The development of graphics is closely related to the historical development of human society. As early as the primitive society, human beings began to record their thoughts, activities and achievements, express their feelings and communicate with each other by pictures. At that time, the purpose of painting was not to appreciate beauty, but to express feelings and thoughts. It was regarded as a medium of communication and became the most primitive figure.
There is actually a graphic period between the speech period and the writing period of human society, such as cave art in southern France. It is speculated that the figures in the caves are more than 30,000 years earlier than the hieroglyphics in Egypt and China. At that time, in order to transmit information in productive labor and social activities, people designed many graphic symbols to express their thoughts in the form of visual symbols, and gradually improved, simplified and unified them to make them more and more perfect. In the cave murals of North American Indians, we can see very simple and symbolic graphic symbols.
With the further development of society, graphic symbols are gradually unified and perfected, and then words are produced. The appearance of characters enables information to spread widely and accurately across time and space, and enables human civilization to inherit and develop. Around 3000 BC, Sumerians in the two river basins created so-called "cuneiform characters" carved on wet clay boards with sawdust, which basically belonged to hieroglyphics. Chinese characters in our country are also hieroglyphics derived from pictures. As early as Neolithic pottery, figures similar to figures, such as the sun, the moon, water, rain, wood and dogs, have appeared, which are very similar to the objects they represent. Ancient Egypt also invented hieroglyphics with pictures as the core, which was a qualitative leap from primitive graphics to characters. Subsequently, simple hieroglyphics gradually failed to meet the growing material and cultural needs of mankind. In order to express broader and more abstract meanings, people began to create more words with phonetic and ideographic means, forming their own independent cultural system.
At the same time, it expands the development space of graphics, and the production of various signs, marks, symbols and patterns enriches the content of graphics. From the architecture and mosaic patterns left by the Moors in ancient Spain, we can see many "virtual and real" patterns. China's "Tai Chi Tu" is a typical map that has been handed down to this day. In China, there are also various forms of auspicious graphics, such as: double happiness, four happiness, more than a year, Five Blessingg longevity, etc ... The invention of printing and papermaking has brought a vast world to modern graphics and truly realized the wide dissemination of information.
19 At the end of the 20th century, Picasso, a modern cubist painter, created The Face of Peace, which vividly embodied the concept of peace through isomorphism. At the same time, escher, a famous Dutch printmaker, made a lot of explorations on the possibility of painting, studied and reproduced interlaced graphics with great interest, so that some thoughts that could not be expressed in words could be reproduced and many "intellectual images" were created. Such as curved belt, magic mirror, sky and water, day and night, waterfalls, ups and downs, etc. He created images such as the exchange of form and reality, the spatial transformation of plane and three-dimensional, and the interlacing language of deformation and realism, which expanded the expression space of visual art and showed escher's unique visual thinking ability.
With its unique imagination, creativity and surreal free creation, graphics show unique visual charm in layout design. In foreign countries, graphic design has become a special profession, and the position of graphic designer is increasingly recognized by people with the social role brought by graphic performance. In the mid-20th century, many outstanding graphic design masters emerged all over the world, such as Toshi Utsumi Fukuda in Japan and Guntelamburg in Germany. Their works are full of wisdom and promote the diversified development of visual language.
Question 2: Geometry Origin Geometry is a science that studies the shape, size and position relationship of space (or plane) graphics, which is called geometry for short.
The word "geometry" first appeared in Greece, which was synthesized by the Greek word "land" and "measurement", meaning "geodesy". In fact, what the Greeks call "geometry" refers to mathematics. For the science of measuring land, the Greeks used the name "geodesy".
Ancient Greek scholars believed that geometry was originally created by Egyptians. Due to the flooding of the Nile, the land borders of the Egyptians were often washed away, so they had to conduct a land survey once a year and redraw the borders. In this way, the Egyptians gradually formed a special geodesic technology, and then this technology spread to Greece and gradually evolved into the current narrow geometry.
Around 300 BC, the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid organized the rich and diverse achievements of Greek geometry accumulated since the seventh century BC into a tight and unified system. Starting from the primitive axioms, he enumerated five axioms, and deduced a series of theorems and inferences through logical reasoning, thus establishing the first axiomatic mathematical system-Euclidean geometry, and writing the masterpiece "Elements of Geometry".
In ancient China, geometry developed independently, and the research on geometry has a long history. It is found from Oracle Bone Inscriptions that as early as 13 and 14 centuries BC, China had special tools such as "rules" and "moments". The calculation of graphic area has been recorded in Zhoupian Shu Jing and Jiuzhang Arithmetic, and some geometric concepts have been clearly defined in Mo Jing. Liu Wei and Zu Chongzhi also made great contributions to geometry. The Chinese term "geometry" was first put forward by Xu Guangqi in 1607 when he translated the first six volumes of "Elements of Geometry" with the assistance of Italian missionary Matteo Ricci. The geometry mentioned here is not "how much" in a narrow sense, but refers to measurement, including the contents related to measurement.
Nowadays, geometry has formed a rigorous scientific system, which has become an important branch of mathematics and one of the most effective disciplines for training logical thinking ability and spatial imagination ability.
The word "geometry" is "how much?" But in mathematics, the meaning of "geometry" is completely different. The meaning of the word "geometry" comes from Greek, which means land survey or geodetic survey.
Geometry, like arithmetic, comes from practice. It can also be said that the history of geometry is similar to arithmetic. In ancient times, people accumulated a large number of concepts such as plane, straight line, square, circle, length, short, segment, narrow, thick and thin in practice, and gradually realized the relationship, positional relationship and quantitative relationship between these concepts, which later became the basic concepts of geometry.
The original concept of geometry gradually formed a relatively shallow knowledge of geometry, which is the need of production practice. Although this knowledge is scattered and mostly empirical, geometry is based on these scattered, empirical and superficial geometric knowledge.
Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics and one of the most basic branches in this field. Ancient China, ancient Babylon, ancient Egypt, ancient India and ancient Greece are all important cradles of geometry.
Question 3: The origin and development of geometric figures. A person who studies mechanical drawing.
Welcome everyone to take a look at Baidu Post Bar and draw a three-dimensional picture with your hands and brain.
Question 4: The earliest record of the geometric origin of the word 100 can be traced back to ancient Egypt, ancient India and Babylon, and its age began around 3000 BC. The early geometry is the empirical principle of length, angle, area and volume, which is used to meet the practical needs of surveying and mapping, architecture, astronomy and various crafts. Egypt and Babylon were before Pythagoras. The Egyptians had a correct formula for calculating the volume of the truncated pyramid. Euclid taught in Alexandria around 300 BC. He loves mathematics and knows Plato's geometric principles. He collected all the geometric facts he could know at that time in great detail, and compiled them into a rigorous and systematic theory according to the logical reasoning method proposed by Plato and Aristotle. He wrote an early masterpiece in the history of mathematics-The Elements of Geometry. The birth of Euclid's Elements of Geometry is of great significance in the history of geometry development, which indicates that geometry has become a relatively strict theoretical system and scientific method.
Question 5: the origin of mathematics "mathematics"
The ancient Greeks introduced names, concepts and self-thinking into mathematics, and they began to guess how mathematics came into being very early. Although their guesses were just jotted down, they almost occupied the thinking field of guesses first. What the ancient Greeks wrote down at random became a lot of articles in the19th century, but it became an annoying cliche in the 20th century. Herodotus (484-425 BC) was the first person who began to guess. He only talks about geometry. He may not be familiar with general mathematical concepts, but he is sensitive to the exact meaning of land survey. As an anthropologist and social historian, Herodotus pointed out that the geometry of ancient Greece came from ancient Egypt. In ancient Egypt, because the land was flooded every year, people often needed to re-measure the land in order to achieve the purpose of taxation. He also said: The Greeks learned the use of the sundial from the Babylonians and divided the day into 12 hours. Herodotus' discovery was affirmed and praised. It is superficial to speculate that ordinary geometry has a glorious beginning.
Plato cares about all aspects of mathematics. In his fairy tale Fei, which is full of wonderful fantasies, he said:
The story took place in ancient Egypt's LokLatin (region), where an old fairy lived. His name is Theuth. To Seth, ibis is a divine bird. With the help of ibis, he invented numbers, calculation, geometry and astronomy, as well as board games.
Plato is often full of strange fantasies because he doesn't know whether he is Aristotle or not. Finally, he talked about mathematics in a completely conceptual language, that is, mathematics with its own development purpose. Aristotle said in chapter 1 of volume 65438 of Metaphysics: Mathematical science or mathematical art originated in ancient Egypt, because there were a group of sacrifices in ancient Egypt, and they often consciously devoted themselves to mathematical research. It is doubtful whether what Aristotle said is true, but this does not affect Aristotle's intelligence and keen observation. In Aristotle's book, ancient Egypt is mentioned only to solve the argument about the following problems: 1 Knowledge serves knowledge, and pure mathematics is the best example: 2. The development of knowledge is not due to consumers' demand for shopping and luxury goods. Aristotle's "naive" view may be opposed; But it can't be refuted because there is no more convincing point of view.
Generally speaking, the ancient Greeks tried to create two "scientific" methodologies, one is ontology, and the other is their mathematics. Aristotle's logical method is somewhere between the two, and Aristotle himself thinks that his method can only be an auxiliary method in a general sense. The ontology of ancient Greece has obvious characteristics of parmenides's "existence" and is slightly influenced by Heraclitus's "rationality". The characteristics of ontology are only shown in the later translation of Stoicism and other Greek works. As an effective methodology, mathematics has gone far beyond ontology, but for some reason, the name of mathematics itself is not as loud and affirmed as "existence" and "rationality". However, the appearance of mathematical names reflects some creative characteristics of ancient Greeks. Below we will explain the origin of the term mathematics.
The word "mathematics" comes from Greek, which means something "learned or understood" or "acquired knowledge", and even has the meanings of "obtainable things" and "learnable things", that is, "knowledge gained through learning". The meanings of these mathematical names seem to be the same as those of Sanskrit cognates. Even Littre, a great dictionary editor (E.Littre was also an outstanding classical scholar at that time), included the word "mathematics" in his French dictionary (1877). The Oxford English Dictionary makes no mention of Sanskrit. In the Byzantine Greek dictionary Suidas in the 10 century, some terms such as physics, geometry and arithmetic were introduced, but the word "mathematics" was not listed directly.
The word "mathematics" has gone through a long process from expressing general knowledge to expressing mathematics specialty, which was completed in Aristotle's time, not in Plato's time. The specialization of mathematical names lies not only in its far-reaching significance, but also in the fact that only the specialization of the word "poem" in ancient Greece could rival the specialization of mathematical names at that time. The original meaning of "poem" is "what has been finished" ... >; & gt
Question 6: What is the origin of geometric printing patterns? Five points is analytic geometry.
Question 7: How long is the statute of limitations for economic disputes? Generally, it is two years, one year of physical injury and one year of rent.
Question 8: The origin of the plane rectangular coordinate system is also called Cartesian coordinate system.
Descartes and Cartesian Coordinate System It is said that one day, the French philosopher and mathematician Descartes was seriously ill in bed. Nevertheless, he repeatedly thought about a problem: geometry is intuitive, while algebraic equations are abstract. Can geometry be combined with algebraic equations, that is, can geometry be used to represent equations? In order to achieve this goal, the key is how to link the points that make up the geometric figure with each group of "numbers" that satisfy the equation. He thought hard and tried to figure out how to connect "point" with "number". Suddenly, he saw a spider in the corner of the roof and pulled down the silk. After a while, the spider climbed up along the silk and drew left and right. The spider's "performance" made Descartes' thinking suddenly clear. He thought, you can think of a spider as a point. It can move up and down, left and right in the room. Can you determine every position of the spider with a set of numbers? He also thinks that two adjacent walls in the room pass three lines to the ground. If the angle on the ground is taken as the starting point and the three intersecting lines are taken as the three axes, then the position of any point in space can be used to find three numbers in turn. Conversely, a set of three ordered numbers can be given at will, and a corresponding point p can be found in the space. Similarly, a point on the plane can be represented by a set of numbers (x, y), and a point on the plane can also be represented by a set of two ordered numbers, which is the prototype of the coordinate system. The establishment of rectangular coordinate system has built a bridge between algebra and geometry, so that geometric concepts can be expressed in numbers and geometric figures can also be expressed in algebraic form. On the basis of establishing rectangular coordinate system, Descartes founded analytic geometry, a branch of mathematics that studies geometric figures by algebraic method. He boldly imagined that if the geometric figure is regarded as the trajectory of the moving point, it can be regarded as composed of points with certain characteristics. For example, we can think of a circle as the trajectory of a point with equal distance from a driven point to a fixed point. If we regard points as the basic elements of geometric figures and numbers as the solutions of equations, algebra and geometry will thus become a family.