Hierarchical division of scientific system
The first level-theoretical science (basic theory)
The first level-philosophy (the theory of world outlook and epistemology is the generalization and summary of people's fundamental viewpoint system of the whole world, knowledge of nature and social knowledge): ancient philosophy, modern philosophy and Marxist philosophy;
The second sub-level-formal science (the general name of various sciences that study the organizational structure and expression of things and abstract essence): mathematics, systematics, control science, information science, logic and so on.
The third level-natural science (including human biological attributes, the general name of various sciences that study inorganic nature and organic nature): physics, chemistry, biology, geoscience, astronomy, etc.
The fourth sub-level-social science (the general name of various sciences that study the changes and development laws of various social phenomena and social movements): economics, politics, law, military science, management, history, etc.
The fifth sub-level-humanities (the general name of various sciences that study human beliefs, emotions, morality and beauty): ethics, linguistics, archaeology, religion, aesthetics, literary theory, etc.
The fifth sub-level-thinking science (the general name of various sciences that study human psychology, cognition and behavior): psychology, cognition, behavior, brain science, etc.
The second level-technical science (technical expansion): computational science, electrotechnics, electronics, acoustics, mechanics, catalysis, medicine, etc.
The third level-applied science (engineering application): electrical engineering, power engineering, automation technology, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, electronic communication engineering, computer technology, etc.
In addition, there are so-called "comprehensive disciplines" and "latitude disciplines".
Comprehensive discipline is a general scientific term that takes something as the research core, synthesizes related traditional disciplines and breaks the boundaries of previous disciplines. They tend to be more fashionable and popular. Such as genetic science, material science and nano-science.
The latitudinal discipline, also known as "interdisciplinary discipline", is a science that completely breaks away from the traditional concept and considers research from another angle. The most prominent examples are geographical science, safety science and so on.
How is the celestial series divided? The celestial bodies in the universe are all moving, and the moving celestial bodies attract each other and revolve around each other, forming a celestial system.
earth moon system
The earth and the moon form a celestial system called earth-moon system. In the Earth-Moon system, the earth is the central celestial body, so the movement of earth-moon system is generally described as the movement of the moon around the earth. However, the actual motion of earth-moon system is that the earth and the moon revolve around their common center of mass. The time for the Earth and the Moon to rotate around their common center of mass is 27 days, 7 hours and 43 minutes 1 1.6 seconds, that is, 27.32 166 days. The common center of mass is located in the earth body about 467 1 km from the center of the earth.
A celestial system consisting of the earth and its natural satellite, the moon, with the earth as its central celestial body. Due to the huge difference between the mass of the earth and the mass of the moon (8 1. 1), the mass center of earth-moon system is only about 1650 kilometers away from the center of the earth. The distance between the sun and the earth is actually the distance between the center of the sun and the center of mass of the earth-moon system; The revolution of the moon around the earth is actually the revolution of the earth and the moon relative to their concentric centers. Because of this revolution, * * * homocenter has a displacement in the interior of the earth with the period of the earth's sidereal moon.
solar system
The solar system is located at the edge of the Milky Way, the third spiral arm of the Milky Way-Orion spiral arm.
The solar system is a celestial body system, which consists of the sun and celestial bodies orbiting the sun under its gravity. It includes the sun, eight planets and their satellites, asteroids, comets, meteoroids and interplanetary matter. The earth where human beings live is a member of the solar system.
Galaxy system
On a clear and cloudless night, people can observe a cloud-like band of light in space, called the Milky Way. This band of light is actually composed of hundreds of billions of stars and nebulae. These stars make up many star systems. The star system in which the sun is located is called our own galaxy. All star systems revolve around the center of the Milky Way.
Local galaxy group
The galaxy group to which the Milky Way belongs. Local clusters are typical open clusters, and there is no obvious tendency to gather towards the center. There are about 40 member galaxies. The Milky Way and Andromeda are the two largest galaxies in this galaxy group, which are located in the center of this galaxy group. Except for the Milky Way and Andromeda, most member galaxies are dwarf galaxies. The radius of this cluster is about 1 million parsec, and its mass is about 6.5×101solar mass, most of which are concentrated in the Milky Way and Andromeda. There is not much gas in the mass, accounting for about 1% of the total mass. Cluster of galaxies-galaxies generally do not exist alone, but tend to gather together. Galaxies, as member galaxies, participate in the activities of galaxy clusters and form an independent system. Celestial systems with more than 100 galaxies are called "galaxy clusters", and those with less than 100 galaxies are called "galaxy clusters".
supercluster
A higher-level celestial system formed by several galaxy clusters. Also known as the secondary galaxy cluster. Usually, a supercluster contains only a few clusters. Most supercluster clusters are oblate, with a long diameter of about 60 ~1000 million parsec and a mass of10/5 ~10/7 solar mass. The existence of supercluster shows that at least on the scale of1100,000 parsec, the distribution of matter in space is uneven. After 1980s, astronomers found that there were few galaxies with the diameter of1100,000 parsec in space, and these galaxies were called giant caves. Supergalaxy clusters and giant holes are intertwined, forming the basic image of the large-scale structure of the universe.
Local supercluster-The supercluster where the local supercluster is located is called the local supercluster. Nearer supercluster includes Wuxian supercluster, Beiguan supercluster and Sheming supercluster.
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anagalactic nebula
Outside the Milky Way, there are many galaxies and nebulae of different shapes, which are collectively called extragalactic galaxies. They are composed of dozens to hundreds of billions of stars, interstellar gas and dust.
universe
Both the Milky Way and extragalactic galaxies are part of the universe. By observing the universe with the most advanced observation means, celestial bodies 20 billion light years away from the earth were observed. The large sphere drawn with this distance as the radius is the cosmic range that can be observed by human beings at present. All the galaxies together form the largest celestial system, called the total galaxy. But not the boundary of the universe.
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Extragalactic galaxies and total galaxies cannot be strictly called celestial systems. The former puts everything outside the Milky Way together at different levels, while the latter puts only observable celestial bodies together. Different from the classification standards mentioned above.
How are the eight ethnic groups of the Han nationality divided? The Han nationality is mainly divided into 8 ethnic groups, and then subdivided into 16 ethnic groups. The division of nationalities is not equal to the users of languages, but more integrated with their cultures and customs.
1, northern ethnic groups: distributed in all areas north of the Yangtze River except Shanxi, including the southwest. Speak northern dialects (northerners in a broad sense, not northerners).
1- 1, Northeast Ethnic Groups: distributed in three northeastern provinces except Dalian and Dandong and eastern Inner Mongolia (three cities and one alliance). The population is about1.200 million, northeastern mandarin; Cultural centers: Shenyang, Changchun, Harbin; Economic centers: Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin; The largest city: Shenyang
1-2, Yan family: distributed in Beijing and northern Hebei, with a population of about 20 million, Beijing Mandarin; Cultural Center: Beijing; Economic center: Beijing; The largest city: Beijing
1-3. Luji people: distributed in central and western Shandong and most of Hebei, with a population of less than100000, which is the official language of Jilu; Cultural centers: Jinan, Tianjin, Baoding; Economic centers: Tianjin, Jinan, Tangshan and Shijiazhuang; The largest city: Tianjin
1-4, Jiaoliao nationality: distributed in eastern Shandong and southern Liaoning, with a population of less than100000, Jiaoliao Mandarin; Cultural Center: Jiaodong; Economic centers: Qingdao and Dalian; The largest city: Qingdao;
1-5. Nationalities in the Central Plains: They are distributed in Henan, southwestern Shandong, northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui, with a population of about 40 million, and are dialects of the Central Plains Mandarin; Cultural centers: Zhengzhou, Xuzhou, Anyang, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Qufu and Fuyang; Economic centers: Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Xuzhou; The largest city: Zhengzhou
1-6, Guanzhong ethnic group: distributed in central Shaanxi, and the population of Central Plains Mandarin is about Guanzhong; Cultural Center: Xi 'an and Xianyang; Economic center: Xi, Baoji; The largest city: Xi 'an
1-7, Lanyin people: distributed in northern Gansu and northern Ningxia, with a population of about 30 million, Lanyin Mandarin; Cultural centers: Lanzhou, Yinchuan; Economic center: Lanzhou; The largest city: Lanzhou
1-8. Huguang Ethnic Group: It is distributed in Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei and some provinces of Hunan and Guangxi, with a population of about/kloc-0.2 billion, which is the southwest mandarin; Cultural centers: Chengdu, Wuhan, Chongqing, Kunming; Economic centers: Chongqing, Chengdu and Wuhan; The largest city: Chongqing
1-9. Jianghuai Ethnic Group (Xiajiang Ethnic Group): It is distributed in the central and southern areas along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, the central and southwestern areas of Jiangsu Province, the northwestern part of Jiangxi Province (Jiujiang area) and parts of eastern Hubei, with a population of about 70 million. Xiajiang dialect, cultural center: Yangzhou, Nanjing, Anqing and Zhenjiang; Economic centers: Nanjing, Hefei, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang. Nanjing, the largest city.
2. Jinsui people: distributed in Shanxi, northwestern Shaanxi, western Inner Mongolia and other places, with a population of about 60 million, are in Jin dialect; Cultural centers: Taiyuan, Yuncheng and Hohhot; Economic centers: Taiyuan, Datong and Baotou; The largest city: Taiyuan
3. Wu clan (* * * clan): distributed in southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, southeastern Anhui and northeastern Jiangxi (three counties in Wuyu District of Xinzhou, Shangrao, Guangfeng and Yushan, and three counties in Yu Hui of Wuyuan, Dexing and Fuliang); With a population of about 77 million, Wu and Hui languages are spoken; Cultural centers: Suzhou, Shaoxing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Huangshan; Economic centers: Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Wuxi, Ningbo and Wenzhou; The largest city: Shanghai
4. Guangfu people or Cantonese people: distributed in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong, western Guangdong, eastern Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macao, Southeast Asia, North America and all over the world. The population of Guangdong is about 654.38+004 billion (Liu Pu) (more than 40 million in Guangdong, more than 20 million in Chaoshan (southern Fujian), more than 20 million in Hakka, and about 20 million in other provinces. Ethnic division is based on the fact that two generations speak the same mother tongue, excluding the second language. Guangxi has a population of about 20 million, and the world's total population is about 65.438+0.2 billion, with Cantonese. Cultural Center: Guangzhou; Economic centers: Hong Kong, Macau, Guangzhou, Foshan, Dongguan, Nanning and Zhuhai; The largest city: Guangzhou
5. Huxiang nationality: distributed in a considerable part of Hunan Province, Chinese mainland, parts of Hunan, Chongqing and Guangxi; With a population of about 36 million, Xiang dialect; Cultural Center: Changsha; Economic center: Changsha; The largest city: Changsha
6. Jiangyou people: distributed in most parts of Jiangxi, eastern Hunan, southeastern Hubei, southwestern Anhui (Anqing area) and northwestern Fujian; It has a population of about 20 million and speaks Gan dialect. Cultural centers: Nanchang and Jingdezhen; Economic center: Nanchang; The largest city: Nanchang
8. Minhai people: They are distributed in most areas of Fujian, Taiwan Province and Guangdong, as well as Guangdong, Hainan, Zhejiang coastal areas, Southeast Asia and all over the world. Among them, the famous Chaoshan people and Minnan people are the main ones; The global population is about 1000000 150000000, and people speak Min dialect. Cultural centers: Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei and Chaozhou; Economic centers: Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Shantou and Kaohsiung; The largest city: Taipei
7. Hakkas: distributed in most parts of eastern Guangdong, southwestern Fujian, southwestern Jiangxi, small parts of Hunan, Taiwan Province Province, parts of Sichuan and Chongqing, Southeast Asia and all over the world; The population is about 40 million (plus 6 million), Hakka; Cultural centers: Meizhou and Ganzhou; Economic centers: Huizhou, Hsinchu and Miaoli; The largest city: Huizhou
How is the world cultural system divided? 1986, Ji Xianlin made an introduction to A Brief History of Oriental Literature, entitled The Scope and Characteristics of Oriental Literature. In this article, he wrote: "According to my personal opinion, the cultures in human history can be merged into four major cultural systems. Here, let me talk about what a "cultural system" is. In my opinion, the culture of a nation or several ethnic groups lasts for a long time, without interruption, has great influence, and the foundation is relatively unified and stable, and the colors are relatively bright, which can form an independent system, which is called a "cultural system." By this standard, among the colorful and complicated world cultures, * * * has four major cultural systems: one is China, the other is Indian, the third is Persian and Arab Islamic, and the fourth is European. These four systems are all ancient cultural systems that have had a great influence on the world. From the perspective of the East and the West, the first three belong to the East and the last one belongs to the West. "
Therefore, Ji Xianlin has made two great contributions to the cultural system. First, he defined the cultural system. Secondly, he established four cultural systems. The practice in recent twenty years shows that Ji Xianlin's definition of cultural system and the method of dividing four major cultural systems have been generally recognized by China academic circles. In specific applications, Persian and Arab Islamic cultural systems are referred to as Arab cultural systems for short. As for the European cultural system, it is obviously inappropriate to use the word "European cultural system" because it has covered Oceania, North and South America, Australia and New Zealand geographically. At the same time, as far as its internal elements are concerned, the so-called European cultural system actually contains two cultural matrices, one is Hebrew culture and the other is Greek culture. At present, the academic circles have found a better name to replace it, that is, "Hebrew-Greek cultural system", or "double H cultural system" for short.
How are the sub-divisions in bridge engineering generally divided? According to national standards
How is philosophy divided? 1) Philosophy includes two interrelated problems:
1) What is the primary problem of thinking and existence;
2) Whether thinking can correctly understand the real world, that is, whether the world is knowable;
According to the answer to the first question, ancient and modern philosophy can be divided into two basic factions:
Anyone who concludes that thinking is primary and secondary belongs to idealism;
On the contrary, it belongs to materialism.
The answer to the second question is divided into: knowability and agnosticism;
2) There are also problems between metaphysics and dialectics;
Metaphysics: a cognitive method of looking at the world from an isolated, static, one-sided and superficial point of view;
Dialectics: the cognitive method of seeing the world from the viewpoint of connection, movement, synthesis and essence;
Idealism is divided into:
1) Subjective idealism: My subjective thoughts determine objective existence;
2) objective idealism: the objective spirit (God) outside me determines the objective existence;
Materialism is divided into:
1) Simple materialism: generally refers to ancient materialism, atomism, five-element theory, etc.
2) Spontaneous materialism: refers to the materialistic views produced by ordinary people and natural scientists in their daily life and scientific activities;
3) Metaphysical materialism: the materialistic theory that explains the world from a metaphysical point of view;
4) Mechanical materialism: a materialistic theory that explains problems from a purely mechanical perspective;
5) Dialectical materialism: the materialistic theory that explains the world from a dialectical point of view;
Field:
World outlook, cosmology, outlook on life, history and nature;
Philosophy of life, economic philosophy, political philosophy, moral philosophy, religious philosophy, historical philosophy, scientific philosophy, value philosophy, cultural philosophy, military philosophy, educational philosophy, comparative philosophy, management philosophy and applied philosophy-
Schools of thought:
Pythagoreanism, Platonism, Cynics, Academics-too many, just a topic can be exhausting.
How are degrees divided? According to the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People's Republic of China (PRC) and its interim implementation measures, China's academic degrees are linked with different stages of higher education, including bachelor's degree, master's degree and doctor's degree, which is consistent with many countries. 1. bachelor's degree: in the mainland, the cumulative pre-university education is 12 years, that is, 6 years in primary school, 3 years in junior high school and 3 years in senior high school. High school graduates pass the national unified examination and enter institutions of higher learning. Generally, the undergraduate education system in colleges and universities is 4 years, while that in a few engineering colleges and a few majors is 5 years, and that in medical colleges and universities is generally 5 years. Undergraduate students who have completed all the requirements of the teaching plan are granted graduation after examination. Their course study and graduation thesis (graduation design or other graduation practice links) show that they have mastered the basic theory, professional knowledge and basic skills of the subject, and have the ability to engage in scientific research or undertake professional and technical work initially, and can be awarded a bachelor's degree. The bachelor's degree is awarded by an institution of higher learning authorized by the State Council Academic Degrees Committee. 2. Master's degree: A bachelor's degree winner or a person with equivalent academic qualifications has entered an institution of higher learning or scientific research with the right to award a master's degree for 2.5-3 years after examination, passed the master's degree course examination and thesis defense (the master's degree thesis should have a new view on the research topic), and passed the examination, which shows that he has really mastered the solid basic theory and systematic professional knowledge of this discipline, and has the ability to engage in scientific research or independently undertake specialized technical work, and can be awarded a master's degree. Because the degree system in China has not been established for a long time, the teaching and scientific research of many disciplines will be undertaken by masters to a large extent. Therefore, at the beginning of the establishment of the degree system, and for a long time to come, the master's degree is a first-class independent degree in China's degree structure. Those who pursue a master's degree should not only study degree courses, but also engage in scientific research and write papers. Compared with some countries with master's degree as a transitional degree, China's master's degree system is longer and the academic level is higher. 3. Doctoral degree: a master's degree winner or a person with equivalent academic qualifications has worked in an institution of higher learning or scientific research with the right to confer doctoral degrees for three years after examination, and passed the doctoral course examination and thesis defense, with qualified results, indicating that he has mastered a solid and extensive basic theory and systematic and in-depth professional knowledge in this discipline; Have the ability to engage in scientific research independently; Those who have made creative achievements in science or professional technology may be awarded a doctorate. Master's and doctor's degrees are awarded by institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions authorized by the State Council Academic Degrees Committee.
What was the earliest scientific system established? This is a theme. The earliest scientific system established in philosophy is Demok's atomism.
The first scientific system established in art is Aristotle's Poetics.
Among psychologists, the earliest psychology is Freud's dream interpretation.
There are many such examples.
How are galaxies divided? Galaxies are complete self-gravitation systems, and there is obvious distance space between different galaxies.
According to Hubble classification, it can be roughly divided into spiral galaxies, rod spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies, lens galaxies and irregular galaxies.
According to the evolutionary order, it can be divided into early type galaxy (E-Sab) and late type galaxy (Sb-Ir).
According to the distance, it can be divided into local and high redshift high Z galaxies.
According to the infrared brightness, it can be divided into dwarf galaxies, ordinary galaxies, bright infrared galaxies and extremely bright infrared galaxies.
The existence of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is also a way to divide galaxies.
Especially for a merge between some irregular galaxies, it is very likely that two or more galaxies are merging into one galaxy through mutual attraction, and sometimes these galaxies are considered as one galaxy.