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Selected stories of famous mathematical figures 1
After graduating from middle school, he was forced to drop out of school because he couldn't afford the tuition. Back to my hometown, while helping my father to work, I continued to study and teach myself tenaciously. Soon, he was infected with typhoid fever and his life was dying. After lying in bed for half a year, although he recovered, he left a lifelong disability-deformity of the left leg joint and limping. He was only 19 years old at that time. In that confused, confused and almost desperate day, he thought of Sun Bin behind Sun Tzu's Art of War. "The ancients can still be physically and mentally disabled. I'm only 19 years old, so there's no reason to give up. I want to replace my imperfect legs with a sound mind! " Young Hua is so tenacious in fighting against fate. During the day, he dragged his sick leg, endured severe joint pain and worked with crutches. In the evening, he taught himself late into the night under the oil lamp.
1930, his paper was published in Science magazine, which alarmed Professor Xiong Qinglai, head of the Department of Mathematics of Tsinghua University. Later, Tsinghua University hired Huawei as a teaching assistant. On the campus of Tsinghua University, where famous artists gather, Hua served as a teaching assistant in the Mathematics Department. He also taught himself English, German and French in four years and published ten papers.
Hua was shocked by his poor math performance, and he made up his mind to catch up. As a result, I read math textbooks to find math problems to do as soon as I have time, and gradually became interested in math.
One day, Li, a math teacher, showed everyone an interesting question after class. The topic is: "This matter is unknown, 3322, 55322, 7722. What is the geometry of things? " While other students were still thinking hard, Hua quickly raised his hand and replied, "23!" " Miss Li came over in surprise and asked, "Have you seen the Art of War? Is it from China? Residual theorem? When it spread to the west, it was called? Sun Tzu theorem? " . The teacher asked again, "You calculated it yourself, so tell me, how did you calculate it?" Hua slowly stated his thinking and calculation process: "I think so: this number is three plus three, and the number of seven plus seven is two." The answer to this question may be 3×7+2. I calculated again, 23 divided by 5, then 23 is the number I want! " The teacher excitedly told the students: "Hua's answer is correct, and the idea of calculus is completely correct." Since then, the whole class has looked at China with new eyes.
Hua's mathematical wisdom surprised the teacher. The teacher's encouragement greatly increased Hua's interest and made him redouble his efforts in mathematics. As a result, his math scores rushed up at once.
Selected stories of mathematical celebrities II
? Napier has only one invention, but this invention is extremely important: logarithm. Simply put, the logarithm of a number tells us the order of magnitude of this quantity. In today's words, logarithm has a "base", and the logarithm of a number is to get a number, so that the power of this base is equal to this number. For example, based on 10, the logarithm of 10 is 1, and the logarithm of 100 is 2. Because the power of 10 is equal to the square of 1 0 and 10, that is, the power of 2 is equal to 100. Logarithm is so useful because of its nature: Logarithm can turn multiplication into addition and division into subtraction. More precisely, the logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the logarithm of these two numbers and added.
Similarly, the logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is equal to the difference between the logarithms of two numbers. In the era without computers, this property reduces the difficulty of calculation. Multiplication and division of two very large or very small decimals takes much longer than addition and subtraction. Therefore, if someone wants to multiply two large numbers, they can first check the logarithms of the two numbers, add them up, and then use the logarithms table to check the results. Some calculation tools, such as slide rule, use logarithm to calculate quickly. This kind of fast calculator has been used in science and navigation, and we can calculate some large numbers very quickly. Many units of measurement measured in order of magnitude are also measured in logarithm. Such as the Richter scale in the earthquake and the decibel of the measured sound.
Selected stories of mathematical celebrities 3
? French scientist Laplace (1749- 1827) put forward this hypothesis again, and from the mechanical principle, he proved the scientific nature of this theory with strict mathematical reasoning, which brought about great changes in the world outlook. Laplace was born in Beaumont, Normandy, France. When I was a child, my family was poor and I finished my studies with the help of my neighbors. Laplace was a genius in mathematics and was highly praised by professors during his college years. /kloc-graduated from university at the age of 0/8, and was introduced by the famous mathematician D 'Alembert to the Paris Army School as a professor of mathematics.
For a long time, scientists have been influenced by how the solar system was formed and why the earth goes around the sun. Even Newton, a famous scientist, could not answer these questions, so he finally turned to theology and attributed the ultimate cause of the movement to "the first promotion of God". Laplace made a detailed study of the formation of the universe and wrote two books, Theory of Cosmic Systems and Celestial Mechanics. He believes that the solar system is formed by primitive nebulae. The primitive nebula formed a primitive fireball due to the mutual attraction of motion and particles, which further contracted and gradually differentiated into planets in the solar system under the combined action of gravity and repulsion, and finally formed the current solar system. He calculated the characteristics of the solar system and profoundly explained the motions and orbits of the planets in the solar system. His theory is gradually recognized by the scientific community. Nebula theory has brought about a change in the view of the universe, pointing out that the universe developed in the movement of nature itself and expelled the earth emperor from the universe. When Napoleon asked Laplace why there was no God in his theory, Laplace proudly said, "I don't need that hypothesis". This became the famous saying that atheists despised God.
Selected stories of mathematical celebrities 4
Bayesian theory provides one of the most important tools for probability theory and mathematical statistics. This tool makes it more difficult for us to explore the study of probability.
If we know the internal mechanism of an event, then it is very simple for us to calculate the probability of an event. With the basic calculation, we can calculate the probability of getting a straight flush when playing poker stud, or the probability of tossing a coin five times in a row, or the probability of winning the lottery.
But more often, we are more concerned about the reversal of the above problems. We don't calculate the probability of events on the basis of knowing the occurrence mechanism, but we want to get and understand the possibility of events according to the observed phenomena without knowing the occurrence mechanism.
In some cases, we need to understand the correlation behind observation-based phenomena. Such as medicine (if the test is positive, how likely is it to get sick? For example, social science (based on historical data, what is the best model to explain the relationship between inflation and unemployment rate? For example, daily life (if a girl agrees to go to another bar with me, what is the possibility that she is interested in me? )。
Bayesian theorem provides a formal tool for us to answer these questions. The theorem allows us to calculate the probability under the condition that something has happened. When a specific event occurs, based on the observation results, we can incorporate the observation results into the specific event to see if it occurs, so that we can simultaneously get the possibility of the previous event under the specific event.
Bayesian theorem is a powerful tool to analyze the reasons of information, and it is also the underlying framework of the whole statistical thought.
Selected stories of mathematical celebrities 5
Other mathematicians on this list have made great contributions to all branches of mathematics, while Napier has only one invention, but this invention is extremely important: logarithm. Simply put, the logarithm of a number tells us the order of magnitude of this quantity.
In today's words, logarithm has a "base", and the logarithm of a number is to get a number, so that the power of this base is equal to this number. For example, based on 10, the logarithm of 10 is 1, and the logarithm of 100 is 2. Because the power of 10 is equal to the square of 1 0 and 10, that is, the power of 2 is equal to 100.
Logarithm is so useful because of its nature: Logarithm can turn multiplication into addition and division into subtraction. More precisely, the logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the logarithm of these two numbers and added. Similarly, the logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is equal to the difference between the logarithms of two numbers.
In the era without computers, this property reduces the difficulty of calculation. Multiplication and division of two very large or very small decimals takes much longer than addition and subtraction. Therefore, if someone wants to multiply two large numbers, they can first check the logarithms of the two numbers, add them up, and then check the results with the logarithms table.
Some calculation tools, such as slide rule, use logarithm to calculate quickly. This kind of fast calculator has been used in science and navigation, and we can calculate some large numbers very quickly.
Many units of measurement measured in order of magnitude are also measured in logarithm. Such as the Richter scale in the earthquake and the decibel of the measured sound.
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