Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival must have profound implications. So what do "Tomb-Sweeping Day" and "Spring Festival" in Tomb-Sweeping Day mean?
Experts and scholars from 055 to 79000 have come to three views through the textual research of Tomb-Sweeping Day: one is "the meaning of Tomb-Sweeping Day"; Second, "the significance of Qingming Square"; Third, it is "the meaning of a clear and prosperous life".
Experts and scholars who hold the view of "Qingming" include Zheng Zhenduo, a late expert in cultural relics appraisal, and Xu Bangda, an expert in calligraphy and painting appraisal. Teacher Zheng Zhenduo even pointed out that it was Tomb-Sweeping Day.
The expert and scholar who holds the view of "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival" is the late teacher Kong of Kaifeng Middle School in Henan Province. 198 1 Mr. Kong published an article about art in the magazine Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. Through textual research on charcoal, stone, glass, fans, watermelons and costumes, Mr. Kong thinks this is the autumn scenery in the painting. Qingming is Qingming Square.
Experts and scholars who hold the view of "Qingming Shi Sheng", including famous experts Shi Shuqing and Shi Shuqing, all pointed out: "Qingming does not refer to Tomb-Sweeping Day, but a kind of morality that praises the Millennium. It means Qingming political clarity. "
How is the number estimated?
Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival-Questioning is one of the top ten famous paintings in ancient China, which has high historical value and artistic level. But many people in the painting have different views.
Due to the large number and different sizes of Chinese characters in the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, it is difficult to make accurate statistics. Therefore, the number of people in the picture varies from book to book. It has always been thought that The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival contains more than 500 characters, more than 50 livestock and more than 20 boats, cars and wagons.
However, after an old teacher got a copy of this painting, he accurately calculated the characters in the painting and found that there were 8 15 people in the riverside scene on Qingming Festival. The original statement has a big error, and his statistical method is to count everyone in the picture. When he finished, he counted how many grains of rice there were. He counted it several times, and the final answer was 8 15.
There is also a theory that the Riverside Map on the Qingming Festival is divided into two parts, one is the countryside and the other is the market. There are 8 14 people, more than 60 kinds of animals, 28 boats, more than 30 buildings, 20 cars, 8 cars and 170 trees in this painting. There is also a saying that according to Saito's "The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival", there are 1643 people and 208 animals in this painting. No one knows how many people are there on the riverside at Qingming Festival.
Why don't you know how many people are in an existing famous painting? I believe many people have this problem. This is because my Volume 8 of Tang Culture is 24.8cm wide and 528.7cm long, and it is huge, including people from all walks of life, including vendors, jugglers, actors, beggars, fortune-telling monks, cardholders, innkeepers, teachers, millers, blacksmiths, carpenters, masons, scholars and so on.
The figures in the painting are pushing each other and crowded with people, which is hard to count. There are still many people in the painting who are "busts" instead of whole bodies, and some people even have only one pair of feet. In addition, some bearers carry sedan chairs. Are the people in the sedan chair the same as those in the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival? If this person doesn't appear in the painting, if it doesn't count, then there is a real person in the sedan chair. How can it not count?
There are many such situations in the painting, and there are many reasons for the great differences in the characters in the painting. For example, there are many replicas of The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, the most famous of which is the replica collected by the Palace Museum in Taiwan. This is the work of five painters in the Qing Palace Painting Academy in the first year of Qianlong.
Today, we still don't know how many people are in this painting, but people should pay attention to it.
How does The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival reflect the economy of Bianjing City?
It is one of the top ten famous paintings in ancient China. This is the only representative work of Zhang Zeduan, a painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is a national cultural relic and is now kept in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
It is 25.2 cm wide and 528.7 cm long. In the form of a long scroll, it vividly recorded the urban landscape of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty in China and the living conditions of all classes at that time by using the method of scattered perspective composition.
The Song Dynasty was the beginning of China's modernization. It has made great progress in silk, tea, papermaking, shipbuilding, porcelain burning, textiles, lacquerware and agriculture. It invented movable type printing, popularized education and prospered style.
There are more than 20 passenger ships. It can be seen that the advanced shipbuilding industry led the prosperity of ocean transportation in Song Dynasty.
These people are as big as rivets and as small as barges. They are all sketches. There are many pawn shops, scholars and businessmen, and the information coverage is very large, which is typical even from a modern point of view.
Advanced shipbuilding technology brings prosperity to marine transportation. Parked by the river is a "Shiwan Ship", which can carry 6,543,800 stones. The rope nailed to the shore and the ladder board of getting on and off the ship are clearly visible, and there is a balance rudder at the stern of the Shiwan ship to ensure smooth navigation. Tomb-Sweeping Day is not only the day of grave-sweeping, but also the day when the water transportation line from Huainan to Bianhe is opened every year. Because the Bianhe River freezes in winter, the water volume of the Yellow River decreases, and the water is stopped every winter. The following year, Tomb-Sweeping Day set sail again, which was a very important period. Hotels by the river are used for rest and replenishment. The hull of Man Ku Ship has a row of nail caps, which can gradually increase the hardness of the hull.
There are more than 20 dual-purpose passenger ships, some of which are full of goods upstream, some are berthed to unload, and some boatmen are washing clothes on board to show the tranquility of life on board. It can be seen that the advanced shipbuilding industry led the prosperity of ocean transportation in Song Dynasty.
Not only by the river, but also entering the inner city is a lively scene. There are cavalry on the road, a group of camels leaving the city, and vendors on both sides. In front of the city gate, on the right hand side, there is a house without a signboard, which may be the tax bureau. There are some goods waiting to be taxed at the door. House tax officials sit at their desks to register. There is a celebrity calligraphy screen behind him. This is a very popular calligraphy arrangement in the Northern Song Dynasty. There seems to be a tradition in people's calligraphy and painting today.
The most dazzling store is Xiangfan punctuality, with colorful buildings and colored balls hanging in front of the hotel gate. Created in Jingkang, Song Qinzong for two years, it is recorded that restaurants in Beijing are decorated in this way. There are more than 100 shops mentioned, of which hotels and restaurants account for more than half. There are 72 five-star hotels in Tokyo, which are called "Canon". "Xiangfeng Temple" is a temple, and it also has a license to make and sell wine, which can be seen from the embroidered flag decoration on the ring door of Cailou.
There are also aromatic pharmacies in the world. In the Song Dynasty, aromatic drugs were widely used. It is usually used for worship of gods, buddhas and ancestors. The annual income of aromatherapy hospital is 500 thousand. The overseas trade in the Northern Song Dynasty was called "fragrant medicine trade". 1974, a large number of Confucian incense, borneol, sandalwood and agarwood were found on the Song boat unearthed in Quanzhou, weighing 4000 kilograms. Spice, tea, salt and alum were all luxuries in the Song Dynasty, which brought a lot of profits to the government. It must be a monopoly.
Zhang Zeduan's "The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival" vividly depicts the prosperity of the Bianhe River, provides rich reference illustrations for ancient shipbuilding and architecture, and is of great help to art history, economic history, science and technology history and anthropology.