Question 2: "Examples of how to write abstracts of papers" Papers generally have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or annotations. Other readers can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.
It should include the following contents: ① the purpose and significance of this study; (2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done; (3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper; ④ The significance of the conclusion or result.
Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.
Don't give examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation.
[example]
Topic: the influence of celestial bodies on the acceleration of gravity of the earth.
Abstract: The acceleration of the earth's gravity is an extremely important physical quantity. With the improvement of the accuracy of gravity acceleration measurement, the influence of celestial bodies on the earth's gravity acceleration must be considered. This paper introduces the basic concept of celestial bodies (including the sun, the moon and the planets of the solar system) influencing the acceleration of the earth's gravity, and deduces the calculation formula of the influence. Through error analysis, it is proved that the relative error of this formula is less than 1× 10-9, which can fully meet the requirements of modern precision gravity acceleration measurement.
The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.
[example]
Thesis title: thermal simulation model and algorithm of integrated circuit
As we all know, various characteristic parameters of semiconductor devices are temperature-sensitive functions [such as LS (t), B (t), C 1 (t), CP (t)...]. Integrated circuits have integrated a large number of components on the wafer. When the circuit works, the power consumption of components will generate heat, which will spread around along the wafer. However, due to the thermal resistance of the semiconductor chip and the substrate material, the temperature of each point on the chip cannot be the same. Especially for power integrated circuits, there will be high temperature in the area of high power devices, so there is uneven temperature distribution on the chip.
However, in order to simplify the calculation, this temperature difference is often ignored when analyzing the performance of integrated circuits, and all components are assumed to be at the same temperature. For example, the general circuit simulation program-spice is handled in this way. Obviously, this assumption brings calculation errors to integrated circuits. The error of power integrated circuit will be greater. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is how to calculate the temperature distribution on the integrated circuit chip, how to calculate the circuit characteristics at different component temperatures, and how to consider the thermal and electrical interaction on the chip.
This paper introduces the thermal simulation model of integrated circuit, simulates the thermal circuit problem as a circuit problem, and then uses the circuit simulation program to solve the chip temperature distribution. In this way, a mature circuit analysis program can be used to greatly improve the speed and accuracy of calculation. Based on this model and algorithm, the author compiled a FORTRAN program YM- LIN -3, which can determine the chip temperature distribution and calculate the circuit characteristics of components at different temperatures. The program has been passed on IBM-PC microcomputer and satisfactory results have been obtained.
The abstract of the above paper is nearly 600 words, which is obviously too long. As long as it is carefully revised (for example, the first paragraph can be deleted, the second paragraph only keeps the last few sentences and the third paragraph is added), the abstract of the paper can be written in 200 to 300 words.
Example of summary:
First, the title of the paper abstract example
Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Subject Library
The development direction of contemporary library construction is digital library, which is the existing form of future library, and its research and construction level will directly affect the position and role of China library in the future information age. In view of the objective trend of library digitalization development, starting from the problems faced by digital libraries in China, this paper analyzes and discusses the main strategic problems and strategies that should be solved in the construction of digital libraries.
Demolition according to law and building a harmonious city
Demolition in accordance with the law and building a harmonious city are the ultimate goals of urban planning of the * * * department. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the significance of legal demolition, explore the causes of various contradictions in demolition, find ways to solve various interest disputes, and make contributions to building a harmonious society from the perspective of perfecting laws and regulations and striving for the interests of the people.
Second, the graduation thesis master thesis doctoral thesis abstract example
Thesis title: Countermeasures for prevention and control of motor vehicle exhaust pollution ... >>
Question 3: How to write an abstract is the common language of the paper. Although it is not long, it is the essence of a paper. Generally, it consists of four elements: the object, method, result and conclusion of specific research.
Object: It is the specific scope of the research and investigation of the paper, reflecting the content of the paper and the main problems to be solved.
Methods: It refers to various methods used in the research of the research object, such as principles, theories, conditions, materials and technologies. This is a necessary means to complete the research object.
Results: It is the result, effect and data obtained by the author's experiment and research on the research object by using the research method, and it has been confirmed.
The relationship, etc. Is the result of scientific research.
Conclusion: It is the author's analysis and research on the results, the summary of the results, the reliability, practicality and innovation of the research results, the value and academic level of the paper research, and the embodiment that determines the value of the paper.
Question 4: How to write a reading summary?
People are full of enthusiasm again and again, dreaming of breaking the stereotype they are in, but they have been slow to act. Soon, their dreams disappeared and their plans failed completely. Once again, they are caught in the groping and have not realized everything that is obvious in their potential.
Anthony? Robin told us not to think about running 3.5 miles at first, not to be president, and not to monopolize the big market. To solve the immediate challenge, don't focus on the highest job, but on the next thing. To travel to a distant city, you have to take the first step.
"Hope is not equal to the result", which is the key. You must act, you must take the first step. You must come down and talk to yourself.
"How successful do I want to be?" "am I determined to make myself strive for these successes?" Is it possible for me? "Meditate for a while, and you will realize that there are many times in your life when you feel that you haven't done much for something, and you decide to change it: thousands of people have adopted a good lifestyle to promote their health and have been persistent.
It is a basic rule that you must find out where you are before starting a trip. You may have a destination in your mind and a map in your hand, but you can't reach your destination unless you know where Z is on the map now.
Question 5: How to write the abstract of the paper?
Papers usually have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or comments. Other uses are to obtain necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.
The abstract shall include the following contents:
① The purpose and significance of this study;
(2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done;
(3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper;
④ The significance of the conclusion or result.
Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.
Don't give examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation. The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.
Question 6: How to write the detailed abstract of the master's thesis? The abstract should read as follows:
The first sentence, the background of the paper and the questions raised.
The second sentence, what means and methods are used to study your topic?
In the third sentence, what conclusions and suggestions have been drawn from the research?
Question 7: How to write the abstract of the paper? Generally, there should be abstracts, some for international communication, and some in foreign languages (mostly in English)
Text) abstract. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or comments. Other uses are not reading.
You can get the necessary information by reading the full text of the paper.
It should include the following contents: ① the purpose and significance of this study; (2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done; (3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper; ④ The significance of the conclusion or result.
Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise and content.
It also needs to be fully summarized.
The length of a paper is generally limited to 5% of the number of words in the paper.
For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.
Don't give examples, don't talk about the research process, don't use charts and figures, and don't give them to culture.
Learn the structure, don't make self-evaluation.
[example]
Topic: the influence of celestial bodies on the acceleration of gravity of the earth.
Abstract: The acceleration of the earth's gravity is an extremely important physical quantity. With the improvement of the accuracy of gravity acceleration measurement, the influence of celestial bodies on the earth's gravity acceleration must be considered. This paper introduces the basic concept of celestial bodies (including the sun, the moon and the planets of the solar system) influencing the acceleration of the earth's gravity, and deduces the calculation formula of the influence. Through error analysis, it is proved that the relative error of this formula is less than 1× 10-9, which can fully meet the requirements of modern precision gravity acceleration measurement.
Common mistakes in abstract writing,
One is to copy the subtitle in the text of the paper.
(Table of Contents) or the text at the end of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.
Question 8: Summary of management expenses-how to write others? Expense items should be filled in. If you pay * * expenses, you can add subheadings for large amounts.
Or put it on others first, and then separate the big pieces at the end of the year.
Question 9: How to write the abstract of graduation project? Hello!
Please refer to:
Writing methods and skills of graduation thesis abstract
1. The role of abstraction
Abstract is an indispensable part of the paper. Is an independent paper with its own characteristics. Based on the summary of the paper, it summarizes the full text in simple, easy-to-understand and incisive language, leaves the trunk to the branches and leaves, and extracts the main information of the paper. The paper should reflect the author's viewpoint, the main contents of the paper, the research results and original opinions. A good abstract is easy to index and search, easy to be included in a large database and provide information for others. Therefore, abstract plays a vital role in information exchange.
2. Basic norms and principles of writing abstracts
(1) Thesis abstracts are divided into Chinese abstracts and foreign (usually English) abstracts. Different schools and institutions have different requirements for space restrictions. Generally, Chinese abstracts should not exceed 300 words, English abstracts should not exceed 250 substantive words, and Chinese and English abstracts should be consistent. The length of the abstract of graduation thesis can be appropriately increased.
(2) Abstract is a complete essay, which is independent and can be used alone. Even if you don't read the full text of the paper, you can still understand the main content of the paper, the author's new ideas and viewpoints, the purpose of the project, the methods adopted, the results and conclusions of the research.
(3) The narrative is complete, the logic is highlighted, and the structure of the essay is reasonable.
(4) The text should be concise and verbose, with important contents abstracted, foreword, background and other details excluded, old conclusions and original data removed, and no notes or annotations added. Use direct expression to delete unnecessary literary embellishments. The author's future plans and irrelevant contents should not be included, and the most information should be provided with the least words.
(5) The abstract does not use special characters, charts, chemical structures, and mathematical expressions composed of special characters, and does not list examples.
Gong 3. Four elements of abstraction
Purpose, method, result and conclusion are called the four elements of an abstract.
(1) Purpose: To point out the scope, purpose, importance, tasks and preconditions of the research, rather than simply repeating the theme.
(2) Methods: Briefly describe the work flow of the project, what main contents have been studied and what work has been done in this process, including objects, principles, conditions, procedures and means.
(3) Achievements: State the important new discoveries, achievements and values after the research, including the data and results obtained through investigation, experiment and observation, and analyze its unsatisfactory limitations.
(4) Conclusion: Through the study of this topic, the important conclusions, including the correct views confirmed from it, are analyzed and studied, and the significance of its application in real life and the value of integrating theory with practice are compared and predicted.
4. Writing steps
As a special narrative, its writing steps are different from ordinary articles. The writing time is usually after the completion of the paper, but it can also be written in advance, and then the abstract can be revised while writing the paper. First of all, from the four elements of the abstract, read through the full text of the paper, carefully list the important contents of the paper one by one, especially the summary of each paragraph and the topic sentence at the end of the paper, keep the outline and essence, and extract the key information used to write the abstract. Then, see if these materials can completely and accurately answer the questions involved in the four elements of the abstract, and ask for concise sentences. If answering these questions is not enough, reread the paper and extract the corresponding content to supplement it. Finally, these scattered information are combined into complete sentences that conform to grammatical rules and logical rules, and then a smooth essay is formed. Read through this passage and revise it repeatedly to meet the requirements of the abstract.
5. About English abstracts
(1) The writing methods of English abstracts should be based on recognized writing norms.
(2) Use simple sentences as much as possible to avoid monotonous sentence patterns and accurate and complete expression requirements.
(3) Use items correctly.
(4) Write in standard English, avoid using spoken English, use common words that are easy to understand, and don't use uncommon words.
(5) The author uses the past tense in his work and the present tense in his conclusion.
(6) Use active voice more.
6. Keywords
For the purpose of document indexing, words are selected from reports and papers to express the subject content information of the full text. Choose 3-8 words as keywords for each report and paper, and start a new line with prominent characters, which are arranged on the left side of the abstract. If possible, try using ... >>
Question 10: how to write the abstract of master's thesis? Where are you going to write your thesis on preschool education? Did the teacher approve the topic selection? Is there an outline for the teacher to see the writing direction? Did the teacher tell you which direction to write the paper? Be sure to write an outline before writing a paper, and let the teacher determine the framework to avoid big changes in the process of revising the paper in the future! ...