? Article 1:
Through understanding, I realize that micro-courses have made online learning and mobile learning a development trend. The following are my thoughts on the production and use of micro-courses: First, micro-courses are the reproduction of students' classroom learning process.
? Class notes? Because of the large amount, wide range and long length of teaching resources used, it is difficult to directly use them for mobile learning, and students do not have such patience. According to the survey, the best time for students to concentrate is within 10 minutes of online class. Micro-courses can produce wonderful fragments of teaching key points, difficulties, doubts and test sites, which are short and pithy. So as to learn and use it through the network anytime and anywhere. In this way, students can use it repeatedly, and the knowledge about the classroom can be reproduced and reviewed.
In China's existing education model, classroom teaching is still the main teaching form. A class lasts for 45 minutes, and students may not be able to master and understand all the knowledge. In this way, micro-courses can play a role? Solve doubts? 、? Consolidation? The role of.
This one-on-one teaching of micro-courses is for students' after-class counseling, not for classroom teaching, but for students to solve a knowledge point that has not been solved in class. Means to reproduce the classroom learning process. So in the process of recording, you can't talk too broadly or too long. It is best to develop the content to be taught according to a main line, highlight the key points around this main line, and the language is concise and clear. Explain the problem clearly through easy-to-understand examples in the shortest time.
For example, in the ninth grade mathematics in junior high school, the difficulty for students is often that they don't understand the relationship between images and equation roots. So I made an 8-minute micro-lesson to guide students to watch after class. Let the classroom difficulties reappear in students' spare time. After students use it, from the students' homework, questions and feedback, the effect is good and it is of great help to students.
Second, micro-lessons stimulate students' interest and initiative in learning.
Students are full of curiosity and yearning for the Internet. As educators, why don't we make good use of this resource? Make full use of this resource, let students know that the network can not only be used to play games, but also learn knowledge easily, make students feel that they don't have to face boring books to learn knowledge, and stimulate their curiosity and thirst for knowledge. Find some problems in the process of watching, raise them in class and discuss them with each other. In the new class, students already know the basic knowledge in books, and teachers don't need to talk more. On the contrary, students' questions extend and apply the basic knowledge. During the discussion, students not only learned and understood the knowledge of this class, but also greatly improved the learning efficiency of the class. More importantly, in this process, students' research and application abilities are cultivated, and students' desire to explore knowledge stimulates their interest in learning and motivation for autonomous learning.
When making this kind of micro-course, the main consideration is to satisfy students' interest in autonomous learning. On the internet, our micro-lessons should attract students' attention at once like games on the internet, and be reflected in students' field of vision at the fastest speed. Therefore, our micro-lessons should introduce topics quickly, attract students, and constantly stimulate students' curiosity and interest in the process of watching. Only in this way can students study and watch independently. Therefore, 1, micro-courses should introduce topics quickly and attractively. Such as setting questions, introducing suspense, introducing life-related phenomena or problems, introducing short stories, introducing experiments and so on. But no matter what form you introduce, you should be novel, interesting, infectious, closely related to the topic and quick to the point. 2. This kind of micro-lesson doesn't need too many words and lectures, mainly through situational teaching and experimental demonstration to show the core content of this lesson. The purpose is to arouse students' doubts and interest in this class. 3. When telling a story, the content should be combined with the language, and the expressions, gestures and action expressions used should be vivid, attractive and infectious. Because the micro-lesson is only 5- 10 minutes, every detail should serve the core of this micro-lesson, and there can be no extra things.
Third, pay attention to the summary in the micro-class, reflecting the integrity.
Everything has to start and finish. Therefore, an excellent micro-course should also have a summary as the end, so that students can have a complete feeling about what they have learned. Briefly outline the lecture content with a summary, so that students can deepen their impression of what they have learned and reduce the memory burden of knowledge. So a good summary can make the finishing point for an excellent micro-course.
Therefore, the final summary of the micro-course should be fast and neat. The language is concise and focused.
Fourth, the confusion in the use of micro-courses
Because micro-lessons are a new way for students to acquire knowledge. There have been great changes and innovations in the types of learning resources, the teaching forms of teachers, the learning methods of students and the interaction between teachers and students. So there are many imperfections and confusions in the use process now.
1, in the process of use, teaching resources are often insufficient. There are not many micro-courses in related disciplines searched online. If you do micro-courses yourself, you are limited by the lack of manpower and technical equipment. Although a micro course is only 5- 10 minutes. But a microscopic lesson? Choose the teaching theme of micro-course, make the courseware of micro-course, implement the teaching activities of teachers, and finally record it successfully? This process takes several days or even ten days. In this way, it is impossible for front-line teachers to do micro-courses themselves for a long time.
2. There are many forms of online micro-courses, but few of them can be used directly. For practical teaching, most online micro-courses are done for competition. Too much ingenuity and lack of pertinence. For example, 5- 10 minutes is used for teacher-student interaction to solve problems, which shows that the classroom atmosphere is very active. But micro-lessons are for students to solve problems by themselves. Due to the limited knowledge level of students, the language in this kind of micro-class lacks scientificity, rigor and logic in mutual discussion. And the teacher didn't give a detailed and complete summary. This will be very misleading for students who study alone without a teacher. There are also some micro-courses that compress a 45-minute class and shoot teachers, students and courseware at one time during the recording process. Without a key shot, self-learners don't know whether to listen to the teacher or watch the students in class.
What kind of micro-lessons can take into account students' learning psychology and habits, students' learning needs, and how to cultivate students' autonomous learning ability and creative thinking through micro-lessons; Stimulate students' interest in learning and improve learning efficiency? How can we truly reflect the integrity of micro-courses? These are all the questions I think about when using micro-lessons.
As early as 19 13, Edison, a famous inventor, predicted that schools would abandon books and use movies to teach every branch of human knowledge in the future. /kloc-Today, 0/00 years later, US President Barack Obama said: By improving our ability to extract knowledge and opinions from huge and complex digital data sets, we can help accelerate the pace of building an educational information cloud platform, strengthen information security and change the educational information integration system. ? Thus, digital teaching is the inevitable trend of educational development. Micro-class can not only reflect teachers' teaching thinking and teaching design, but also reflect teachers' teaching experience and wisdom. More importantly, they can share their teaching resources and wisdom with each other on the Internet through micro-courses. This is of great and far-reaching significance to the promotion and development of education.
Article 2:
The role of alum in painting can not be ignored. Color can be attached to the picture without peeling off. Because of the effect of alum water, the two colors will not be confused after cover dyeing or publicity dyeing, otherwise the picture will be dull, which is the origin of three alum and nine dyes. Generally, the ratio of glue to alum is two glues, one or two alums, and two and a half pounds of water. In winter, the proportion of glue can be less, and in spring and summer, due to the weather, the proportion of glue can be increased: six glue and four aluminum in summer, eight glue and two aluminum in winter, and three glue and seven aluminum in autumn. Be specific, but be flexible in preparation. Glue should be Guangdong wide glue and deer glue, soft but not violent, odorless, tender and transparent. Guangjiao, also called yellow gelatin, is hydrated with water. The upper layer of fat can be used to adjust color, and the lower layer can be used to adjust alum water. There is also Ejiao produced in Ajing, yanggu county, Shandong Province, also known as Chuanzhi Gum. Light and transparent yellow can be used for color matching, and black is used as medicine. Deer glue is yellow in color, and it is the best from Shanxi. It's hard to find deer glue now.
Alum, also known as alum, tastes delicious. Translucent alum is the best in Lujiang, Anhui Province. When in use, alum is ground into fine powder, soaked in warm water, and then blended with glue. Pay attention to the ratio of alum to water. Glue is big and slippery, which is difficult to color, but it hurts the paper. The drawing paper is fragile and the pen is astringent. My experience is that when mixing alum, try it with the tip of your tongue first. Sticky and alum is big and astringent, so it should be sweet and slightly astringent. When dyeing, use a wool pen dipped in glue alum water to make the pen smooth, and the pen is connected with the pen and cannot be repeated. Do not use gelatin for alum silk, because it is harmful to silk, and lac is the best. After soaking in warm water in spring and autumn, cover it and adjust it with boiling water the next day. You can't cook with fire. After cooking with fire, sericin produced by alum floats on the surface, and it will melt every two days in winter without staying overnight in summer. After the glue alum water is adjusted, it should be slightly yellow like light honey water. In summer, the glue property is poor, and it can only be used after being filtered with fine wires. Now there is a kind of shredded oil and vermicelli, which should be brushed with hot acacia water before sticking alum. When painting alum silk, you must find a sunny day, and the brushed silk must be dried in the shade. Glue alum water should be brushed on the back of silk. For example, if you use gold stationery, brush it with thin light alum water before painting, which will easily drop ink.
Black in Chinese painting
Black in Chinese painting is generally represented by ink and wash, and there are also pot bottom ash, rush black and pomegranate black. Ink is generally divided into oil smoke ink, Song Yanmo ink, lacquer smoke ink and cyan ink. Oil smoke ink is mostly used in painting and calligraphy, and the oil smoke ink used in meticulous painting is 10 1 factory < Qianqiuguang >, but it is better in meticulous painting. Oil smoke ink can't be ground and used directly, especially when it is painted with silk. Wash the inkstone first, and then grind the ink slowly. When the concentration is enough, find a small piece of silk cotton, put half of it in ink and half in a clean white porcelain dish prepared in advance, and then slowly filter the ground ink into the porcelain dish through silk cotton, so that the filtered ink can be used for painting or grinding ink. Song Yanmo is generally used to express dark and velvet effects, such as dyeing people's hair, black birds, insects and butterflies. It can also be used in combination with oil fume ink. For example, if you dye your hair, you can dye it with lampblack ink first, and then cover it with Song Yanmo. The effect is also very good. Lacquer smoke ink is rarely used for painting and calligraphy. According to the records of famous paintings in past dynasties, Song Huizong painted birds with raw lacquer as the finishing touch, but actually with lacquer smoke ink. After painting, he drew the black eyes of the bird with thick lacquer smoke ink. After drying, the ink is as high as powder and has light, which makes the birds look very colorful. Blue ink was used in painting in Song Dynasty for a long time. Because the Song Dynasty advocated Taoism, it used blue, purple and black for a long time, and most of the paintings in the Song Dynasty used blue ink. The bottom ash of the pot is also called black smoke and paraquat, and Nanyan is the pot ash burned with thatch. After the reed is thinned and mixed with glue, you can buy it in the paint shop. For example, if you cook it yourself, you can burn thatch at the bottom of the pot and get the black ash at the bottom of the pot. Before liberation, Yidege in Beijing burned kerosene as a cigarette, which was thinner and darker than plant smoke. Black smoke is the main color in the painting of ancient buildings, and all the murals in Sanqing Hall of Yongle Palace in Shanxi Province are adopted. It seems to be hooked with white, but it is actually caused by improper glue and black line falling off when mixing cigarettes. Tobacco is best made of pine branches and leaves. Tobacco is light in texture and floats in water. Therefore, when mixing tobacco, you must slowly mix the tobacco into a paste with glue, so that the tobacco will not float. Too much water at a time is the most taboo. Tobacco must be mixed with super glue, mixed with warm water, and precipitated with less borneol before use. Juncus is a medicinal plant, also called medulla tetrapanacis. Burned to dark black, with a dull feeling of black velvet. It is used to describe the stripes of human hair, beard, eyebrows and butterflies, which is more realistic. After buying rushes, put them in a small iron pipe or crock and light them. When it burns completely, immediately seal the jar, leave a small gap for a while, and then take it out and grind it a little to use the adjustable glue. The use method of pomegranate black is to put the pomegranate peel collected in autumn into six ventilation holes in the iron box, burn it out slowly and take it out for later use. Its color is extremely black and bright, and its modulation is the same as that of black smoke.
Use and production of cyan
The cyan in Chinese painting is divided into azurite, ultramarine, lapis lazuli and cyanine.
Blue copper ore is a kind of basic copper carbonate, which is produced from copper ore. Its varieties are azurite, azurite, layered azurite, white azurite, sand azurite and navy blue. It is best to be as hollow as Yangmei, which can be bought in Guangdong today, and the color is very bright; "Bian Qing" is a plum blossom film, which was recorded in Zou Yigui's "Mountain Painting Spectrum Jieziyuan" in Qing Dynasty. Produced in Myanmar and Yunnan, Yunnan is called Yunnan Green. Layered azurol is composed of two layers, which can be ground into light cyan and produced in Shaanxi, Hubei, Sichuan and Tibet. Sand green is produced in Tibet and its head is dark blue and red; Azurite is a product of copper and gold mines, with a light color, white and cyan. In fact, it was formed by a gas in the crust of the deposit for many years. If the gas is basic carbonic acid, it will form azurite, and if the gas is acetic acid, it will form green.
Ultramarine blue is also called Buddha blue, Fuqing block is red, and granular blue is called navy blue, that is, sand blue, lapis lazuli is dark blue, light green and purple green, and sapphire blue is made of lapis lazuli.
Production and application of cyanine
Cyan is the main color in painting. It is made of indigo naturalis, also called indigo naturalis, and it is called indigo naturalis for medicine, which is produced in both north and south areas.
There are two ways to make cyanine: 1, which is made of stone and water. 2. Cover with linen and let it ferment naturally. The second method is to paint with indigo. The color is pure. Huaqing cream on the market now is made by removing yellow water in this way. Huaqing cream available in the market is produced by Laojiang Temple in Suzhou, and there are too many Huaqing cream glues produced by the Academy of Fine Arts and other manufacturers. Generally, after buying cyanine, pour it into a slightly deeper dish, and then inject clear water and static bubbles that cannot exceed the amount of cyanine. After a period of time, grind it with your fingers until it is completely melted. Let the plate stand for precipitation, and then pour the grease into another plate. After such treatment. Separate the residue of cyanine and fat. Two dried vegetables, don't insolate or burn them. Slag is used to dye azurite or make a background color, and the color is calm. However, a 1: 1 alum solution must be used after dyeing. Fat is used for color matching and cover dyeing, and its color is transparent. If you buy too much cyanine glue. Before soaking in water, you can quickly rinse it with warm boiled water, then pour it out immediately, and then add water to remove most of its gum. ,
Use and production of ochre
The ochre colors in Chinese paintings include ochre brown, ochre yellow and ochre red, all of which are natural mineral pigments with good color stability. It is produced in hematite, maghemite, Shanxi and Hebei.
The color of hard stone is generally dark red. There is a record in the Japanese color book that ochre was produced in Daizhou, China. The ancient mainland is now Wutai County, Shanxi Province. Ochre is difficult to remove even if it is coated on paper without glue.
It is very convenient to make ochre, as long as the raw material of ochre is removed from impurities, mashed and ground, then ground and mixed with warm water, and ground evenly. With its precipitation, the upper yellow enamel is poured out and stored by evaporation, which is ochre gypsum.
There is also an iron cinnabar, darker than cinnabar, made of reddish ochre, which is often used in murals.
When ochre is used, put it on a plate, rinse it with warm water and then dump it immediately. This will remove the glue and make ochre as pure as paper. Brush alum water after sufficient chroma. If you paint with silk, pure ochre can't be used on the front of silk. Jiang Sixun's paste pigment can be used when it is bought and melted directly. Generally, there is no need to pull glue. For example, glue-sized pigments, except red and yellow pigments, can be washed with warm water or warm wine before melting.
Manufacture and application of cinnabar
Natural cinnabar is bright and clean, and its arrow-like layout is red and tender. Different cinnabar colors are different. Cinnabar is generally medicinal cinnabar with dark red color, which has been used for a long time in the Thousand Buddha Cave in Dunhuang. Some cinnabar is difficult to distinguish from iron cinnabar and red soil. Iron cinnabar and laterite have no crystals, and cinnabar has luster. Cinnabar is also mainly produced in Fenghuang, Mayang, Yuping, Anshun and Wanshan in Guizhou and Baoshan and Dali in Yunnan. At present, the largest producing area in China is the mercury mine in Wanshan, Guizhou, and there is also a kind of bean paste, which looks like particles and is dark red after processing. Cinnabar can be bought in pharmacies, and cinnabar contains impurities regardless of its source.
Making cinnabar or other pigments is mainly inseparable from the steps of scouring, cleaning, flying, falling and grinding. Tao is the process of washing impurities with water, clarification is the process of precipitation, flying is the so-called picking up a layer of pigment to float on it, falling is to stir up the sinking part and then precipitate, and grinding is the beginning of the next process. After repeated grinding, the color glue is washed, clarified, flowed, dripped and ground, so that the colors are divided into one, two and three. Cinnabar is first crushed, ground with warm water and stuck, and then ground and flew. The bottom layer that sinks turns purple and is not used. The yellow water floating on the upper layer contains mercury, but it is not used. The rest can be divided into the first Zhu, the second Zhu, the third Zhu and Zhu Zi. Zhuzhi is a compound color with red and yellow. The flesh color adjusted with Zhuzhi will not change color, but it will turn black if it is adjusted with vermilion. There is also a Zhu Mo made of cinnabar. After grinding, add the cinnabar bought by the drugstore and you can use it directly without adding glue. Good cinnabar is rare now. Generally, good cinnabar is used on the front of the painting, and the chemical cinnabar color in the tube is used on the back of the painting, which not only saves money but also achieves satisfactory results.
Gold foil and its use
Gold foil and silver foil are made of real gold and silver, and the best one produced in Suzhou, commonly known as Su Chi, is divided into purple, Kuchi, Dahchi, Tianchi, Jinxuan and Silver. Send 1 1 sticker as soon as you buy it, 100 bags, 500 pieces of furniture, 1000 boxes. The methods used are clay gold, gilding, cold gold, gold spreading, gold sweeping, gold dipping and gold stamping. Apart from gilding and clay gold, most of the above kinds are used to draw the earth. Purple gold is a kind of red gold that is often used for skin when carving Buddha statues. For clothing, Kujin is the positive color of gold, slightly yellower than red gold. Now it is called 98 gold, which is used for mud gold and gilding. Red gold is gold, also known as cold gold, which is Sanqi gold. Architectural painting and painting are the majority. Red gold is a kind of cold gold with a slight yellow in white, which is often used to paint women's green space. The selected gold is smoked with silver foil and can be used instead of gold after sulfur treatment, but it will fade after a long time. If you paint with clay gold and dye it with gardenia yellow cover, the color will be more adequate and will not change.
The uses of gold include tracing gold, painting gold, dipping gold powder, dipping gold powder, mixed gold glue and clay gold. The gold tracing method is to use the prepared gold mud, re-muddy it before use, precipitate the glue, add light glue, and dip it with the tip of a wolf hair tattoo pen or a moustache pen. Mud gold is different in color. When using it, the color should be mixed with glue and stirred constantly to avoid uneven color precipitation. Clay gold is not allowed. Keep the golden water always attached to the center of the plate, the glue floats on it, and the gold plate tilts slightly. When the pen tip is dipped in glue from one direction to wrap gold, it will always be bright. If glue and gold are mixed together, gold will become dull. After painting, gently wipe with cotton, and the gold will become extremely bright. The effect of painting gold is close to that of carving. Brighter than gold painting, characterized by gold under the color. Mud gold method, also known as magic gold, uses gold foil as raw material to make gold mud, which can be used to buy gold bowls and bean gold. Clay gold can be enchanted at a time 100 to 200 pieces of gold foil. Use a paper bag prepared in advance, shake off the gold foil on the paper with hard chicken wings feathers, heat the dish on the fire, drop a few drops of thick glue to the center of the dish, spread it out gently with your middle finger, then dip the gold foil in the center of the dish once or twice with your index finger, and then apply it slightly to the center of the dish. Wait until the golden mud turns black, then push a little harder. When all the gold in the plate is black and shiny, slowly turn it around with your fingers, then add warm water for a short time, then let the water out and bake it on the fire. After drying, repeat the previous method for 3 times, and the gold can be used. The moustache pen can be mixed with glue to make it stick, but it must be washed with water after use before it can be saved. The clay dish is cooked with rice first, then coated with ginger sauce and simmered with slow fire before it can be used. This is called dish refining.
Application and production of white
There are seven kinds of white lead in Chinese painting: lead powder, fixed powder, clam powder, dry stone powder, car enamel powder, white mud powder and silvery white.
Lead powder, also known as Hu powder, is made by dissolving lead into lead slices, rolling them into rolls and putting them into wooden barrels. Put an uncovered bottle of vinegar in the bucket, and then cover it. After 7 days, frost was produced in the uncovered barrel and put into the cylinder. For every kilogram of frost, mix two or two bean powders and four or two clam powders to form lead powder. Lead powder will turn lead when used for a long time, and the picture will turn black. If washed with hydrogen peroxide, it will turn white. Fixed powder is made by refining and filtering lead powder, adding spices, mixing it with egg white into paste, and then squeezing it into small powder balls similar to silver ingots with a funnel for women to make up. To use lead powder, lead must be removed first. Put the lead powder in the tofu hollowed out in advance and steam it for one hour. You can also add thick glue to lead powder to make small lumps. Knead with the palm of your hand to eliminate lead gas at human body temperature. Clam powder is white for a long time, but some modern Japanese painters don't use it except clam powder. It is a kind of powder made of thick clam shells. First look for clams with thick shells, preferably buried underground and oxidized into calcium for many years, which can be bought in Chinese medicine shops. Now you can also buy prepared clam powder in the paint shop. After buying it, mix it with glue, stir it into hard powder balls with a pen tube, put it in your hand, rub it into noodles by hand, and then rub it into balls. Repeat 4. Use clam powder, because it is transparent after dipping in water, so it looks very white at first. When you apply it for the second time, you will feel that the color painted in front is gone, so the pen will be uneven after drying, so don't use clam powder to return the pen. Keep one or two pens in color. The white color of car bricks remains unchanged for a long time. In earlier years, ink had five colors, including this white color. The use and production of Gan Lu stone, like clam powder, is a good white, which can be eaten raw and cooked, and can also be used as medicine. Raw and cooked Gan Lu stone powder is slightly yellow, and it will never change color when mixed with Sophora japonica and Zhu Zhu. Ancient paintings must use the original stone of Gan Lu to set off the color on the back of the painting. Qi Baishi has used this color for a long time. White mud powder, also known as chalk soil, is often used in ancient murals. White mud powder is produced in thousands of Buddhist caves in Dunhuang, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong and other places, mostly chalk soil. Silvery white is composed of mica, such as phlogopite, biotite and muscovite. Its color is bright white, which was used for painting in the Tang Dynasty. When using mica color, gently wipe it with a clean thin cloth when it is 80% dry, and wipe off the floating color, so that its color will be shiny.
Production of azurite
The color preparation method includes the following steps: 1, washing with water, that is, removing impurities in the block pigment and washing with water. 2. Mash, that is, crush. Put the washed materials into an iron can and mash them. 3. Reed, the pigment that is smashed into powder will be roughly screened by reed. 4. Rice washing, that is, removing impurities through rice washing separation. 5, grinding, grinding the washed fine pigment with a mortar. 6. Boil and wash the most impure color. The color that can't be scoured can only be boiled to remove its impurities. 7. Bleaching: Boil the ground toner in a casserole with copper or inner glaze, and the dirty color will naturally float on the water. At this time, skim it with a small spoon while cooking until it is clean. Mottled laitance can also be made into gray intermediate color, which is very useful for copying ancient paintings.
After the above color becomes fine powder, it can be put into a mortar for grinding. Not too fast. The color will slowly stabilize and agglomerate, and the chromaticity is too light. At this time, it is necessary to add water to grind. After a period of research, it can be mixed with optical glue and then ground. It should be noted that the grinding direction should always be consistent, and the next step is called water flying method. Mix the prepared hot glue into the mortar and stir evenly with your fingers. Then put it into another bowl, leaving the dregs to grind, and put it into the second bowl after the first bowl settles. The color of the sediment in the first bowl is dark and can be floated out in turn. Pay attention to adding water to precipitate as before after each bleaching to prevent the color from being unclear.
malachite green
Stone green: produced in copper mine, with the same color in blocks, sand grains and dark green stripes. Because its transparent green stripes resemble the emerald green of peacock feathers, it is called malachite.
Making azurite: Dry grinding is the same as making azurite, and glue can only be added when it is extremely fine. Turquoise: The stone is hard, and it can be made into light green after polishing and water flying. When in use, it is blended with Sophora japonica water, and the color is elegant. Ocean Green: German chicken brand Ocean Green is the best. When used, it can also be ground, can fly, and can be developed into three different shades of green. There are fur green and violet. Violet ink blocks are made in Cao Sugong factory, and have long been used for land and water paintings in fahai temple, Beijing, Baoning Temple in Shaanxi and figure paintings in Yuanjiang.
yellow
There are realgar, orpiment, Arnebia euchroma, androgen, khaki, Zhang Dan, Garcinia, Sophora japonica and gardenia yellow.
Realgar is a shiny crystal. Orange is slightly toxic, soft and crisp, and is often used as medicine. Realgar can be ground with glue, and no stone color can be mixed with it. Realgar is fierce, and it will appear when it meets powder. Never use realgar with gold, it will fade in a few months. Orpiment, born in stone, is a kind of mica-like crystal, which is broken into small pieces by hand. When used, it is finely ground and has the color of big red gold. Stone yellow, that is, yellow, is gone when it smells black, but the skin is removed. It is lascivious, so it is not suitable to use stone yellow in landscape painting. Male sperm, born with orpiment, has a ruddy feeling and is apricot red in color. Khaki, composed of the outermost layer of stone, is dark yellow after weathering. The above colors will turn black when used with lead powder, but will not change color when used with chalk powder. Zhang Dan, also known as Tong Dan and Huang Dan, is the earliest chemical pigment, which is made of waste lead powder. Nitrate must be removed before use, otherwise it cannot be rendered. In order to remove nitrate, the purchased Zhang Dan is brewed with warm water, which should not be overheated. When it is hot, it will turn dark red, and the water should be changed once or twice a day. It can be ground and used in two days, and can't be used with lead powder. Garcinia cambogia, also known as moon yellow, is called orpiment in Japan. It is a deciduous tree on the southern border of Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand and China. It is a tropical Hypericum plant. Rattan is old and tender, so it is better to paint with tender ones. None of them are red, black or white and yellow. In landscape painting, the paintings painted with gamboge water are more pale and moist. Garcinia cambogia is most afraid of scalding with hot water, so it can be tender with warm water. When grinding Garcinia, if there is a foam end, you can gently wipe it with your fingers on both sides of the nose depression, and then grind it with your fingers in Garcinia, and the foam end will disappear. Sophora japonica, picking Sophora japonica, leaving only petals without receptacle, scalding in boiling water and kneading into small cakes, drying in the sun and boiling into yellow water to make light azurite. For flowers with receptacle, boiled water is mixed into two greens, and three greens are the best. Using Sophora japonica water to adjust stone green can make the color more gorgeous. There are two kinds of gardenia yellow that pharmacies can sell: raw and cooked. Gardenia has white flowers, and the fruit can be broken and ground with water. The juice collected with gauze can be made into paste.
?