate is in the river, and two stone beasts sink. When he was in his teens, the monk raised money to rebuild and asked for two underwater stone beasts, but he couldn't get them. I thought it was down the river, counting boats and dragging iron and palladium for more than ten miles, but there was no trace.

When a lecturer set up a tent temple, Wen said, "My generation can't learn physics. If it is persimmon, how can it be brought with you because of the skyrocketing? It is hard and heavy in stone, loose and floating in sand, and heavy and deep in sand. Isn't it good to beg along the river? " Public service is the truth.

When an old river soldier heard this, he laughed and said, "The stone was thrown in the river, so you should look for it upstream. The cover stone is solid and heavy, the sand is loose and floating, and the water can't wash the stone. Its anti-excitation force will bite the sand at the water-facing place under the stone, and the excitation will gradually deepen. When the stone is in the middle, it will fall into the pit. If it takes another bite, the stone will turn repeatedly and go upstream. Seek the bottom, solid; Wouldn't it be worse in the land of demand? "

As he said, fruit is thousands of miles away. However, this is a matter of the world, but knowing one and not knowing how many others there are, can we make a reasonable assumption?

Translation:

A temple in the south of Cangzhou is close to the river bank. The gate collapsed in the river, and two stone beasts sank to the bottom of the river together. After more than ten years, the monk raised money to rebuild the temple and looked for two stone beasts in the river. He didn't find them and thought they were downstream. I shook a few boats, pulled an iron rake, searched for more than ten miles, and disappeared. A lecturer was teaching in a temple. When he heard the voice of ridicule, he said, "You people can't be reasonable. This is not sawdust. How could it be swept away by the flood? The nature of stone is hard and heavy, and the nature of sand is loose and light. Buried in the sand, deeper and deeper. Isn't it ridiculous to look for them along the river? " Everyone is right to admire (it). An old sailor smiled and said, "Where the stone fell into the river, we should look for it from the upstream." The nature of stone is hard and heavy, and the nature of sand is loose and light. Water can't wash away stones. Its reaction force will inevitably form a pit under the stone and directly impact the sand in front of the stone. The deeper the rush, the more the stone will fall into the hole on the way. Hit it like this and the stone will move again. Keep going, so don't go upstream. It is absurd to look for stones downstream; Isn't it more ridiculous to find them on the spot? " According to him, it was found several miles away. So we only know one thing in the world, but there are many examples of another thing. Can we make subjective judgments based on facts?

2. Do primary school students need to learn classical Chinese? After the new curriculum reform, many changes have taken place in Chinese textbooks for primary schools. An outstanding change is that classical Chinese has appeared since the fourth grade, and people have been talking about it since the new textbook appeared. First of all, let's clarify the concept of classical Chinese.

Classical Chinese in a broad sense refers to the general written language formed on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language before the May 4th Movement, including prose, parallel prose, poetry and songs, drama and so on. Classical Chinese in a narrow sense only refers to prose and parallel prose written in classical Chinese.

The classical Chinese mentioned in this article refers to the classical Chinese in a narrow sense. Generally, there are three viewpoints that classical Chinese should be learned from primary school. One is that Chinese teaching is going downhill now, and people's Chinese level is getting worse and worse. They should learn classical Chinese to improve their cultural background. Second, it is believed that learning classical Chinese can make students better accept China traditional culture, help cultivate students' noble sentiments and independent personality, and is of great significance to improve the overall quality of the people; Thirdly, I think that classical Chinese is a very effective written language, which can convey a lot of information in just a few words, far better than vernacular Chinese.

In the information age, it is also very important to master an effective information carrier. I don't agree with all the above views.

First, I think the current Chinese teaching should be successful. Admittedly, compared with the ancients, people's cultural background is really not high now.

However, in learning Chinese at this stage, it is necessary to cultivate students' ability of listening, speaking, reading and writing in vernacular Chinese. Chinese is a tool for communication and learning. Of course, classical Chinese can't compare with the ancients. If you compare it with the ancients in vernacular Chinese, they will give up. If Li Bai is compared to a pupil in Mandarin, Li Bai will surely run away.

Secondly, the splendid traditional culture of China is our pride and wealth, and we can't lose it. It is debatable that culture is a broad vocabulary, not a problem of not formally learning classical Chinese.

In addition, there are many ways to learn traditional culture, and you don't have to take the wooden bridge to learn classical Chinese. Spoken language is a kind of pronunciation, and classical Chinese is also a kind of pronunciation. Primary school students must be confused if they are asked to learn classical Chinese.

Pupils are young, curious and interested in everything. At the same time, primary school students' interest in something is easy to disappear and transfer because of their young age.

Difficult classical Chinese may scare primary school students, and forcing them to study will arouse their disgust, which is not worth the loss. Third, classical Chinese can convey a lot of information in a few words, which is efficient but not practical.

The information age needs efficient information carriers, but the question is, can classical Chinese be used? Is it useful? Turn on the computer and you will find the answer. Of course, it is also useful. Unless an individual has a profound cultural background, he will pay attention, and the average person will scare away at first sight.

Are primary school students not required to learn classical Chinese? My opinion is that we can learn, but we should pay attention to the way of learning. If you want to learn, you can provide opportunities. If you don't want to learn, you will never be forced.

We can learn from some foreign practices and choose classical Chinese as our learning content. Teachers don't make uniform requirements, and schools don't make uniform examinations.

Teachers recommend some classic chapters to students, such as three-character classics, disciples' rules, thousands of words and other introductory books suitable for children to learn, or some idiom stories that students are familiar with, so that parents can help them choose their learning content. Schools should set up interest groups in Chinese studies, and teachers should give regular tutoring.

Students who want to learn are interested, and students who don't want to learn reduce the burden. Why not? .

3. What ancient texts do primary schools learn? The first volume of the first grade of primary school: Thinking about Li Bai in the Quiet Night (Tang Dynasty) Li Bai, the foot of my bed is so bright, will it have frost? .

I looked up at the moon and looked down, feeling nostalgic. Volume 2: Meng Haoran, you can see Yuan Mei Xiaochi Yang Wanli (Tang) Meng Haoran. I woke up easily in this beautiful spring morning, and birds were singing everywhere.

How many flowers fall after a stormy night. The grass grows in the village (Qing dynasty), the orioles fly in February and the willow smoke is drunk.

The children came back from school early, so they were busy flying kites in the east wind. What I saw (in Qing Dynasty) was a Yuan Mei shepherd boy riding a yellow cattle, and his songs made Lin Yue sing.

Suddenly want to catch the song of the tree, immediately stop singing and stand by the tree silently. Koike (Song) Yang Wanli's eyes are silent and pity the trickle, and the shade of the tree shines on the water and loves sunny and soft.

The delicate lotus flower bud shows a sharp corner from the water, and a naughty little dragonfly stands on its head. The first volume of the second grade of primary school: Give, Su Shi, Shan Xing, Du Mu, Homecoming Book, He, Give to Wang Lun and Li Bai (Song). Su Shi has no rain cover, but there are still Ao Shuang branches in the chrysanthemum.

You must remember the best scenery in a year, which is in the late autumn and early winter of orange and green. Mountain Tour (Tang Dynasty) Du Muyuan lived in Bai Yunsheng.

Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers. He has been away from home for many years, and he has been tired recently.

Only in front of Jinghu Lake, the spring breeze does not change the waves of the past. To Wang Lun (Tang) Bai Zheng wanted to take a boat when he heard singing on the shore.

Even if the Peach Blossom Pond is deep, it is not as deep as Wang Lun's sending away my love. Volume 2: Grass by Bai Juyi, Xugongdian in New Town by Yang Wanli, Looking at Lushan Waterfall by Li Bai, Poems by Du Fu (Tang) Bai Juyi, and boundless grass come and go with the seasons.

Wildfire can't burn it out, but the spring breeze can revive it. Weeds and wild flowers are all over the ancient road, and the end of the grass in the sun is your journey.

I once again sent my bosom friend, and the thick grass represented my deep affection. Yang Wanli, who stayed in the Xugong Hall (Tang) in the new city, was scattered all the way, and the flowers on the trees were not shaded.

The child ran quickly to catch the yellow butterfly, but the butterfly suddenly flew into the vegetable garden and could not be found again. Looking at Lushan Waterfall (Tang Dynasty) Li Bai's Rizhao incense burner gave birth to purple smoke, looking at the waterfall hanging in front of Sichuan.

On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth. Du Fu, two orioles singing green willows, and a group of egrets flying into the sky.

My window framed the snow-covered western hills. My door oft said "goodbye" to the eastbound boat. The first volume of the third grade of primary school: Ye Shaoweng in the night book, Wang Wei's Memories of Shandong Brothers on September 9, Li Bai in Wangtianmen Mountain, Su Shi in the night book (Southern Song Dynasty), Xiao Xiaowu's leaves in Ye Shaoweng made a cold sound, and the autumn wind on the river touched the feelings of the guests.

I know that children choose to promote weaving, and a lamp fell on the fence at night. "Mountain Holiday Thinking of Shandong Brothers" (Tang Dynasty) Wang Wei was in a foreign land and missed his relatives every holiday.

When I think of my brothers' bodies climbing high, I will feel a little regret for not being able to reach me. Wangtianmen Mountain In the Tang Dynasty (Tang Dynasty), Li Bai and Tianmen interrupted the opening of the Chu River, and Higashi Shimizu returned here. The green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the sails come alone. Drink all the clear water on the lake, the rain (Northern Song Dynasty) is clear, and the mountains are empty and rainy.

If there are more dead beauties in the West Lake, C+ is so appropriate. Volume 2: He, Zhu, Yan, Chang 'an Shangyin, Liu Yong (Tang Dynasty) and He Biyu hung down as a tapestry of countless strands of moss.

I wonder who cut the thin leaves. The spring breeze in February is like scissors. In the spring (Song) year, Zhu Shengtian, looking for the fragrance of Surabaya, the vast scene was new for a while.

Everyone can see the face of spring, the spring breeze blows flowers open, thousands of purple, and the scene of spring is everywhere. (Tang) See Bixiao on Tanabata tonight, and lead the Cowherd and Weaver Girl across the bridge.

Every family watches the autumn moon, and every family wears HongLing. Chang 'e (Tang Dynasty) Li Shangyin's mica screen has a deep candle shadow, the long river is gradually falling, and the stars are sinking.

Chang 'e, I must regret eating the elixir, and now I am alone, in the blue sky, singing every night. The first volume of the fourth grade of primary school: Su Shi's topic Xilin Wall, Lu You's visit to Shanxi Village, Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower in Yangzhou Farewell to Meng Haoran", and Wang Wei's topic Xilin Wall (Song) Su Shi's view of the mountain side became a peak, with different heights.

I can't recognize the true face of Lushan Mountain because I am there. Shanxi village tourism (Song Dynasty), traveling on the land, laughing at farmers' muddy wine, leaving enough chickens and dolphins in good years.

There is no way to go because of the winding water flow in the mountains, and a mountain village suddenly appears in the willow-green flower bay. The day of playing flute and drums is approaching, and the villagers are still dressed simply.

In the future, if you can go out in the moonlight, I will knock on your door at any time with my cane. On the way to bid Meng Haoran farewell to Yangzhou, the Yellow Crane Tower was sent by Li Bai's old friend, and fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March.

My friend's sail shadow faded away and disappeared at the end of the blue sky, only seeing the first line of the Yangtze River and heading for the distant horizon. The second mission to the Yuan Dynasty, Anxi (Tang Dynasty), Wang Wei, Acropolis, drizzling dust, the guest house is green and willow-colored.

I advise you to have a glass of wine. There is no reason not to go out. Volume 2: Sitting alone in Jingting Mountain, Li Bai, looking at Dongting Lake, Liu Yuxi, remembering Jiangnan, Bai Juyi, April in the countryside, and the pastoral seasons, Fan Chengda, Yuge, Zhang, sitting alone in Jingting Mountain, Li Bai's birds are high and lonely.

You look at me, I look at you, and there are only my eyes and Jingting Mountain's eyes. Looking at Dongting (Tang Dynasty), Liu Yuxi's lake is in harmony with the autumn moon, and the pool surface is windless and the mirror surface is not polished. Looking at Dongting Mountain in the distance, there are green snails in the silver plate. Recalling Jiangnan (Tang Dynasty), Bai Juyi loved Jiangnan, and the scenery once seemed familiar.

When spring comes, the sun rises from the river, the flowers on the river are brighter than red, and the green river is greener than the blue grass. How can we make people not miss Jiangnan? In April (Song Dynasty), Weng Juan was covered with green, and it rained like smoke in the sound of Zigui.

In April, there were few idle people in the countryside, and sericulture was planted in the fields. Four Seasons Pastoral Miscellaneous Spring Day (Song) Fan Chengda soil paste stirs the rain frequently, and a thousand flowers bloom.

Out of the house, the boundary is still green and beautiful, and the neighbor's whip bamboo shoots come over the wall. Yugezi (Tang Dynasty) Egrets fly in front of Mount Zhang Xisai, peach blossoms and flowing water make mandarin fish fat.

An old man in the bank, wearing a green bamboo hat raincoat and a green raincoat, braved the wind and rain and fished leisurely. He was fascinated by the beautiful spring scenery and didn't even go home in the rain. The first volume of the fifth grade of primary school: Wang Anshi's Boating Guazhou, Zhang Ji's Qiu Si and Sauvignon Blanc (one mountain and one ride) Nalan Xingde's Boating Guazhou (Song Dynasty) Wang Anshi's Jingkou Guazhou is separated by a river, while Zhongshan is only separated by several mountains.

Jiang Nanan spring breeze is green, when will the bright moon shine on me? Tang Shi was born in Luoyang, where he saw the autumn wind. He wanted to find a writer to write a book.

When the letter is written, I am worried that I have not finished what I want to say; When the messenger started, he opened the envelope and gave it to him. Sauvignon Blanc (Qing Dynasty) took a trip to Nalanxingde Mountain, took a trip to the water, and went to Guan Yu. At night, there were thousands of lights.

When the wind changes and the snow changes, it is impossible to break the dream of hometown, and there is no such sound in the garden. Book II: Shepherd, Lv Yan, Zhoudu Anren, Yang Wanli, Qingpingle-Cunju, Xin Qiji, Shepherd (Late Tang Dynasty), Lv Yan Grass Shop, six or seven miles away from the field, playing the flute three or four times in the evening breeze.

Come back from a full meal at dusk and lie in the moonlight without taking off your hemp fiber. The boat passed Anren (Song Dynasty) and raised two children on a fishing boat in Wanli. They stopped at the flagpole and got on the boat.

No wonder it didn't rain. They opened the umbrella. They didn't want to protect the rain, but wanted to use the umbrella as a sail to let the boat go forward. Xin Qiji lives in Qingpingle Village, with low eaves and green grass beside the stream.

Drunk Wu local drunk, gentle voice, white-haired old man who is it? The eldest son is weeding in the bean field on the east side of the stream, and the second son is busy knitting chicken cages.

4. How to teach primary school students the steps/methods of learning classical Chinese 1? Love classical Chinese and cultivate interest.

Some students complained that we don't need classical Chinese today, so why should we learn "whatever"? This statement is very poor: First of all, classical Chinese is the bearing form of all ancient cultures in China. Medicine, mathematics, astronomy and geography are all written in classical Chinese and have been handed down to this day. To cultivate students' interest in learning classical Chinese, they should actively read classical Chinese after class. They can read some story-telling and easy-to-understand classical Chinese, especially some idiom stories that students are familiar with (or have learned from the text before), such as "Zheng Ren buys shoes", "Yang Miao" and "stealing clocks". You'd better try to read it yourself.

2. Read classical Chinese well

Compared with modern Chinese, classical Chinese is more difficult to learn. Compared with modern Chinese, classical Chinese is quite different in terms of words and sentence patterns. However, the study of classical Chinese, like the study of modern Chinese, needs to proceed from the whole, that is, from the "text".

First of all, we should read the full text skillfully, make the text fluent and grasp the meaning of the text on the basis of reading. So we must read classical Chinese well and read it smoothly. The reading requirements of classical Chinese are: first, slow down the reading speed; Second, pause appropriately; Third, read the tone of different sentences. For example, the correct pause of "thinking about shooting with bows and arrows" in learning games is "thinking about shooting with bows and arrows"; "Why is it wise?" Read the tone of rhetorical questions; "Yes, yes" should be pronounced in a positive tone.

Reading classical Chinese

How to read it? The quickest way is to combine the notes in the text. On the basis of reading the text well and thoroughly, I try to understand the general meaning of each sentence in combination with the characteristics of language expression I usually master. At the same time, carry forward the spirit of independent cooperation, unite and cooperate with other students, so as to understand the main content of the text.

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If you have any questions about this answer, please ask.

In addition, if you think my answer is helpful to you, please don't forget to adopt it!

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5. How to learn classical Chinese in primary schools How to learn classical Chinese well 1. Analysis on the necessity of creating a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.

The new Chinese curriculum standard emphasizes: "Reading simple classical Chinese can help you understand the basic content with notes and reference books." It can be said that the new Chinese curriculum standard reduces the requirements for learning classical Chinese, and the items of the classical Chinese examination in the senior high school entrance examination are limited to textbooks. Theoretically, there should be a fairly ideal result, but the result is quite unexpected. The author investigated more than 50 Chinese teachers in middle schools, and found that in the process of classical Chinese teaching, most teachers pay great attention to sentence translation, memory and targeted exercises, and the teaching process is rigorous.

However, in the process of learning classical Chinese, most students think that the process of learning classical Chinese in this way is boring and inefficient, just like learning another foreign language. They even think that teaching classical Chinese well is teachers' wishful thinking, and students can only "roll with the punches". The reasons for the low learning efficiency of classical Chinese are: 1. Students leave the situation of understanding classical Chinese.

Classical Chinese is really not like modern Chinese, which makes students read fluently and understand the meaning. It is difficult for students to accept the complexity of translation, to understand the expression of stubborn teeth in classical Chinese and to understand the true and rich expression of ancient people's feelings.

For example, in Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi, Zou Ji asks his wife, concubine and guests the same question: "Who am I, Xu Hongmei in the north of the city?" The wife said, "Your Majesty is very beautiful. How can Xu Can Palace compare with you?" The princess said, how can I compare with you? The guest said, "Xu Gong is not equal to your beauty." They replied with one voice, with the same meaning but different sentence patterns, and slightly changed words, but expressed different tones and different psychology of different characters.

When students understand the above content, they often start with words and sentence patterns, and then rush to answer the teacher's question "Why is the tone different?" Instead of experiencing it in a specific story situation. This understanding of classical Chinese is superficial, dull, vivid and not profound, and the mastery is hasty, hasty, unstable and firm.

2. Students leave the situation of using classical Chinese. Zhao Pu's Half Analects of Confucius Governing the World illustrates the importance of applying what you have learned.

However, in daily life, students' communication is not deliberately expressed in classical Chinese, and they think it is a rather pedantic performance. Kong Yiji's "Too much is too little, too much" is a proof. In the teaching class, our teachers may also ignore the particularity of the flexible use of classic sentences in different situations.

For example, teachers often describe it as a high-profile performance of the United States singing bad human rights at the United Nations, which is interpreted as ulterior motives. But at this time, "The Drunken Pavilion" should not be understood in this way.

In fact, the use of classical Chinese also requires students to have a certain cultural taste. Due to the limitation of students' cultural quality, students have a special liking for the emerging and simple network language, but ignore the use of classical Chinese.

3. Students leave the classical Chinese humanistic situation. Classical Chinese is rich in poetry and painting, exudes unique cultural charm and embodies profound national feelings.

However, students seem unable to understand the subtleties of classical Chinese. For example, in the article Born in Worry and Died in Happiness, students understand the important knowledge of "sense of worry" and "success in adversity". However, when asked about the modern significance of their sense of hardship and how to make themselves talents, students are at a loss.

The key lies in the lack of humanistic situation. The creation of humanistic situation in classical Chinese requires students to pay attention to contemporary social and cultural life, pay attention to the cultivation of their own quality, and strive to be well cultivated in the study of classical Chinese, improve their life quality and cultivate healthy personality.

For example, the creation of the humanistic situation of "anxiety consciousness" makes students worry about the war in peacetime, the environment of developing society, and the incurable diseases in a better life ... Let students learn from the broad mind of the ancients, shoulder the responsibility of inheriting excellent civilization, and establish a correct outlook on life and values. It can be seen that it is very necessary to create a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.

2. Strategic thinking on creating a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese. Since learning classical Chinese requires a good situation and it is so important to create a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese, we should think strategically.

1, intonation, irony and intonation is to ask students to read aloud, read correctly and fluently, visualize the language in cadence, beautify and deepen their emotions. Let the students immerse themselves in it, understand the taste of the article and gain something.

"Old books are never tired of reading, and children know themselves when they are familiar with them." "They are familiar with 300 Tang poems, and they can sing even if they can't write poems." This is a subtle presentation of chanting. For example, the repeated reading of "sending 900 people to guard Yuyang and stay in osawa Township" in Chen She Family is different from "sending 900 people to stay in osawa Township", which deeply understands the history of Qin Xing's corvee and people's garrison.

After Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi as a "capable minister", Qi Weiwang said "goodness". Concise and just right, it reflects Qi Weiwang's affirmation of Zou Ji and shows that he is an enterprising and enlightened monarch.

Therefore, when reading the word "goodness", we should read the majesty and wisdom in short notes and the heroic mind in high notes. Such a generation of wise men can be said to have both form and spirit to force Xiao. 2, taste perception, rebuilding the body's teaching of classical Chinese, Mr. Ye Shengtao believes: "When reciting, we should not only rationally understand what we have learned, but also sincerely experience it. Unconsciously, the content and truth become the readers' own things, which is the most precious realm. "

A good example is Tao Yuanming's reading, "appreciating anecdotes and analyzing doubts" and "the governor forgets to eat". When we recite Fan Zhongyan's great political ambition of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later" in Yueyang Tower, we should realize the practical significance of "enjoying the world first and enjoying the world later".

When we sing the sacredness of "sacrifice one's life for righteousness" in "I want fish", we should feel the will of people with lofty ideals to sacrifice their lives for the country and go to disaster generously throughout the ages. Through the feeling of taste, let students have a cordial experience and make classical Chinese learning interesting; Students' unique aesthetic taste also makes the connotation of classical Chinese shine.

At the same time, students also internalized the excellent cultural essence, achieved perfection, and improved their cultural literacy to varying degrees. 3. Accumulate knowledge and apply what you have learned. Ouyang Xiu said: "Knowledge is accumulated.

6. All the classical Chinese learned by Beijing Normal University in primary schools, Grade One, Grade Two, Grade Two, Grade Three, Volume One, 1, "Fable II" and "Overfill", Qi Xuanwang boasted that there would be 300 people. The first volume of the third grade and the fourth grade 2, "Yan Zi makes Chu" babies listen, oranges are born in Huainan, but they are oranges. Actually, the taste is different. The fourth grade book 3. There are two monks in the Chinese world: one is poor and the other is rich. More haste, less speed. Qi Jinggong traveled at least to the sea, from which he said, "The baby was seriously ill and died, fearing the public." The first volume of the fifth grade 5. Zhejiang tide is the thorough tide in Zhejiang and the grand view of the world. Zheng people buy shoes (Warring States Period) and Han Feizi If Zheng people want to buy shoes, they should sit on their feet first. The first volume of the fifth grade 7, writing a new sequence of (Han) Gao Haolong, hooking to write dragons, chiseling to write dragons, and carving rooms to write dragons. 8. Damn it (Ming) Feng. Cover yourself. The first volume of the sixth grade 9. Ye Fan (Yang Zhen) in the Chinese world moved to Jingzhou four times, and Donglai was a satrap. 10, Fable II, A Little Effect from the East, and Zhuangzi, Xi suffered from a stone disease, among which the ugly man saw beauty and returned it with his heart. King Chu Ling is a good scholar with a thin waist. 1 1, learn games and play autumn with Mencius, and those who are good at playing games all over the country are also good at it. 12, China people's world, mantis catches cicadas, talks about the garden, wants to cut down the thorns, and tells him to say, "Anyone who dares to give an idea will die!" Sixth grade book 13 My waist is a thousand dollars (Tang Dynasty) Liu Zongyuan, a man of water, is a good traveler. 14, fable 2, spear and shield, Han Feizi, who owns spear and shield, is known as the guardian of his shield: "Things can't sink." "